Kruševo Republic

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Kruševo Republic
Крушевска Република
Republica di Crushuva
1903
Flag of Kruševo Republic
Flag
Motto: "
Свобода или смърть" (Bulgarian)
"Freedom or Death"
StatusUnrecognized rebel state
CapitalKruševo
GovernmentProvisional republic
President 
• 1903
Nikola Karev
Chairman of the Provisional Government 
• 1903
Dinu Vangel [fr; mk; rup]
Historical eraIlinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising
• Established
3 August 1903
• Disestablished
13 August 1903
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
Today part ofNorth Macedonia

The Kruševo Republic (Bulgarian and Macedonian: Крушевска Република, Kruševska Republika; Aromanian: Republica di Crushuva)[1] was a short-lived political entity proclaimed in 1903 by rebels from the Secret Macedonian-Adrianople Revolutionary Organization (IMRO) in Kruševo during the anti-Ottoman Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising.

History

Homeless inhabitants of Kruševo in front of the ruins of the town. Regarding the escape of the Bulgarian quarter from destruction, a bribery was suspected,[2] or eventually the fear of an explosion of the ammunition stored there.[3]
New York Times
; 14 August 1903.

In the early 20th century, Kruševo was populated by a Slavic population, Aromanians and Orthodox Albanians with town inhabitants being ethnoreligiously split among various Ottoman millets, with Greek Patriarchists being the largest community, followed by Bulgarian Exarchists and the Ullah millet for the Aromanians.[4][5] According to the ethnographer Vasil Kanchov's statistics based on linguistic affinity, at that time the town's inhabitants counted: 4,950 Bulgarians, 4,000 Vlachs (Aromanians) and 400 Orthodox Albanians.[6]

On 3 August 1903, rebels captured the town of Kruševo in the

Manastir Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire (present-day North Macedonia) and established a revolutionary government. The entity existed only for 10 days: from 3 to 13 August, and was headed by Nikola Karev.[7] He was a strong leftist, rejecting the nationalism of the ethnic minorities and favouring alliances with ordinary Muslims against the Sultanate, as well as supporting the idea of a Balkan Federation.[8]

Amongst the various ethnoreligious groups (millets) in Kruševo, a Republican Council was elected with 60 members – 20 representatives from three groups: Aromanians, Bulgarian Exarchists and Greek Patriarchists.[9][10][11][12] The Council also elected an executive body—the Provisional Government—with six members (2 from each mentioned group),[13] whose duty was to promote law and order and manage supplies, finances, and medical care. The presumable "Kruševo Manifesto" was published in the first days after the proclamation.[14][15] Written by Nikola Kirov, it outlined the goals of the uprising, calling upon the Muslim population to join forces with the provisional government in the struggle against Ottoman tyranny, to attain freedom and independence.[16] Both Nikola Kirov and Nikola Karev were members of the Bulgarian Workers' Social Democratic Party, from where they derived these leftist ideas.[17]

However, an ethnic identification problem arose.

ethnoreligious communities dismissed the IMRO as pro-Bulgarian.[23][24]

Initially surprised by the uprising, the Ottoman government took extraordinary military measures to suppress it.

komitadjis had committed the atrocities and looted the town. A few citizens did sign it under administrative pressure.[27]

Legacy

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A photo of the squad of Pitu Guli near the village of Birino, close to Krusevo, 1903
Tomalevski's family house where the Republic was proclaimed. Today a museum.

The celebration of the events in Kruševo began during the

Serbianization. The tradition of celebrating these events was restored during World War II in the region when it was called Vardar Banovina and was officially annexed by Bulgaria.[29]

The "Ilinden Uprising Museum" was founded in 1953 on the 50th anniversary of the Kruševo Republic. It was located in the empty house of the Tomalevski family, where the Republic was proclaimed, though the family had long since emigrated to Bulgaria. In 1974 an

ASNOM. In the area, there is another monument called Mečkin Kamen.[30]

During World War II, the newly organized

Bulgarophile sentiments.[32] As part of the efforts to prove the continuity of the new Macedonian nation and the former insurgents, they claimed the IMRO activists had been consciously Macedonian in identity.[33] The establishment of the short-lived entity is seen today in North Macedonia as a prelude to the independence of the modern Macedonian state.[citation needed
]

Macedonian historians such as Blaže Ristovski have recognized, that the entity, nowadays a symbol of the Macedonian statehood, was composed of people who identified themselves as "Greeks", "Vlachs" (Aromanians), and "Bulgarians".[38][39] When the anthropologist Keith Brown visited Kruševo on the eve of the 21st century, he discovered that the local Aromanian language still has no way to distinguish "Macedonian" and "Bulgarian", and uses the designation Vrgari, i.e. "Bulgarians", for both ethnic groups.[40]

