Krzysztof Penderecki
Krzysztof Penderecki | |
---|---|
Born | Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki 23 November 1933 |
Died | 29 March 2020 Kraków, Poland | (aged 86)
Works | List of compositions |
Signature | |
Krzysztof Eugeniusz Penderecki (Polish:
Born in Dębica, Penderecki studied music at Jagiellonian University and the Academy of Music in Kraków. After graduating from the academy, he became a teacher there and began his career as a composer in 1959 during the Warsaw Autumn festival. His Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima for string orchestra and the choral work St. Luke Passion have received popular acclaim. His first opera, The Devils of Loudun, was not immediately successful. In the mid-1970s, Penderecki became a professor at the Yale School of Music.[2] From the mid-1970s his composition style changed, with his first violin concerto focusing on the semitone and the tritone. His choral work Polish Requiem was written in the 1980s and expanded in 1993 and 2005.
Penderecki won many prestigious awards, including the Prix Italia in 1967 and 1968; the Wihuri Sibelius Prize of 1983; four Grammy Awards in 1987, 1998 (twice), and 2017; the Wolf Prize in Arts in 1987; and the University of Louisville Grawemeyer Award for Music Composition in 1992.[3] In 2012, Sean Michaels of The Guardian called him "arguably Poland's greatest living composer".[4] In 2020 the composer's Alma Mater, the Academy of Music in Kraków, was named after Krzysztof Penderecki.[5]
Career
1933–1958: early years
Penderecki was born on 23 November 1933 in Dębica, the son of Zofia and Tadeusz Penderecki, a lawyer. Penderecki's grandfather, Robert Berger, was a highly talented painter and director of the local bank at the time of Penderecki's birth; Robert's father Johann, a German
The
He studied violin with Stanisław Tawroszewicz and music theory with Franciszek Skołyszewski. In 1954, Penderecki entered the Academy of Music in Kraków and, having finished his studies on violin after his first year, focused entirely on composition. Penderecki's main teacher there was Artur Malawski, a composer known for his choral and orchestral works, as well as chamber music and songs. After Malawski's death in 1957, Penderecki took further lessons with Stanisław Wiechowicz, a composer primarily known for his choral works.[11] At the time, the 1956 overthrow of Stalinism in Poland lifted strict cultural censorship and opened the door to a wave of creativity.[12]
1958–1962: first compositions
Upon graduating from the Academy of Music in Kraków in 1958, Penderecki took up a teaching post at the academy. His early works show the influence of Anton Webern and Pierre Boulez (Penderecki was also influenced by Igor Stravinsky). Penderecki's international recognition began in 1959 at the Warsaw Autumn with the premieres of the works Strophen, Psalms of David, and Emanations, but the piece that truly brought him to international attention was Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima (see threnody and atomic bombing of Hiroshima), written in 1960 for 52 string instruments. In it, he makes use of extended instrumental techniques (for example, playing behind the bridge, bowing on the tailpiece). There are many novel textures in the work, which makes extensive use of tone clusters. He originally titled the work 8' 37", but decided to dedicate it to the victims of Hiroshima.[13]
Fluorescences followed a year later; it increases the orchestral density with more wind and brass, and an enormous percussion section of 32 instruments for six players, including a Mexican güiro, typewriters, gongs and other unusual instruments. The piece was composed for the Donaueschingen Festival of contemporary music of 1962, and its performance was regarded as provocative and controversial. Even the score appeared revolutionary; the form of graphic notation that Penderecki had developed rejected the familiar look of notes on a staff, instead representing music as morphing sounds.[12] His intentions at this stage were quite Cagean: 'All I'm interested in is liberating sound beyond all tradition'.[14]
Another noteworthy piece of this period is the Canon for 52 strings and 2 tapes. This is in a similar style to other pieces in the late 1950s in its use of sound masses, dramatically juxtaposed with traditional means although the use of standard techniques or idioms is often disguised or distorted. Indeed, the Canon brings to mind the choral tradition and indeed the composer has the players sing, albeit with the performance indication of bocca chiusa (with closed mouth) at various points; nevertheless, Penderecki uses the 52 'voices' of the string orchestra to play in massed glissandi and harmonics at times – this is then recorded by one of the tapes for playback later on in the piece. It was performed at the Warsaw Autumn Festival in 1962 and caused a riot although curiously the rioters were young music students and not older concertgoers.[15]
