Kosovo Force
Kosovo Force | |
---|---|
NATO peacekeeping | |
Size | 4,443 military personnel[1] |
Part of | NATO |
Nickname(s) | "KFOR" |
Engagements | Yugoslav Wars[2] |
Website | jfcnaples.nato.int/kfor |
Commanders | |
Commander | Major general Özkan Ulutaş, Turkish Armed Forces |
Deputy Commander | Brigade-general József Szpisják, Hungarian Ground Forces |
Chief of Staff | BG John Bozicevic, US Army |
Command Sergeant Major | Primo luogotenente q.s. Marcello Carlo Pagliara, Italian Army |
Insignia | |
Flag |
The Kosovo Force (KFOR) is a
KFOR entered Kosovo on 11 June 1999,
KFOR is gradually transferring responsibilities to the Kosovo Police and other local authorities. Currently, 27 states contribute to the KFOR, with a combined strength of approximately 3,800 military personnel.[5]
The mission was initially called Operation Joint Guardian. In 2004, the codename for the mission was changed to Operation Joint Enterprise.
Objectives
KFOR focuses on building a secure environment and guaranteeing the freedom of movement through all Kosovo territory for all citizens, irrespective of their ethnic origins, in accordance with UN Security Council Resolution 1244.[3]
The
Structure
KFOR contingents were grouped into five multinational brigades and a lead nation designated for each multinational brigade.[7] All national contingents pursued the same objective to maintain a secure environment in Kosovo.
In August 2005, the North Atlantic Council decided to restructure KFOR, replacing the five existing multinational brigades with five task forces, to allow for greater flexibility with, removing restrictions on the cross-boundary movement of units based in different sectors of Kosovo.[6] Then in February 2010, the Multinational Task Forces became Multinational Battle Groups, and in March 2011, KFOR was restructured again, into just two multinational battlegroups; one based at Camp Bondsteel, and one based at Peja.[8]
In August 2019, the KFOR structure was streamlined. Under the new structure, the former Multinational Battlegroups are reflagged as Regional Commands, with Regional Command-East (RC-E) based at Camp Bondsteel, and Regional Command-West (RC-W) based at Camp Villaggio Italia.
Structure 2023
- Kosovo Force, at Camp Film City, Pristina[9]
- Headquarters Support Group (HSG), at Camp Film City;
- Joint Logistics Support Group (JLSG), in Pristina (Logistics and engineering support)
- Intelligence Surveillance and Reconnaissance Battalion (ISRBN), at Camp Film City
- Regional Command-East (RC-E), at Camp Bondsteel near Ferizaj (U.S. Army force supported by Greece, Italy, Finland, Hungary, Poland, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey)
- Regional Command-West (RC-W), at Camp Villaggio Italia near Peja (Italian Army force supported by Austria, Croatia, Moldova, North Macedonia, Poland, Slovenia, Switzerland and Turkey)
- Multinational Specialized Unit (MSU), in Pristina (Military Police, crowd and riot control, peacekeeping operations regiment composed entirely of Italian Carabinieri)
- KFOR Tactical Reserve Battalion (KTRBN), at Camp Novo Selo (composed entirely of Hungarian Army troops)
- Kosovo Force Office, at Skopje International Airport
Contributing states
At its height, KFOR troops consisted of 50,000 men and women coming from 39 different NATO and non-NATO nations. The official KFOR website indicated that in 2008 a total 14,000 soldiers from 34 countries were participating in KFOR.[10] The following list shows the number of troops which have participated in the KFOR mission. Most of the force has been downsized since 2008; current numbers are reflected here as well:[11][12]
Active[13] | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Membership | Strength | ||
NATO | EU | |||
Albania | Yes | No | 90 | |
Armenia | No | No | 58 | |
Austria | No | Yes | 289 | |
Bulgaria | Yes | Yes | 34 | |
Canada | Yes | No | 5 | |
Croatia | Yes | Yes | 151 | |
Czech Republic | Yes | Yes | 37 | |
Denmark | Yes | Yes | 35 | |
Finland | Yes | Yes | 59 | |
France | Yes | Yes | 2 | |
Germany | Yes | Yes | 99 | |
Greece | Yes | Yes | 110 | |
Hungary | Yes | Yes | 365 | |
Ireland | No | Yes | 13 | |
Italy | Yes | Yes | 1322 | |
Latvia | Yes | Yes | 141 | |
Lithuania | Yes | Yes | 1 | |
Moldova | No | No | 41 | |
