Kraków

Coordinates: 50°03′41″N 19°56′14″E / 50.06139°N 19.93722°E / 50.06139; 19.93722
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Kraków
Cracow
Royal Capital City of Kraków
Polish: Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków
KRK)
Websitewww.krakow.pl Edit this at Wikidata
Europe

Kraków

UNESCO World Heritage Site
in 1978, one of the world's first sites granted the status.

The city has grown from a Stone Age settlement to Poland's second-most-important city. It began as a hamlet on Wawel Hill and was reported by Ibrahim ibn Yaqub, a 10th-century merchant from Córdoba, as a busy trading centre of Central Europe in 985.[8] With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the Second Polish Republic in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. As of 2023, the city has a population of 804,237, with approximately eight million additional people living within a 100 km (62 mi) radius of its main square.[11]

After the

However, the city was spared from destruction and major bombing.

In 1978,

John Paul II International Airport
, the country's second busiest airport and the most important international airport for the inhabitants of south-eastern Poland.

In 2000, Kraków was named

UNESCO City of Literature.[18] The city hosted World Youth Day in 2016,[19] and the European Games in 2023.[20]

Etymology

The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from

possessive form of Krak and essentially means "Krak's (town)".[22] The true origin of the name is highly disputed among historians, with many theories in existence and no unanimous consensus.[21] The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as Grakch) dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the seventh century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of Vistulans.[8] It is possible that the name of the city is derived from the word kruk, meaning 'crow' or 'raven'.[23]

The city's full official name is Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków,

Royal Capital City of Kraków". In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian (Polish: krakowianin or krakus).[25] Until the 1990s the English version of the name was often written as Cracow, but now the most widespread modern English version is Krakow.[26]

History

The Romanesque St. Leonard's Crypt dates back to the 11th century, when Casimir I the Restorer made Kraków his royal residence and the capital of the Kingdom of Poland.

Kraków's

Boleslaus I in 955.[28] The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, Mieszko I, took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the Piast dynasty towards the end of his reign.[29]

In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government.

Magdeburg law allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens.[34] In 1259, the city was again ravaged by the Mongols. A third attack in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the newly built fortifications.[35]

Woodcut of Kraków from the Nuremberg Chronicle, 1493

In 1335, King

Charles University in Prague
.

The city continued to grow under the

Kingdom of Poland and a member of the Hanseatic League, the city attracted many craftsmen from abroad,[38] businesses, and guilds as science and the arts began to flourish.[39] The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.[40]

Kraków's "Golden Age"

The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's Złoty Wiek or

Calendarium Cracoviense, the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.[46][47]

In 1520, the most famous

Sigismund III of the House of Vasa moved the administrative capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth from Kraków to Warsaw.[52] The city was destabilised by pillaging in the 1650s during the Swedish invasion, especially during the 1655 siege.[53] Later in 1707, the city underwent an outbreak of bubonic plague that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead.[54]

View of Kraków (Cracovia) near the end of the 16th century

19th century

Tadeusz Kościuszko taking the oath of loyalty to the Polish nation in Kraków's market square (Rynek), 1794

Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the

Habsburg empire and Prussia.[55] In 1791, the Holy Roman Emperor Leopold II changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the Sabbath, most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues. In 1794, Tadeusz Kościuszko initiated an unsuccessful insurrection in the town's Main Square which, in spite of his victorious Battle of Racławice against a numerically superior Russian army, resulted in the third and final partition of Poland.[56]

In 1802, German became the town's official language. Of the members appointed by the Habsburgs to the municipal council only half were Polish.

Napoleon Bonaparte captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the Duchy of Warsaw.[57] During the time of the Duchy of Warsaw, requirements to upkeep the Polish army followed by tours of Austrian, Polish and Russian troops, plus Russian occupation and a flood in the year 1813 all added up to the adverse development of the city with a high debt burden on public finances and many workshops and trading houses needing to close their activities.[57]

Act of granting the constitution to the Free City of Cracow. After the Partitions of Poland, Kraków became a city-state and remained the only piece of sovereign Polish territory between 1815 and 1846.

Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815

landed aristocracy who also were drawn more and more to the city real estates even though their income still mainly came from their agricultural possessions in the Republic, the Kingdom of Poland and Galicia. The percentage of the Jewish population in the city also increased in this time from 20.8% to 30.4%. However, nationalist sentiment and other political issues led to instability; this culminated in the Kraków uprising of 1846, which was crushed by the Austrian authorities.[58] The Free City was therefore annexed into the Austrian Empire as the Grand Duchy of Kraków (Polish: Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie, German: Großherzogtum Krakau), which was legally separate from but administratively part of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria (more simply Austrian Galicia).[59]

During the era of the free city, a

free trade zone led to positive economic development. But because of the unstable political situation and insecurity about the future, not much of the accumulated wealth was invested.[57] Through the increase of taxes, customs and regulations, prices soared and the city fell into a recession. From 1844 to 1850 the population was diminished by over 4,000 inhabitants.[57]

In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to Galicia after its own defeat in the

streetcars were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (Wielki Kraków).[64][65]

At the outbreak of World War I on 3 August 1914, Józef Piłsudski formed a small cadre military unit, the First Cadre Company—the predecessor of the Polish Legions—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.[66] The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914.[67] Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the Polish Liquidation Committee assumed power.[68][69]

20th century to the present

Flower vendors in Rynek—the first autochrome in Poland, dated 1912

Following the emergence of the

Zionist and Bundist groups.[70][71][72] Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance—from Orthodox to Hasidic and Reform Judaism—flourishing side by side.[73]

Following the

Judenräte ('Jewish Councils') to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis. These orders included the registration of all Jewish people living in each area, the collection of taxes, and the formation of forced-labour groups. The Polish Home Army maintained a parallel underground administrative system.[76]

At the outbreak of

Dachau concentration camps, though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.[79][80]

Aktion Krakau

Before the formation of

ghettos, which began in the Kraków District in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city. For those who remained, the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then-suburban neighborhood, Podgórze District, to become Kraków's ghetto, where many Jews subsequently died of illness or starvation. Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely, but as security became tighter the ghettos were generally closed. From autumn 1941, the SS developed the policy of extermination through labour,[81] which further worsened the already bleak conditions for Jews. The inhabitants of the Kraków Ghetto were later murdered or sent to German extermination camps, including Bełżec and Auschwitz, and to Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp.[82] The largest deportations within the Distrikt occurred from June to September 1942. More specifically, mass deportation from Kraków's ghetto occurred in the first week of June 1942,[78] and the ghetto was finally liquidated in March 1943.[83]

The film director

Deutsche Emailwarenfabrik, saving them from the camps.[84][85] Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from deportation to extermination camps and instead sent to labor camps across the General Government.[78] By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków Ghetto had been deported. Although looted by occupational authorities, Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II,[86] with most of the city's historical and architectural legacy spared. Soviet forces under the command of Marshal Ivan Konev entered the city on 18 January 1945, and began arresting Poles loyal to the Polish government-in-exile or those who had served in the Home Army.[87]

Kraków's territorial growth from the late 18th to the 20th century

After the war, under the

Stalinist government of Poland ordered the construction of the country's largest steel mill in the newly created suburb of Nowa Huta.[89] The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now Sendzimir Steelworks owned by Mittal) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city into an industrial centre.[90]

In an effort that spanned two decades,

John Paul II, the first non-Italian pope in over 450 years. In the same year, UNESCO, following the application of local authorities, placed Kraków Old Town on the first list of World Heritage Sites.[92]

Geography

Camaldolese Hermit Monastery
in the distance

Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the

There are five

geomorphological features and landscape.[96] Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.[97]

Climate

Vistula River
during the summer season

Officially, Kraków has a

warm summer continental climate (Dfb).[101][102] By classification of Wincenty Okołowicz, it has a warm temperate climate in the centre of continental Europe with the "fusion" of different features.[103]

Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes Arctic influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time.[104][105] The city lies in proximity to the Tatra Mountains and there are often occurrences of a foehn wind called halny, causing temperatures to rise rapidly.[106] In relation to Warsaw, temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months southern Poland has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter. The higher sun angle also allows for a longer growing season.[107] In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast.[99]

The climate table below presents weather data with averages from 1991 to 2020, sunshine ranges from 1971 to 2000, and valid extremes from 1951 to the present day:

Climate data for Kraków-Airport (KRK), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 16.6
(61.9)
19.8
(67.6)
24.1
(75.4)
30.0
(86.0)
32.6
(90.7)
34.2
(93.6)
35.7
(96.3)
37.3
(99.1)
34.8
(94.6)
27.1
(80.8)
22.5
(72.5)
19.3
(66.7)
37.3
(99.1)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 10.0
(50.0)
12.3
(54.1)
18.0
(64.4)
24.3
(75.7)
27.9
(82.2)
31.1
(88.0)
32.5
(90.5)
32.2
(90.0)
27.6
(81.7)
23.4
(74.1)
17.3
(63.1)
10.9
(51.6)
33.8
(92.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 1.6
(34.9)
3.7
(38.7)
8.4
(47.1)
15.1
(59.2)
19.8
(67.6)
23.2
(73.8)
25.3
(77.5)
25.0
(77.0)
19.5
(67.1)
14.0
(57.2)
7.6
(45.7)
2.7
(36.9)
13.8
(56.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.6
(29.1)
−0.2
(31.6)
3.5
(38.3)
9.3
(48.7)
14.0
(57.2)
17.6
(63.7)
19.3
(66.7)
18.9
(66.0)
13.9
(57.0)
8.8
(47.8)
3.8
(38.8)
−0.5
(31.1)
8.9
(48.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −4.7
(23.5)
−3.7
(25.3)
−0.8
(30.6)
3.7
(38.7)
8.5
(47.3)
12.2
(54.0)
13.8
(56.8)
13.4
(56.1)
9.2
(48.6)
4.7
(40.5)
0.6
(33.1)
−3.4
(25.9)
4.5
(40.1)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −15.7
(3.7)
−13.0
(8.6)
−8.0
(17.6)
−3.0
(26.6)
1.9
(35.4)
6.6
(43.9)
8.3
(46.9)
7.7
(45.9)
2.8
(37.0)
−3.2
(26.2)
−7.3
(18.9)
−13.5
(7.7)
−18.0
(−0.4)
Record low °C (°F) −29.9
(−21.8)
−29.5
(−21.1)
−26.7
(−16.1)
−7.5
(18.5)
−3.2
(26.2)
−0.1
(31.8)
5.4
(41.7)
2.7
(36.9)
−3.1
(26.4)
−7.4
(18.7)
−17.2
(1.0)
−29.5
(−21.1)
−29.9
(−21.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.9
(1.49)
32.3
(1.27)
38.1
(1.50)
46.4
(1.83)
79.0
(3.11)
77.0
(3.03)
98.2
(3.87)
72.5
(2.85)
65.8
(2.59)
51.2
(2.02)
41.4
(1.63)
33.4
(1.31)
673.0
(26.50)
Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 7.6
(3.0)
6.5
(2.6)
2.7
(1.1)
0.9
(0.4)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.3
(0.1)
2.7
(1.1)
4.1
(1.6)
7.6
(3.0)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.93 15.71 15.00 12.87 14.97 13.37 15.00 12.00 12.07 13.40 14.67 15.77 171.74
Average snowy days (≥ 0 cm) 17.9 14.1 5.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 4.3 11.9 54.8
Average
relative humidity
(%)
85.8 82.5 76.3 69.9 72.0 72.7 73.2 74.5 80.2 83.8 87.7 87.5 78.8
Mean monthly sunshine hours 43.3 63.2 100.5 136.9 200.8 193.5 210.5 200.7 125.4 97.7 48.8 32.1 1,453.4
Source 1: Institute of Meteorology and Water Management[108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115]
Source 2: Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020, sunshine 1971–2000)[116][117][118][119]
Climate data for Kraków-Observatory, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 17.3
(63.1)
21.0
(69.8)
24.7
(76.5)
31.2
(88.2)
33.7
(92.7)
36.0
(96.8)
36.7
(98.1)
38.3
(100.9)
35.8
(96.4)
27.9
(82.2)
24.0
(75.2)
19.9
(67.8)
38.3
(100.9)
Mean maximum °C (°F) 10.9
(51.6)
13.3
(55.9)
18.9
(66.0)
25.3
(77.5)
28.9
(84.0)
32.1
(89.8)
33.4
(92.1)
33.2
(91.8)
28.4
(83.1)
24.4
(75.9)
17.8
(64.0)
11.6
(52.9)
34.7
(94.5)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 2.3
(36.1)
4.4
(39.9)
9.1
(48.4)
15.8
(60.4)
20.6
(69.1)
24.0
(75.2)
26.0
(78.8)
25.8
(78.4)
20.2
(68.4)
14.6
(58.3)
8.2
(46.8)
3.3
(37.9)
14.5
(58.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) −1.0
(30.2)
0.4
(32.7)
4.1
(39.4)
9.8
(49.6)
14.6
(58.3)
18.3
(64.9)
20.0
(68.0)
19.3
(66.7)
14.2
(57.6)
9.2
(48.6)
4.4
(39.9)
0.2
(32.4)
9.5
(49.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −3.5
(25.7)
−2.6
(27.3)
0.3
(32.5)
4.8
(40.6)
9.5
(49.1)
13.2
(55.8)
14.9
(58.8)
14.4
(57.9)
10.1
(50.2)
5.7
(42.3)
1.7
(35.1)
−2.2
(28.0)
5.5
(41.9)
Mean minimum °C (°F) −14.0
(6.8)
−11.4
(11.5)
−6.4
(20.5)
−1.6
(29.1)
3.0
(37.4)
8.1
(46.6)
9.9
(49.8)
9.2
(48.6)
3.8
(38.8)
−1.8
(28.8)
−5.8
(21.6)
−11.6
(11.1)
−16.4
(2.5)
Record low °C (°F) −26.1
(−15.0)
−26.8
(−16.2)
−23.2
(−9.8)
−4.6
(23.7)
−1.8
(28.8)
2.3
(36.1)
6.6
(43.9)
4.5
(40.1)
−2.6
(27.3)
−5.7
(21.7)
−16.1
(3.0)
−25.7
(−14.3)
−26.8
(−16.2)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 37.9
(1.49)
33.3
(1.31)
38.3
(1.51)
48.4
(1.91)
82.6
(3.25)
81.1
(3.19)
98.6
(3.88)
75.1
(2.96)
70.3
(2.77)
53.1
(2.09)
41.8
(1.65)
32.4
(1.28)
693.0
(27.28)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 16.9 15.2 14.9 12.9 14.6 13.8 14.7 12.4 12.0 13.6 14.7 16.3 172.0
Average
relative humidity
(%)
82.2 78.9 73.0 66.1 68.4 68.9 70.0 72.4 79.3 82.7 84.8 83.9 75.9
Source: https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne[120]

