Koreans
Total population | |
---|---|
c. 81.7+ million[1] | |
Regions with significant populations | |
South Korea c. 49,110,000 (2019)[a][2] North Korea 25,955,138[b][3] Diaspora as of 2021[update] c. 7.3 million 18,106[4] | |
Indonesia | 17,297[4] |
Malaysia | 13,667[4] |
Ukraine | 13,524[h][4] |
Sweden | 13,055[4] |
Mexico | 11,107[4] |
India | 10,674[4] |
Cambodia | 10,608[4] |
Netherlands | 9,473[4] |
Denmark | 8,694[4] |
Norway | 7,744[4] |
Taiwan | 5,132[6][7] |
Languages | |
Korean,[8] Jeju and Korean Sign Language minorities | |
Religion | |
Predominantly : Irreligious Significant : Korean shamanic, Christian, and Buddhist | |
Related ethnic groups | |
Jejuans |
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Korean people |
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Culture |
Music |
Language |
Cuisine |
Dance |
Religion |
People |
Diaspora |
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Culture of Korea |
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Arts and literature |
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Koreans[i] are an East Asian ethnic group native to Korea.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][excessive citations] The majority of Koreans live in the two Korean nation states of North and South Korea, which are collectively referred to as Korea. As of 2021, an estimated 7.3 million ethnic Koreans resided outside of Korea.[4] Koreans are also an officially recognised ethnic minority in other several Continental and East Asian countries, including China, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Uzbekistan. Outside of Continental and East Asia, sizeable Korean communities have formed in Germany, the United Kingdom, France, the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.
Etymology
South Koreans refer to themselves as Hanguk-in[j] or Hanguk-saram,[k] both of which mean "people of (Sam)han." Members of the Korean diaspora often use the term Han-in.[l]
North Koreans refer to themselves as Joseon-in[m] or Joseon-saram,[n] both of which literally mean "people of Joseon". The term is derived from Joseon, the last dynastic kingdom of Korea, which itself has been named after Gojoseon, the first Korean kingdom according to legend. Using similar words, Koreans in China refer to themselves as Chaoxianzu[o] in Chinese or Joseonjok, Joseonsaram[p] in Korean, which are cognates that literally mean "Joseon ethnic group".[18][19] Koreans in Japan refer to themselves as Zainichi Chousenjin, Chousenjin[q] in Japanese or Jaeil Joseonin, Joseonsaram, Joseonin[r] in Korean. Ethnic Koreans living in Russia and Central Asia refer to themselves as Koryo-saram,[s] alluding to Goryeo, a Korean dynasty spanning from 918 to 1392.
In the chorus of the South Korean national anthem, Koreans are referred to as Daehan-saram.[t]
In an inter-Korean context, such as when dealing with the Koreanic languages or the Korean ethnicity as a whole, South Koreans use the term 'Hangyeore'.[u]
Origins
The origin of Koreans has not been well clarified yet. Based on linguistic, archaeologic and genetic evidence, their place of origin is located somewhere in Northeast Asia, but its exact pattern of expansion and arrival into the Korean peninsula remain unclear.[20]
Archaeological evidence suggests that Proto-Koreans were migrants from
However, a number of Korean scholars[who?] reject the notion that the Korean speakers were not native to the Korean Peninsula, and argue that no solid evidence of such linguistic migration/shift as well as population and material change in the peninsular region has ever been found to support relatively later migrations.[26][clarification needed]
The largest concentration of
Genetics
Modern Koreans can be modelled to be derived primarily from Bronze Age farmers from the West Liao River.