Montenegro | Yes | No | 2 | |
North Macedonia | Yes | No | 65 | |
Poland | Yes | Yes | 210 | |
Romania | Yes | Yes | 65 | |
Slovenia | Yes | Yes | 103[14] | |
Sweden | Yes | Yes | 2 | |
Switzerland | No | No | 175 | |
Turkey | Yes | No | 352 | |
United Kingdom | Yes | No | 45 | |
United States | Yes | No | 572[15] | |
28 | 22 | 18 | 4,443 |
Withdrawn | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Country | Membership | Year of withdrawal | ||
NATO | EU | |||
Argentina | No | No | 2006[16] | |
Azerbaijan | No | No | 2008[17][18] | |
Belgium | Yes | Yes | 2010[19] | |
Estonia | Yes | Yes | 2018[20] | |
Georgia | No | No | 2008[21] | |
Morocco | No | No | 2014[22] | |
Netherlands | Yes | Yes | 2017[23] | |
Norway | Yes | No | 2020[24] | |
Luxembourg | Yes | Yes | 2016[25] | |
Portugal | Yes | Yes | 2021[26][27] | |
Russia | No | No | 2003[28] | |
Spain | Yes | Yes | 2009[29] | |
Slovakia | Yes | Yes | 2010[30] | |
Ukraine | No | No | 2022[31] | |
United Arab Emirates | No | No | 2001[32] |
KFOR commanders
- Sir Michael Jackson (United Kingdom, 10 June 1999 – 8 October 1999)
- Klaus Reinhardt (Germany, 8 October 1999 – 18 April 2000)
- Juan Ortuño Such (Spain, 18 April 2000 – 16 October 2000)
- Thorstein Skiaker (Norway, 6 April 2001 – 3 October 2001)
- Marcel Valentin (France, 3 October 2001 – 4 October 2002)
- Fabio Mini (Italy, 4 October 2002 – 3 October 2003)
- Holger Kammerhoff (Germany, 3 October 2003 – 1 September 2004)
- Yves de Kermabon (France, 1 September 2004 – 1 September 2005)
- Giuseppe Valotto (Italy, 1 September 2005 – 1 September 2006)
- Roland Kather (Germany, 1 September 2006 – 31 August 2007)
- Xavier de Marnhac (France, 31 August 2007 – 29 August 2008)
- Giuseppe Emilio Gay (Italy, 29 August 2008 – 8 September 2009)
- Markus J. Bentler (Germany, 8 September 2009 – 1 September 2010)
- Erhard Bühler (Germany, 1 September 2010 – 9 September 2011)
- Erhard Drews (Germany, 9 September 2011 – 7 September 2012)
- Volker Halbauer (Germany, 7 September 2012 – 6 September 2013)
- Salvatore Farina (Italy, 6 September 2013 – 3 September 2014)
- Francesco Paolo Figliuolo (Italy, 3 September 2014 – 7 August 2015)
- Guglielmo Luigi Miglietta (Italy, 7 August 2015 – 1 September 2016)
- Giovanni Fungo (Italy, 1 September 2016 – 15 November 2017)
- Salvatore Cuoci (Italy, 15 November 2017 – 28 November 2018)
- Lorenzo D'Addario (Italy, 28 November 2018 – 19 November 2019)
- Michele Risi (Italy, 19 November 2019 – 13 November 2020 )
- Franco Federici (Italy, 13 November 2020 – 15 October 2021)
- Ferenc Kajári (Hungary, 15 October 2021 – 14 October 2022 )
- Angelo Michele Ristuccia (Italy, 14 October 2022 – 10 October 2023 )
- Özkan Ulutaş (Turkey, 10 October 2023 – )
Note: The terms of service are based on the official list of the KFOR commanders[33] and another article.[34]
Kosovo peacekeeping
Events
On 9 June 1999 the Military Technical Agreement or Kumanovo Agreement between KFOR and the Governments of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and the Republic of Serbia was signed by NATO General Sir Mike Jackson and Yugoslavia Colonel General Svetozar Marjanovic concluding the Kosovo War. This agreement outlined a rapid withdrawal of Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Forces from Kosovo, assigning to the KFOR Commander the airspace control over Kosovo and pending the later United Nations Security Council Resolution's approval, the deployment of KFOR to Kosovo.[35] On 10 June 1999 the United Nations Security Council adopted the UNSC Resolution 1244 authorizing the deployment in Kosovo of an international civil and security presence for an initial period of 12 months, and to continue thereafter unless the UNSC decides otherwise. The civil presence was represented by the United Nations Mission In Kosovo (UNMIK), while the security presence was led by KFOR.[36]
Following the adoption of UNSCR 1244, General Jackson, acting on the instructions of the North Atlantic Council, made immediate preparations for the rapid deployment of the security force (Operation Joint Guardian), mandated by the United Nations Security Council. The first NATO-led elements entered Kosovo at 5 a.m. on 12 June. On 21 June, the UCK undertaking of demilitarization and transformation was signed by COMKFOR and the Commander in Chief of the UCK (Mr. Hashim Thaci), moving KFOR into a new phase of enforcing the peace and supporting the implementation of a civil administration under the auspices of the United Nations.[7]