Cityscape

Main Market Square
The Kraków Barbican, dating from around 1498, was once a fortified outpost of the inner medieval city.

Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic forms of architecture developed over the ten centuries, especially Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque styles.[121] Renowned artisans and skilled craftsmen from present-day Italy and Germany were brought and sponsored by kings or nobles who contributed to architectural wealth and diversity.[121] The Brick Gothic manner as well as countless structural elements such as the Renaissance attics with decorative pinnacles became recognisable features of historical buildings in Kraków.[22] Built from its earliest nucleus outward, the city's monuments can be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its newer districts.[121]

Kraków's historic centre, which includes

Kings of Poland. Several important monuments were lost in the course of history, notably the Ratusz town hall.[124] However, the Gothic Town Hall Tower measuring 70 m (229 ft 8 in) in height remains standing.[21]

In addition to the old town, the city's district of Kazimierz is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (Pons Regalis) across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the Wieliczka Salt Mine and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.[36][125]

By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially registered synagogues and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like Podgórze.[126] This, in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops.[citation needed]

Pauline Fathers
, is a place of burial for distinguished Poles and Cracovians.

As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the

Austro-Hungarian Empire, the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of Kraków Główny railway station and the city's Academy of Economics. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in Vienna. Some major projects of the era include the development of the Jagiellonian University's new premises and the building of the Collegium Novum just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as the Palace of Art by Franciszek Mączyński and the 'House under the Globe'. Secession style architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from Vienna, became popular towards the end of the Partitions.[127]

Palace of Art at Szczepański Square is an example of Art Nouveau architecture in central Kraków.[128]

With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style.

Polish modernism include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the Main Square and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.[130]

After the Second World War, new Communist government adopted Stalinist monumentalism. The doctrine of Socialist realism in Poland, as in other countries of the Eastern Bloc, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists.[131] The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.[132]

Plac Centralny, the main square of the socialist-realist district Nowa Huta

Since the style of the

Panel System apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some examples of the new style (e.g., Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków.[134]

After the

Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology designed by Arata Isozaki, the 2007-built Pawilon Wyspiański 2000,[136] which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts (Małopolski Ogród Sztuki), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town.[137]

Parks and gardens

Planty Park
surrounds Kraków's Old Town.
A pavilion within the Planty Park during winter

There are about 40 parks in Kraków, including dozens of gardens and forests.