Gallery

  • Bulgarian postcard representing an insurgent with the flag of Kruševo cheta
    Bulgarian postcard representing an insurgent with the flag of Kruševo cheta
  • IMRO voivodas from Kruševo in August 1903
    voivodas
    from Kruševo in August 1903
  • The monument of the Battle of Mečkin Kamen built by the Bulgarian authorities during the First World War.
    The monument of the Battle of Mečkin Kamen built by the Bulgarian authorities during the First World War.
  • Celebration of the 15th anniversary of the events in Krushevo in 1918 during the Bulgarian occupation of then Southern Serbia.
    Celebration of the 15th anniversary of the events in Krushevo in 1918 during the Bulgarian occupation of then Southern Serbia.
  • Old comitadji, celebrating Ilinden Uprising in Krusevo in 1943, during the Bulgarian annexation.
    Old comitadji, celebrating Ilinden Uprising in Krusevo in 1943, during the Bulgarian annexation.
  • The monument of the Battle of Sliva, near Krusevo.
    The monument of the Battle of Sliva, near Krusevo.
  • Ilinden (memorial) built by the Yugoslav authorities in 1974.
    Ilinden (memorial) built by the Yugoslav authorities in 1974.
  • Celebration of Ilinden on 2 August 2011 on Mečkin Kamen, Republic of Macedonia.
    Celebration of Ilinden on 2 August 2011 on Mečkin Kamen, Republic of Macedonia.

See also

References

  1. ^ Bana Armâneascâ - Nr39-40. Bana Armâneascâ.
  2. ISBN 0691188432
    , p. 71.
  3. ^ Dragi Ǵorǵiev, Lili Blagaduša, Documents Turcs sur l'insurrection de St. Élie provenants du fonds d'archives du Sultan "Yild'z", Arhiv na Makedonija, 1997, p. 131.
  4. ISBN 1107686598
    , p. 446.
  5. ^ Thede Kahl, The Ethnicity of Aromanians after 1990: the Identity of a Minority that Behaves like a Majority, Ethnologia Balkanica, Vol. 6 (2002), LIT Verlag Münster, p. 148.
  6. ^ Васил Кънчов. „Македония. Етнография и статистика". София, 1900, стр. 240 (Kanchov, Vasil. Macedonia — ethnography and statistics Sofia, 1900, p. 39-53).
  7. ISBN 0810862956
    , p. 114.
  8. ISBN 9004261915
    , p. 503.
  9. ISBN 3034301960, p. 71.
  10. ISBN 0299163741, pp. 36–37.
  11. ISBN 952-91-6808-X
    .
  12. ISBN 0-691-09995-2
    , pp. 81–82.
  13. ^ We, the People: Politics of National Peculiarity in Southeastern Europe, Diana Mishkova, Central European University Press, 2009, SBN 9639776289, p. 124.
  14. ISBN 1538119625
    , p. 166.
  15. ISBN 0-691-09995-2
    , p. 230.
  16. ISBN 1850657726
    , p. 284.
  17. ISBN 0904526321
    , p.386.
  18. ISBN 1850652384
    , p. 57.
  19. ISBN 1443888494
    , p. 149.
  20. ISBN 1442241802
    , p. 520.
  21. ^ Коста Църнушанов, Македонизмът и съпротивата на Македония срещу него, Университетско изд. "Св. Климент Охридски", София, 1992, стр. 132.
  22. ISBN 9548709082
    , 1996, стр. 60–70.
  23. ISBN 081794883X
    , p. 105.
  24. ISBN 184908419X
    , p. 21.
  25. ISBN 0739102125
    , p. 293.
  26. ISBN 0857714511
    , p. 27.
  27. ISBN 3111382443
    , p. 128.
  28. ISBN 9789549384079
    .
  29. ISBN 0804708703
    , p. 128.
  30. ^ Meckin Kamen monument – Travel to Macedonia.
  31. ISBN 9004261915
    , p. 534.
  32. ISBN 3034301960
    , p. 84.
  33. ISBN 978-963-9241-82-4
    , pp. 110–115.
  34. ISBN 3034301960
    , p. 71.
  35. ISBN 0691099952
    , p. 81.
  36. ISBN 1317049365
    , p. 188.
  37. ISBN 0691188432
    , p. 191.
  38. ^ "Беше наполно прав и Мисирков во своjата фундаментална критика за Востанието и неговите раководители. Неговите укажуваньа се покажаа наполно точни во послешната практика. На пр., во ослободеното Крушево се формира градска управа составена од "Бугари", Власи и Гркомани, па во зачуваните писмени акти не фигурираат токму Македонци(!)..." Блаже Ристовски, "Столетиjа на македонската свест", Скопје, Култура, 2001, стр. 458.
  39. ISBN 9639776289
    , p. 124: Ristovski regrets the fact that the "government" of the "republic" (nowadays held to be a symbol of Macedonian statehood) was actually composed of two "Greeks", two "Bulgarians" and one "Romanian". cf. Ristovski (2001).
  40. ISBN 3034301960
    , p. 71.

Sources

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