Koreans display high frequencies of the Y-DNA haplogroups O2-M122 (approximately 40% of all present-day Korean males), O1b2-M176 (approximately 30%), and C2-M217 (approximately 15%).[35] Some regional variance may exist; in a study of South Korean Y-DNA published in 2011, the ratio of O2-M122 to O1b2-M176 is greatest in Seoul-Gyeonggi (1.8065), with the ratio declining in a counterclockwise direction around South Korea (Chungcheong 1.6364, Jeolla 1.3929, Jeju 1.3571, Gyeongsang 1.2400, Gangwon 0.9600).[36][37][38][39][40] Haplogroup C2-M217 tends to be found in about 13% of males from most regions of South Korea, but it is somewhat more common (about 17%) among males from the Gyeongsang region in the southeast of the peninsula and somewhat less common (about 7%) among males from Jeju, located off the southwest coast of the peninsula.[41] Haplogroup C2-M217 has been found in a greater proportion (about 26%) of a small sample (n=19) of males from North Korea.[42][43] However, haplogroups are not a reliable indicator of an individual's overall ancestry; Koreans are more similar to one another in regard to their autosomes than they are similar to members of other ethnic groups. Studies of polymorphisms in the human Y-chromosome have so far produced evidence to suggest that the Korean people have a long history as a distinct, mostly endogamous ethnic group, with successive prehistoric waves of people moving to the peninsula and two major Y-chromosome haplogroups. [44] The mitochondrial DNA markers (
Koreans show a close genetic relationship with other modern East Asians such as the
Genealogy
Korea Foundation Associate Professor of History, Eugene Y. Park said that many Koreans seem to have a genealogical memory blackout before the twentieth century.[52][53] According to him the vast majority Koreans do not know their actual genealogical history. Through "inventing tradition" in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, families devised a kind of master narrative story that purports to explain a surname-ancestral seat combination's history to the extent where it is next to impossible to look beyond these master narrative stories.[54] He gave an example of what "inventing tradition" was like from his own family's genealogy where a document from 1873 recorded three children in a particular family and a later 1920 document recorded an extra son in that same family.[55] Park said that these master narratives connect the same surname and ancestral seat to a single, common ancestor. This trend became universal in the nineteenth century, but genealogies which were published in the seventeenth century actually admit that they did not know how the different lines of the same surname or ancestral seat are related at all.[56] Only a small percentage of Koreans had surnames and ancestral seats to begin with, and that the rest of the Korean population had adopted these surname and ancestral seat identities within the last two to three hundred years.[57]
Culture
North Korea and South Korea share a common heritage, but the political division since 1945 has resulted in some divergence of their modern cultures.[citation needed]
Language
The language of the Korean people is the Korean language, which uses Hangul as its main writing system. Daily usage of Hanja has been phased out in Korean peninsula other than usage by selected South Korean media companies (mostly conservative) when referring to key politicians (e.g. current and former Presidents, leaders of major political parties) or handful of countries (e.g. China, Japan, US, UK) as an abbreviation. Otherwise, Hanja is exclusively used for academic, historical and religious purposes. Roman alphabet is the de facto secondary writing system in South Korea especially for loan words and is widely used in day-to-day and official communication. There are more than 78 million speakers of the Korean language worldwide.[58] The difference in speech between North and South Korea stem from already pre-existing dialects instead of a supposed post-war divergence.
Demographics
Large-scale emigration from Korea began as early as the mid-1860s, mainly into the
South Korea
In June 2012, South Korea's population reached 50 million[63] and by the end of 2016, South Korea's population has surpassed 51 million people.[64] Since the 2000s, South Korea has been struggling with a low birthrate, leading some researchers to suggest that if current population trends hold, the country's population will shrink to approximately 38 million population towards the end of the 21st century.[65] In 2018, fertility in South Korea became again a topic of international debate after only 26,500 babies were born in October and an estimated of 325,000 babies in the year, causing the country to have the lowest birth rate in the world.[66][67][68]
North Korea
Estimating the size, growth rate, sex ratio, and age structure of North Korea's population has been extremely difficult. Until release of official data in 1989, the 1963 edition of the North Korea Central Yearbook was the last official publication to disclose population figures. After 1963 demographers used varying methods to estimate the population. They either totalled the number of delegates elected to the Supreme People's Assembly (each delegate representing 50,000 people before 1962 and 30,000 people afterwards) or relied on official statements that a certain number of persons, or percentage of the population, was engaged in a particular activity. Thus, on the basis of remarks made by President Kim Il Sung in 1977 concerning school attendance, the population that year was calculated at 17.2 million persons. During the 1980s, health statistics, including life expectancy and causes of mortality, were gradually made available to the outside world.[69]
In 1989, the Central Bureau of Statistics released demographic data to the United Nations Population Fund in order to secure the UNFPA's assistance in holding North Korea's first nationwide census since the establishment of the state in 1948. Although the figures given to the United Nations might have been distorted, it appears that in line with other attempts to open itself to the outside world, the North Korean regime has also opened somewhat in the demographic realm. Although the country lacks trained demographers, accurate data on household registration, migration, and births and deaths are available to North Korean authorities. According to the United States scholar Nicholas Eberstadt and demographer Brian Ko, vital statistics and personal information on residents are kept by agencies on the ri ("village", the local administrative unit) level in rural areas and the dong ("district" or "block") level in urban areas.[69]
Korean diaspora
Korean emigration to the U.S. was known to have begun as early as 1903, but the
Significant Korean populations are present in China, Japan, Argentina, Brazil, and Canada as well. The number of
Koreans in the United Kingdom now form Western Europe's largest Korean community, albeit still relatively small; Koreans in Germany used to outnumber those in the UK until the late 1990s. In Australia, Korean Australians comprise a modest minority. Koreans have migrated[where?] significantly since the 1960s.