Within three weeks of KFOR entry, more than half a million out of those who had left during the bombing were back in Kosovo. However, in the months following KFOR deployment, approximately 150,000 Serbs, Romani and other non-Albanians fled Kosovo while many of the remaining civilians were subjected to violence and intimidation from ethnic Albanians.[37]
October 28, 2000 the first Municipal Assembly Elections were held. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe(OSCE) announced that approximately 80% of the population participated in this vote for local representatives. The final results were certified by the Special Representative for Kosovo of the UN Secretary-General, Bernard Kouchner, on 7 November.[38]
KFOR was initially composed of 40,000 troops from NATO countries. Troop levels were reduced to 26,000 by June 2003, then to 17,500 by the end that year. Combat troops were reduced more than support troops. KFOR tried to deal with this by transferring tasks to UNMIK and the Kosovo Police Service (KPS), but UNMIK was also reducing its number of international police, and KPS were not numerous enough or competent enough to take over from KFOR.
The 2004 unrest in Kosovo was the worst ethnic violence since 1999, leaving hundreds wounded and at least 14 people dead. On 17 and 18 March 2004, a wave of violent riots swept through Kosovo, triggered by two incidents perceived as ethnically motivated acts. The first incident, on 15 March 2004, an 18-year-old Serb was shot near the all Serb village of Čaglavica, near Pristina.[39][40] On 16 March, three Albanian children drowned in the Ibar River in the village of Čabar, near the Serb community of Zubin Potok. A fourth boy survived. It was speculated that he and his friends had been chased into the river by Serbs in revenge for the shooting of Ivić the previous day, but this claim has not been proven.[41] According to Human Rights Watch, the violence in March 2004 left 19 dead, 954 wounded, 550 homes destroyed, twenty-seven Orthodox churches and monasteries burned, and leaving approximately 4,100 Serbs, Roma, Ashkali (Albanian-speaking Roma), and other non-Albanian minorities displaced. Nineteen people, eight Kosovo Serbs and eleven Kosovo Albanians, were killed and over a thousand wounded-including more than 120 KFOR soldiers and UNMIK police officers, and fifty-eight Kosovo Police Service (KPS) officers.[42]
The 10 February 2007 protest in Kosovo resulted in 2 deaths and many injuries. A crowd of ethnic Albanians in Pristina protested against a UN plan, also known as the Ahtisaari Plan, they felt fell short of granting full independence for Kosovo. The proposals, unveiled 2 February, recommended a form of self-rule and was strongly opposed by Serbia. The UN Security Council did not endorse the plan.[43][44]
On February 17, 2008 unrest followed Kosovo's declaration of independence . Some Kosovo Serbs opposed to secession boycotted the move by refusing to follow orders from the central government in Pristina and attempted to seize infrastructure and border posts in Serb-populated regions. There were also sporadic instances of violence against international institutions and governmental institutions, predominantly in North Kosovo. After declaring independence, the Kosovo government introduced new customs stamps, a symbol of their newly declared sovereignty. Serbia refused to recognize the customs stamps which led to the de facto prohibition of both direct import of goods from Kosovo to Serbia, as well as transit to third countries. Goods from Serbia, however, could still be freely imported into Kosovo.[45][46] Pursuant to the Statement by the President of the Security Council on 26 November 2008 (S/PRST/2008/44), UNMIK was restructured and its rule of law executive tasks were transferred to (EULEX). EULEX maintains a limited residual capability as a second security responder and provides continued support to Kosovo Police's crowd and riot control capability.[47][46]
The 25 August 2009 Pristina protests resulted in vehicle damages and multiple injuries.
