Kostel dialect
This article needs attention from an expert in Linguistics. See the talk page for details. (July 2022) |
Kostel dialect | |
---|---|
kȯsˈteːu̯skȯ naˈrėːčje | |
Pronunciation | kʊ͈sˈteːu̯skʊ͈ naˈrɪ͈t͡ʃjɛ |
Native to | Indo-European
|
Early forms | Southeastern Slovene dialect
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | – |
Kostel dialect |
South Slavic languages and dialects |
---|
This article uses Logar transcription.
The Kostel dialect (
Geographical distribution
The Kostel dialect is spoken in Croatia, but the northernmost part extends into southern Slovenia. It extends from Kuželj and Gornji Turni in the west, south to Ravna Gora, as far east as Razdrto, and north to Banja Loka and Kostel. It is the southernmost Slovene dialect. Notable settlements include Kuželj, Guče Selo, Brod na Kupi, Krivac, Gornji Turni, Kupjak, Ravna Gora, Skrad, Brod Moravice, Lokvica, and Šimatovo in Croatia, and Vas, Fara, Kuželj, and Potok in Slovenia.[7][10]
The border between the Kostel dialect, South White Carniolan dialect, and Mixed Kočevje subdialects is somewhat unclear, and the Kostel dialect may also extend down the Kupa River on the Slovene side.[11]
Accentual changes
The Kostel dialect lost the difference between high- and low-pitched accent on both long and short vowels, which are still differentiated.[12][13] It also underwent three accent shifts: the *ženȁ → *žèna, *məglȁ → *mə̀gla, *sěnȏ / *prosȏ → *sě̀no / *pròso, *visȍk → vìsok, and *kováč → *kòvač accent shift.[14][15]
Phonology
Almost all vowels have monophthongized, which sets this dialect apart from all other Lower Carniolan dialects.[16]
- Non-final *ě̀ and *ě̄ are pronounced as ẹː or ėː.
- The vowel *ō is pronounced as ọː or ȯː.
- Non-final *è and ē, as well as non-final *ę̀ and ę̄, are pronounced as i̯ẹː or ẹː.
- Similarly, non-final *ò and ǫ̀, as well as ǭ, are pronounced as u̯ọː or ọː.
- Newly stressed *e and *o after the ženȁ → žèna shift were mostly simplified into eː and oː, or ḙː and o̭ː, respectively.
- Non-final *ə̀ and *ə̄ turned into aː.
- Non-final *à and *ā turned into aː.
- Non-final *ì and *ī became iː.
- Non-final *ù and *ū became üː.
- Non-final *l̥̀ and *l̥̄ evolved into long or short u.
- Non-final *r̥̀ and *r̥̄ mostly evolved into ər, but some microdialects still pronounce them as r̥.
Akanye is not particularly common, but ukanye is, turning word-final o into ȯ or u. Unstressed *u is reduced into e̥, ė, ü, or i. Unstressed *ə evolved into a. The Banja Loka and Delač microdialects also have unstressed long vowels, which became unstressed after accent shifts.
Word-final *m mostly turned into *n. Palatal *ĺ and *ń have not depalatalized. If a word started with u then v appeared before it, and if a word started with a then j appeared before it. However, the dialect lost j before i at the beginning of words. Alpine Slovene *w evolved into non-sonorant v, which devoices if at the end of a word or before a non-voiced consonant. The clusters ṷm- and ṷb- simplified into xm- and xb-, respectively. Other consonant simplifications also occurred, such as tl- → kl-.
Morphology
Dual forms were fully replaced by plural forms. The future and preterit tenses are formed using the l-participle.[17]
Vocabulary
The priest and Slavic specialist Jože Gregorič collected almost 17,000 words spoken in the Slovene part of the Kostel dialect, from Srobotnik to Grgelj, which is currently still listed as belonging to the Mixed Kočevje subdialects, and he published a dictionary of the Kostel dialect.[18][19]
References
- ^ Smole, Vera. 1998. "Slovenska narečja." Enciklopedija Slovenije vol. 12, pp. 1–5. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, p. 2.
- ^ Logar, Tine. 1996. Dialektološke in jezikovnozgodovinske razprave. Ljubljana: SAZU, p. 203.
- ^ Horvat, Sonja. 1994. "Nekaj naglasnih in fonoloških značilnosti slovenskega kostelskega govora." Slavistična revija 42: 305–312, p. 305.
- ^ Šekli (2018:377–380)
- ^ Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 88.
- S2CID 55046560.
- ^ Založba ZRC.
- ^ Šekli (2018:335–339)
- ^ Gostenčnik (2018:42–45)
- ^ Lončarić, Mijo (2010). Karta Kajkavskog narječja [A map of Kajkavian dialects] (in Croatian). Retrieved April 3, 2022.
- ^ Gostenčnik (2020:355)
- ^ Šekli (2018:337–339)
- ^ Ramovš (1935:143)
- ^ Gostenčnik (2020:363)
- ^ Šekli (2018:311–314)
- ^ Gostenčnik (2020:359–370)
- S2CID 213777222. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
- ^ Gostenčnik (2020:358–359)
- ISBN 978-961-254-480-5. Retrieved 18 July 2022.
Bibliography
- Gostenčnik, Januška (2018). Krajevni govori ob Čabranki in zgornji Kolpi (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Založba ZRC. ISBN 978-961-05-0081-0.
- Gostenčnik, Januška (2020). Kostelsko narečje. Slavistična revija (in Slovenian). SAZU.
- Ramovš, Fran (1935). Historična gramatika slovenskega jezika [Historical grammar of the Sloene language]. VII. Dialekti (in Slovenian). Ljubljana: Znanstveno društvo za humanistične vede v Ljubljani.
- Šekli, Matej (2018). Legan Ravnikar, Andreja (ed.). Topologija lingvogenez slovanskih jezikov. Collection Linguistica et philologica (in Slovenian). Translated by Plotnikova, Anastasija. ISBN 978-961-05-0137-4.