Part-Korean populations
Pak Noja said that there were 5,747 Japanese-Korean couples in Korea at the end of 1941.[75] Pak Cheil estimated there to be 70,000 to 80,000 "semi-Koreans" in Japan in the years immediately after the war.[76] Many of them remained in Japan as Zainichi Koreans, maintaining their Korean heritage. However, due to assimilation, their numbers are much lower in recent times.
Kopinos are people of mixed Filipino and Korean descent. The proliferation of Kopinos in the Philippines has been a source of controversy as many Kopinos are born to South Korean fathers who impregnate Filipino women and then abandon them.[77] The 'Mixed Filipino Heritage Act of 2020' estimated there were around 30,000 Kopinos.[78]
Lai Đại Hàn is a Vietnamese term referring to mixed children born to South Korean men and South Vietnamese women during the Vietnam War. These children were largely conceived as the result of wartime rape. No exact data is available on the number of Korean-Vietnamese because many of them choose to conceal their roots, but an estimate by a Korean scholar says the number of Lai Dai Han around the world is at least 5,000 to as many as 150,000.[79][80][81]
See also
Notes
- ^ In 2019, 95.1% of South Korea population was South Korean by nationality and 4.9% were of foreign nationality. South Korea is thus considered one of the most ethnically homogeneous societies in the world. Precise number of ethnic Koreans specifically is difficult to estimate since South Korean statistics do not record ethnicity. Furthermore, many immigrants are repatriated ethnic Koreans themselves while unknown number of South Korean citizens are not ethnically Korean which skews any statistical estimate. Some of the largest groups of immigrants are ethnic Koreans from China (Joseonjok), Japan (Zainichi) and the former Soviet Union (Koryo-saram).
- ^ Due to the country's isolationist policies, North Korea is presumed to be almost entirely homogeneous.
- Chaoxianzu in Mandarin Chinese.
- ^ Referred to in Japan as Zainichi in Japanese.
- ^ Koreans of Uzbekistan are part of the wider Koryo-saram identity.
- ^ Koreans of Russia are part of the wider Koryo-saram identity.
- ^ Koreans of Kazkahstan are part of the wider Koryo-saram identity.
- ^ Koreans of Ukraine are part of the wider Koryo-saram identity.
- ^ South Korean: 한민족/한국인/한국사람, 韓民族/韓國人/韓國사람, Han minjok (Han race), Hanguk-in (persons of the Han country), Hanguksaram (Han country people), North Korean: 조선민족/조선인/조선사람, 朝鮮民族/朝鮮人/朝鮮사람, Joseon minjok (Korean race), Joseon-in (Joseon persons)/Joseonsaram (Joseon people); see Names of Korea
- ^ Korean: 한국인, Hanja: 韓國人
- ^ Korean: 한국 사람
- ^ Korean: 한인; Hanja: 韓人, lit. 'people of Han'
- ^ Korean: 조선인, Hanja: 朝鮮人
- ^ Korean: 조선 사람
- ^ Chinese: 朝鲜族
- ^ Korean: 조선족, 조선사람
- ^ 在日朝鮮人, 朝鮮人, Zainichi Chousenjin, Chousenjin
- ^ Korean: 재일조선인, 조선사람, 조선인
- ^ Korean: 고려 사람; Cyrillic: Корё сарам
- ^ Korean: 대한사람, lit. 'People of Great Han'
- ^ Korean: 한겨레; RR: Hangyeore; MR: Han'gyŏre, lit. 'nations/people of Han'
References
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He also suggests that the arrival of Koreanic in Korea was associated with the spread of the Korean-style bronze dagger culture from present-day northeast China to Korea around 300 BCE. ...
While pottery styles clearly differ between northeast China and the Korean Peninsula, an influx of northeast Chinese pottery styles into Korea has not been detected, and the styles of the two areas remain distinct long after the appearance of millet with little change in Chulmun pottery styles over time. ...
However, as outlined above, because the Korean Peninsula was already occupied by Chulmun hunter–fisher–gatherers since at least 6000 BCE, a key to evaluating the millet hypothesis is determining whether millet was adopted by the Chulmun foragers (diffusion) or whether it was brought along as a part of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning. If millet was introduced as a result of a large-scale migration of farmers from Liaoning, an archaeologically detectable influx of Liaoning culture and changes in material culture after the introduction of millet should be expected, because vessel shape, manufacturing technology and the design layout and motifs of Korean Chulmun pottery markedly differ from those of Liaoning pottery. However, there is no detectable appearance of elements of Liaoning material culture that accompanies the arrival of millets. ...
Even if millet was brought by some migrants from northeast China to Korea, archaeological evidence demonstrates that the scale of migration was probably not large enough to lead to a fundamental linguistic change or the dispersal of a linguistic family. - .