On 22 July 2010, the International Court of Justice delivered its advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence declaring that "the adoption of the declaration of independence of the 17 February 2008 did not violate general international law because international law contains no 'prohibition on declarations of independence'," nor did the adoption of the declaration of independence violate UN Security Council Resolution 1244, since this did not describe Kosovo's final status, nor had the Security Council reserved for itself the decision on final status.
20 July 2011 Kosovo banned all imports from Serbia and introduced 10 percent tax for imports from Bosnia as both countries blocked exports from Kosovo.[48] On 26 July 2011, a series of confrontations in North Kosovo began with a Kosovo Police operation to seize two border outposts along the Kosovo Serbia border and consequent clashes continued until 23 November. The clashes, resulting in multiple deaths and injuries, were over differences between who would administer the border crossings between Kosovo and Serbia along with what would happen with the revenue collected from the customs and removal of roadblocks to secure freedom of movement. On 3 September 2011, a deal to unblock the impasse between Serbia and Kosovo over exports was struck at EU-led negotiations in Brussels. Serbia agreed to accept goods marked “Kosovo Customs”, while Pristina gave up including state emblems, coats of arms, flags, or use of the word “republic” allowing Kosovo to interpret the label as referring to the customs of independent Kosovo, whereas Serbia could see it as a provincial customs label.[49]
On 14 and 15 February 2012, an
On 8 February 2013, a series of protests began against increases in electricity bills which later turned into protests against corruption. On 19 April 2013, the Belgrade Pristina Normalization Agreement was signed between the governments of Kosovo and Serbia. Prior, North Kosovo functioned independently from the institutions in Kosovo by refusing to recognize Kosovo's 2008 declaration of independence and the Government of Kosovo opposed any parallel government for Serbs.[51][52][53] The Brussels Agreement abolished the parallel structures and both governments agreed upon creating a Community of Serb Municipalities. The association was expected to be officially formed in 2016 but continued discussions has resulted in not forming the Community. By signing the Agreement, the European Union's Commission considered Serbia had met key steps in its relations with Kosovo and recommended that negotiations for accession of Serbia to the European Union be opened.[54] Several days after the agreement was reached, the European Commission recommended authorizing the launch of negotiations between the EU and Kosovo on the Stabilisation and Association Process.[55]
The 2014 student protest in Kosovo demanded the resignation or dismissal of the University of Pristina Rector. Students threw red paint and rocks at the Kosovo Police who responded with tear gas. 30 Kosovo Police officers were injured and more than 30 students were arrested.[56] The upper airspace over Kosovo, skies over 10,000 feet, was re-opened for civilian traffic overflights on 3 April 2014. This followed a decision by the North Atlantic Council to accept the offer by the Government of Hungary to act as a technical enabler through its national air navigation service provider, Hungarocontrol.[57]
The
9 January 2016, thousands of protestors wanted the government to withdraw from a border demarcation agreement with Montenegro and an agreement to set up a Community of Serb Municipalities. Police fired tear gas responding to protesters who threw Molotov cocktails and set fire to a government building. The Kosovo Assembly later withdrew the agreements.[60]
On 14 January 2017, the
On 21 March 2018, Kosovo's Assembly ratified the border agreement with Montenegro. The European Union set ratification as a condition before it would grant Kosovo nationals visa-free access to the pass-port free
On 29 September 2023, the NATO Secretary-General announced the authorisation of additional forces to address the build up of Serbian troops on the border of Kosovo and Serbia in order to keep peace within the region.[67]
KFOR fatalities
Since the KFOR entered Kosovo in June 1999, soldiers from Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Luxembourg, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom, and the United States were killed in the line of duty.[68][failed verification]
The biggest fatal event is that of the 42 Slovak soldiers dead in a 2006 military plane crash in Hungary.[69][70] In 20 years, more than 200 NATO soldiers have died as part of KFOR.[71] On 1 July 2021, NATO Secretary-General Jens Stoltenberg confirmed that the KFOR mission will continue.[72] On 29 May 2023, more than 30 NATO peacekeeping soldiers defending three town halls in northern Kosovo have been injured in clashes with Serb protesters, while Serbia's president put the army on the highest level of combat alert.[73] The tense situation developed after ethnic Albanian mayors took office in northern Kosovo's Serb-majority area after elections that the Serbs boycotted.
Notes and references
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External links
- KFOR Placemap
- KFOR official site (NATO)
- K-For: The task ahead (from BBC News, 13 June 1999)
- First deaths in K-For operation (from BBC News, 14 June 1999)
- Memorial honors soldiers' sacrifices June 2002: 68 soldiers have died since KFOR entered Kosovo.
- Radio KFOR