At the same time, he started composing music for theater and film. The first theater performance with Penderecki's music was Złoty kluczyk (Golden Little Key) by Yekaterina Borysowa directed by Władysław Jarema (premiered on 12 May 1957 in Krakow at the "Groteska" Puppet Theater). In 1959, at the Cartoon Film Studio in Bielsko-Biała, he composed the music for the first animated film, Bulandra i diabeł (Coal Miner Bulandra and Devil), directed by Jerzy Zitzman and Lechosław Marszałek.[16]
In 1959, he wrote the score for Jan Łomnicki's first short fiction film, Nie ma końca wielkiej wojny (There is no End to the Great War, WFDiF Warszawa). In the following years he created over twenty original musical settings for dramatic and over 40 puppet performances, and composed original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children.[17]
The St. Luke Passion
Year | Song title | Work | Instrumentation |
---|---|---|---|
1968: | "Miserere mei, Deus" ⓘ |
Saint Luke Passion | Chorus |
The large-scale
Penderecki continued to write sacred music. In the early 1970s he wrote a Dies irae, a Magnificat, and Canticum Canticorum Salomonis (Song of Songs) for chorus and orchestra.[14]
De Natura Sonoris and other pieces in the 1960s and early 1970s
Penderecki's preoccupation with sound culminated in De Natura Sonoris I (1966), which frequently calls upon the orchestra to use non-standard playing techniques to produce original sounds and colours. A sequel, De Natura Sonoris II, was composed in 1971: with its more limited orchestra, it incorporates more elements of post-Romanticism than its predecessor. This foreshadowed Penderecki's renunciation of the avant-garde in the mid-1970s, although both pieces feature dramatic glissandos, dense clusters, use of harmonics, and unusual instruments (the musical saw features in the second piece).
In 1968 Penderecki received the State Prize 1st class.
Towards the end of the decade, Penderecki received a commission to write for the twenty-fifth anniversary of the founding of the United Nations. The result was Kosmogonia, a piece of twenty minutes for 3 soloists (soprano, tenor, bass), mixed choir and orchestra. The
1970s–2020: later years
In the mid-1970s, while he was a professor at the
Penderecki explained this shift by stating that he had come to feel that the experimentation of the avant-garde had gone too far from the expressive, non-formal qualities of Western music: 'The avant-garde gave one an illusion of universalism. The musical world of
In 1975 the Lyric Opera of Chicago asked him to write a work to commemorate the US Bicentennial in 1976; this became the opera Paradise Lost Owing to delays to the project, however, it did not see its premiere until 1978. The music continued to illustrate Penderecki's move away from avant-garde techniques. It is tonal music, and the composer explained: "This is not music by the angry young man I used to be".[26]
In 1980, Penderecki was commissioned by
In celebration of his 75th birthday, he conducted three of his works at the Rheingau Musik Festival in 2008, among them Ciaccona from the Polish Requiem.[28]
In 2010, he worked on an opera based on Phèdre by Racine for 2014, which was never realized,[29] and expressed his wish to write a 9th symphony.[30] In 2014, he was engaged in the creation of a choral work to coincide with the Armenian genocide centennial.[9] In 2018, he conducted Credo in Kyiv at the 29th Kyiv Music Fest, marking the centenary of Polish independence.[31]
Personal life
Penderecki had three children, firstly a daughter Beata with pianist Barbara Penderecka (
Penderecki died at his home in Kraków, Poland, on 29 March 2020, after a long illness.[36] He was buried at the National Pantheon in Kraków on 29 March 2022.[37]
Legacy and influence
In 1979, a bronze bust by artist Marian Konieczny honouring Penderecki was unveiled in The Gallery of Composers' Portraits at the Pomeranian Philharmonic in Bydgoszcz.[38] His monument is located on the Celebrity Alley at the Scout Square (Skwer Harcerski) in Kielce.[39]
The Led Zeppelin guitarist and founding member Jimmy Page was an admirer of the composer's groundbreaking work Threnody to the Victims of Hiroshima during his teenage years. This would be reflected later by Page's use of the violin bow on his guitar.[40]
The composer and Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood cited Penderecki as a major influence.[41] For Radiohead's 1997 album OK Computer, Greenwood wrote a part for 16 stringed instruments playing quarter tones apart, inspired by Penderecki.[42] Greenwood visited Penderecki in 2012 and wrote a work for strings, 48 Responses to Polymorphia, which Penderecki conducted in various performances throughout Europe.[41] Penderecki credited Greenwood for introducing his music to a new generation.[41]
Works
Penderecki's compositions include operas, symphonies, choral works, as well as chamber and instrumental music.