Błonia Park are located in the centre of the city; with others, such as Zakrzówek, Lasek Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Park Lotników in the surrounding districts.[138] Parks cover about 318.5 hectares (787 acres; 1.23 sq mi) of the city.[95]

The best-known park in Kraków is the Planty Park. Established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, it forms a green belt around the Old Town and consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of 21 hectares (52 acres) and a length of 4 kilometres (2.5 mi), forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.[139]

The Jordan Park, founded in 1889 by

water bicycles. It is located in the grounds of one of the city's larger parks, Błonia Park.[141] The less prominent Park Krakowski, founded in 1885 by Stanisław Rehman, was a popular destination point for Cracovians at the end of the 19th century, but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid real estate development.[142]

Environment

There are five

thermophilous vegetation, grasslands and shrubs.[144][145]

The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the

Dłubnia and Sanka.[146] The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków.[146]

Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of smog, caused by burning coal for heating, especially in winter.[147]

Governance

The New Town Hall of Podgórze, which used to be a self-governing independent town until its incorporation into Kraków in 1915

The Kraków City Council has 43 elected members,[148] one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local head of government,[149] which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is Jacek Majchrowski.[150] Several members of the Polish national Parliament (Sejm) are elected from the Kraków constituency.[151] The city's official symbols include a coat of arms, a flag, a seal, and a banner.[152]

The entrance to the Wielopolski Palace from 1560, the seat of Kraków's mayor, administration and city council

The responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and

city government was reorganised to better differentiate between its political agenda and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.[153]

In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire,

Public Safety, and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences dropped by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.[154]
The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press.

Districts

Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (dzielnica) or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.[155] Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków: the towns of Podgórze, Nowa Huta and Krowodrza, which were amalgamated into the city as it expanded; and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.[155]

Matejko Square, featuring the Grunwald Monument at Kleparz, is one of the city's most important public spaces.

The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late 18th century. These include the Old Town (

Wawel District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and Kazimierz with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;[156] and the ancient town of Kleparz
.

Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include Podgórze—until 1915, a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula—and Nowa Huta, to the east of the city centre, which was built after World War II.

Socialist-realist district of Nowa Huta

Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: Wawel Hill, home to

Main Market Square; dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.[157]

The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about six thousand historic sites and more than two million works of art.[158] Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e.g. St. Andrew's Church), Renaissance (e.g. Kraków Cloth Hall), Baroque (e.g. Saints Peter and Paul Church) and Gothic buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display a great variety of color, architectural details, stained glass, paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.[citation needed]

In the Market Square stands the Gothic

Newbery Award.[161]

District Population Area (2009)[162]
Stare Miasto (I) 41,121 559.29 ha (5.5929 km2)
Grzegórzki (II) 30,441 586.18 ha (5.8618 km2)
Prądnik Czerwony (III) 46,621 638.82 ha (6.3882 km2)
Prądnik Biały (IV) 66,649 2,370.55 ha (23.7055 km2)
Krowodrza (V) 34,467 538.32 ha (5.3832 km2)
Bronowice (VI) 22,467 957.98 ha (9.5798 km2)
Zwierzyniec
(VII)
20,243 2,866.9 ha (28.669 km2)
Dębniki (VIII) 56,258 4,671.11 ha (46.7111 km2)
Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki (IX) 15,014 573.9 ha (5.739 km2)
Swoszowice (X) 20,641 2,416.73 ha (24.1673 km2)
Podgórze Duchackie (XI) 52,522 1,065.24 ha (10.6524 km2)
Bieżanów-Prokocim (XII) 63,270 1,846.93 ha (18.4693 km2)
Podgórze (XIII) 32,050 2,516.07 ha (25.1607 km2)
Czyżyny (XIV) 26,169 1,229.44 ha (12.2944 km2)
Mistrzejowice (XV) 54,276 547.82 ha (5.4782 km2)
Bieńczyce (XVI) 44,237 369.43 ha (3.6943 km2)
Wzgórza Krzesławickie (XVII) 20,234 2,375.82 ha (23.7582 km2)
Nowa Huta (XVIII) 58,320 6,552.52 ha (65.5252 km2)
Total 760,700 32,680.00 ha (326.8000 km2)

The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995. The districts were each assigned a

(XVIII).

Map of districts of the City of Kraków

Interactive map. For more information, click on district number.

Economy

The Centre for Business Innovation office complex in Kraków

Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the

Sabre Holdings,[167] along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.[164][168] The city is also the global headquarters for Comarch, an enterprise software house. Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after Warsaw).[164][165] According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.[169]

Unity Tower is one of the tallest buildings in the city.