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Therefore, it is reasonable to assume that the people of the Jeomtodae pottery culture, the direct ancestors of Three kingdom states, spoke Proto-Koreanic.
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Koreans can also be modelled as deriving ancestry from a single source related to WLR_BA, consisting of the transmission route of farming from the northeast to the Korean Peninsula and even the Japanese islands (Kwak et al. 2017; Kim and Park 2020).
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The northern East Asian ancestry was suggested to be related to the Neolithic West Liao River farmers in northeast China, who were an admixture of ANA and NYR ancestry3. The finding indicated that West Liao River-related farmers might have spread the proto-Korean language as their ancestry was found to be predominant in extant Koreans. Proto-Korean groups, in turn, introduced West Liao River-like ancestry into the gene pool of present-day Japan5.
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- ^ Hua Zhong, Hong Shi, Xue-Bin Qi, Zi-Yuan Duan, Ping-Ping Tan, Li Jin, Bing Su, and Runlin Z. Ma (2011), "Extended Y Chromosome Investigation Suggests Postglacial Migrations of Modern Humans into East Asia via the Northern Route." Mol. Biol. Evol. 28(1):717–727. doi:10.1093/molbev/msq247
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- ^ Reference Populations - Geno 2.0 Next Generation . (2017). The Genographic Project. Retrieved 15 May 2017, from link. Archived 7 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Eugene Y. Park. (n.d.). Penn Arts & Sciences East Asian Languages and Civilizations. Retrieved 24 January 2018, from link. Archived 11 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Eugene Y. Park, from the 7:06 mark of the YouTube video to the 7:38 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "Secondly, on the one hand, so many Koreans seem to talk, to be able to tell, one, something about his or her Gyeongju Kim ancestors, of a Silla kingdom two-thousand years ago. And yet, such a person is unlikely to be able to tell you something about his or her great-great-grandparents, what they were doing hundred years ago, what their occupations were, where they were living, where their family graves are. In other words, a memory blackout, before the twentieth century."
- Censusdocuments, and other types of documentation, that have been passed down through generations, or, have been maintained by the government."
- ^ Eugene Y. Park, from the 28:32 mark of the YouTube video to the 29:21 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "This is an example. Here we see records that gives us a better sense of what inventing tradition was like. Here, a page from an eighteen seventy-three Miryang Pak family genealogy. Here's a man, indicated inside the circle named, Ju (冑). He had three sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong (子 恩 慶, 子 賢 慶, 子 元 慶). But the edition that was published a bit later in the nineteen twenty, so we see the same man, Ju, and, under him, we see sons: Eun-gyeong, Hyeon-gyeong, Won-gyeong and, the extra, the fourth son, out of nowhere, Tōkhwa (子 徳 華). Actually, this is my family. So, this was commonly done in the modern era, the children, son out of nowhere or claims that we were left out centuries ago, and please include us."
- ^ Eugene Y. Park, from the 18:55 mark of the YouTube video to the 19:30 mark of the YouTube video Archived 1 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "And, these master narratives, genealogically connect all descent lines of a same surname and ancestral seat, to a single, common, ancestor. And, this was the pattern that was, that became universal by the nineteenth century. Whereas, genealogies published in the seventeenth century, actually, frankly admit that we do not know how these different lines of the same surname or ancestral seat are related or connected at all. So, all these changes took place only in the last two hundred years or so."
- ^ Eugene Y. Park, from the 46:17 mark of the YouTube video to the 47:02 mark of the YouTube video Archived 5 September 2020 at the Wayback Machine, said, "At any rate, so, once, so, based on one's surname Kim, let's say, and the ancestral seat, Kimhae, which is the most common ancestral seat among Kim surname Koreans, one can then look up, consult reference books, encyclopedias, go online to, find all these stories about different branches, famous individuals who are Kimhae Kim. But the problem is, of course, before the early modern era, only a small percentage of Koreans had surnames and the ancestral seat to begin with. In other words, the rest of the population had adopted these identities in the last two-three hundred years, so where does one go from there? And, this was definitely my challenge when I was a child."
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{{cite news}}
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Sources
- 서의식; 강봉룡 (6 February 2024). 뿌리 깊은 한국사, 샘이 깊은 이야기: 고조선, 삼국. ISBN 978-89-8133-536-6.
- Barnes, Gina Lee (1993). The Rise of Civilization in East Asia: The Archaeology of China, Korea and Japan. Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0-500-27974-8.
- Nelson, Sarah M. (1993). The Archaeology of Korea. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-40783-0.
Further reading
- Breen, Michael (2004). The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-4668-6449-8.
External links
- Media related to Koreans at Wikimedia Commons
- Quotations related to Koreans at Wikiquote
- Korean American Museum
- Korean Residents Union in Japan (Mindan)