In 2011, the

amenities, 30% in transfers from the national budget, and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.[171] The city has a high bond credit rating, and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45.[165]

Unity Tower was completed in 2020 after almost 30 years, creating a new business and residential centre. It is the second-tallest building in the city after K1.[citation needed]

Startup community

Since the early 2000s a startup community has emerged in Kraków, In the early days the Krakow: Europe's Silicon Valley web page was the on line hub of the community. Most important now is the OMGKRK foundation and its Facebook group which has over 6200 members and acted as a community notice board for the startup community.[citation needed]

Knowledge and innovation community

Kraków is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).[172]

InnoEnergy is an integrated alliance of reputable organisations from the education, research and industry sectors. It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence. The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape in the field of sustainable energy.[173]

Transport

Bombardier city tram on Piłsudski Bridge

Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. There is no

Museum of Municipal Engineering in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses.[175]

Main Railway Station

Railway connections are available to most Polish cities, e.g. Katowice, Częstochowa, Szczecin, Gdynia and Warsaw. International destinations include Bratislava, Budapest, Vienna, Prague, Berlin, Hamburg, Lviv, Kyiv, and Odesa (June–September).[176] The main railway station is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport.[citation needed]

Kraków's airport, officially named

Katowice International Airport is located 80 kilometres (50 miles) or about 75 minutes from Kraków.[178]

In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest Bicycle-sharing system was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 169 stations under the name of Wavelo (pl), which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis.[179]

Demographics

Kraków population pyramid in 2021

Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019, which increased to 804,237 in 2023.[180] Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger metropolitan area of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.[181]

Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly.[182] It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it decreased to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity.[183][184] By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.[185]

In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.

ethnic minorities
living in Kraków.

In the last two decades, Kraków has seen a large growth of immigrant population. In the 2002 census, only 0.25% of respondents living in the city declared a non-Polish nationality primarily Ukrainian and Russian.[187] As of 2019, it was estimated that foreigners accounted for as much as 10% of the city's population, with Ukrainians being the most numerous group (between 11,000 and 50,000).[188]

Foreign residents (2023)[189]
Nationality Population
 Ukraine 45,100
 Belarus 5,975
 Georgia 3,640
 India 2,636
 Russia 2,221
 Italy 1,512
Population growth in Kraków since 1791

Religion

Wawel Cathedral, home to royal coronations and the resting place of many national heroes, is considered to be Poland's national sanctuary.

The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches. The abundance of landmark, historic temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added.

Latter-Day Saints.[192]

As of 2017, weekly Mass attendance in the

Archdiocese of Kraków was 49.9 percent, above the national Polish average of 38.3 percent.[193]

Saint Anne's Church is a leading example of Baroque architecture in Poland.

Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish

Nazi German invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.[194]

Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the

Holocaust Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s. Poland was the only Eastern Bloc country to allow free Jewish aliyah (emigration to Israel) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.[195] By contrast, Stalin forcibly kept Russian Jews in the Soviet Union, as agreed to in the Yalta Conference.[196] In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.[197]

Education

Kraków University of Economics

Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students.

King John III Sobieski, Pope John Paul II and Nobel laureates Ivo Andrić and Wisława Szymborska.[204]

AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest

's oldest building

Other institutions of higher learning include

Kraków University of Technology
, which has more than 37,000 graduates.

Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale. The Academy of Learning, Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University, Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists and the Polish Section of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers all have their main seats in Kraków.

Culture

Leonardo da Vinci's Lady with an Ermine, at the Czartoryski Museum

Kraków was named the official

Barbican along the Royal Coronation Route.[215] Among them is the Czartoryski Museum featuring works by Leonardo da Vinci and Rembrandt as well as the Archaeological Museum of Kraków whose collection highlights include the Zbruch Idol and the Bronocice Pot.[citation needed
]

Museums and national art galleries

National Museum
in Kraków is one of Poland's finest galleries of art.

As of 2023[update], Kraków hosts approximately 82 museums and various museum branches; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries.[216] The National Museum, established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on Wawel Hill, are all accessible to the general public.[216]

The Royal Chambers at Wawel feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and a major collection of 16th-century monumental

tapestries.[216] Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms.[216] The Wawel Eastern Collection features Turkish tents and military accessories.[216] The National Museum holds the largest body of artworks in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept mostly in the Main Building at 3 Maja Street, although there are eleven other separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being the Gallery of 19th Century Polish Art at Sukiennice which houses a collection of some of the best-known paintings and sculptures of the Young Poland movement.[216] Inaugurated in 2013, the latest division of the National Museum is the Europeum, with works by Brueghel among a hundred Western European paintings.[217]

Kraków Congress Centre, the city's business and cultural flagship

Other notable museums in Kraków include the Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26),[218] Stanisław Wyspiański Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St),[218] Jan Matejko Manor House in Krzesławice,[62] the Emeryk Hutten-Czapski Museum, devoted to the master painter and his life,[219] and Józef Mehoffer Manor.[218]

The Rynek Underground museum, situated under the city's main square, showcases Kraków's more than 1,000-year history through its streets, activities and artifacts. The construction of the museum was preceded by extensive excavations starting in 2005,[220] and continuing eventually until 2010, as more and more physical evidence was uncovered.

Krakil, the Museum of illusions, is a space where illusions are combined with scientific inventions and the arts. Physics and optics are displayed together with artworks and classical riddles.[221]

The Polish Aviation Museum, considered one of the world's best aviation museums by CNN,[222] features over 200 aircraft including a Sopwith Camel among other First World War biplanes, a comprehensive display of aero engines, and a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945.[223] Activities of smaller museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the Małopolska Institute of Culture, which organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days.[224]

Performing arts

Kraków's renowned Juliusz Słowacki Theatre

The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the

National Old Theatre),[225] the Juliusz Słowacki Theatre, the Bagatela Theatre, the Ludowy Theatre, and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the Opera Krakowska and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra is the Kraków Philharmonic (Filharmonia Krakowska) built in 1931.[226]

Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,

Music

Concert hall of the Kraków Philharmonic

Opera Krakowska[230] one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta.

Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of early music presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: Opera Rara,[231] and Misteria Paschalia.[232] Meanwhile, Capella Cracoviensis runs the Music in Old Krakow International Festival.[citation needed]

Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the alma mater of the contemporary Polish composer

International Chopin Competition in Warsaw among its alumni. The academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.[233]

Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic,[234] Sinfonietta Cracovia (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, Organum Academic Choir, the Mixed Mariański Choir (Mieszany Chór Mariański), Kraków Academic Choir of the Jagiellonian University, the Kraków Chamber Choir, Amar Corde String Quartet, Consortium Iagellonicum Baroque Orchestra of the Jagiellonian University, Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and Camerata Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków.

Tourism

German concentration camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau
Wieliczka Salt Mine

According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14 million tourists including 3.3 million foreign travellers.[235] The visitors spent over 7.5 billion zloty (ca. €1.7 billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation). Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14.2%), United Kingdom (13.9%), Italy (11.5%), France (11.2%), Spain (10.4%) and Ukraine (5.4%).[235] The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from Eastern Europe.[236]

The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business. There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations.

Ojcowski National Park,[238] which includes the Renaissance Castle at Pieskowa Skała.[239] Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the Top city-break destinations 2014 survey conducted by the British consumer association Which?.[240]

Sports

Cracovia and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków.[citation needed] The Cracovia Marathon, with thousands of participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.[246]

Tauron Arena Kraków

The construction of a new

LED media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m2 of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m2.[248]

Kraków was the host city of the

2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship and 2016 European Men's Handball Championship. It was also selected as the European City of Sport for 2014.[249] Kraków was bidding to host the 2022 Winter Olympics with Jasná but the bid was rejected by a majority (69.72%) of the vote in a referendum on 16 May 2014.[250] Krakow and the Malopolska region hosted the 2023 European games from 21 June to 2 July 2023. More than 7,000 athletes representing 49 countries participated.[251]

Notable people

International relations

Contemporary foreign names for the city

Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. An old English name for the city is Cracow; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it. The city is known in Czech, Slovak and Serbian as Krakov, in Hungarian as Krakkó, in Lithuanian as Krokuva, in Finnish as Krakova, in German and Dutch as Krakau, in Latin, Spanish and Italian as Cracovia, in French as Cracovie, in Portuguese as Cracóvia and in Russian as Краков. Ukrainian and Yiddish languages refer to it as Krakiv (Краків) and Kroke (קראָקע) respectively.[252]

Twin towns and sister cities

Kraków is twinned, or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:[253][254][255]

Notes

  1. ^ Pronunciation:

See also

References

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Bibliography

External links