Film and television scores
Krzysztof Penderecki composed between 1959 and 1968 original music for at least eleven documentary and feature films as well as for twenty-five animated films for adults and children.[43]
Some of Penderecki's music has been adapted for film soundtracks.
Honors and awards
- 1959: 2nd Competition for Young Polish Composers in Warsaw organised by the Composers' Union – Penderecki was awarded the top three prizes for the works he anonymously submitted: Stanzas, Emanations, and Psalms of David;[46]
- 1961: Prize of the UNESCO International Tribune of Composers in Paris for Threnody;[47]
- 1966: Grand Art Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia for St. Luke Passion;[48]
- 1967: Prix Italia for the St. Luke Passion;[48] Sibelius Gold Medal;[46]
- 1968: Auschwitz;[48] Grammy Trustees Award for significant contributions, other than performance, to the field of recording;[49]
- 1972: City of Kraków Award;[46]
- 1977: Herder Prize (Germany/Austria)[50]
- 1978: Prix Arthur Honegger for Magnificat (France)[48]
- 1983: Wihuri Sibelius Prize (Finland);[51] Polish National Award[52]
- 1985: Premio Lorenzo Magnifico (Italy)[48][52]
- 1987: Grammy for Best Contemporary Composition[53]
- 1990: Grand Cross of Merit of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany;[48][52] Chevalier de Saint Georges;[46]
- 1992: Austrian Medal for Science and Art;[46]
- 1993: distinguished Citizen Fellowship at the Institute for Advanced Study at Principality of Monaco[52]
- 1995: Member of the Royal Irish Academy of Music (Dublin);[46] honorary citizen of Strasbourg;[46] Primetime Emmy Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences;[46] Pro Baltica Prize[50]
- 1996: Primetime Emmy Award of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, Commander of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres (France)[50]
- 1998: Grammy for Best Instrumental Soloist Performance;Bavarian Academy of Fine Arts, Munich;[46] Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas (Lithuania)[46]
- 1999: music Prize of the City of Duisburg (Germany);[46] Honorary Board of the Vilnius Festival '99[46]
- 2000: Cannes Classical Award as "Living Composer of the Year";[46] honorary member of the Society of Friends of Music in Vienna;[55] Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic;[46]
- 2001: Prince of Asturias Award for Art (Spain);[56] Grammy for Best Choral Performance for Credo;[46] Honorary Professor of the Hong Kong Academy for Performing Arts[46]
- 2002: State Prize of North Rhine-Westphalia (Germany), Romano Guardini Prize[57]
- 2003: Grand Gold Decoration for Services to the Republic of Austria;[58] Preis der Europäischen Kirchenmusik (Germany), Freedom of Dębica, Eduardo M. Torner Medal of the Conservatorio de Musica del Principado Asturias in Oviedo, Spain; honorary director of the Choir of the Prince of Asturias Foundation, Honorary President of the Apayo a la Creación Musical, Judaica Foundation Medal;
- 2004: Praemium Imperiale – Music (Japan)[50]
- 2005: Gold Medal for Merit to Culture – Gloria Artis[60]
- 2006: Order of the Three Stars (Latvia)[61]
- 2008: Polish Academy Award for Best Film Score for Katyn, Commander of the Order of the Three Stars (Latvia), Order of Bernardo O'Higgins (Chile), Golden Medal of the Minister of Culture (Armenia), Commander of the Order of the Lion of Finland;[62] Thorunium Medal[63]
- 2009: Order of Merit of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg;[64] Merit of Armenia[46]
- 2011: Viadrina Prize for contributions to Polish-German cooperation (Viadrina European University, Frankfurt);[65][66] Grand Cross of the Order pro Merito Melitensi (Malta)[48]
- 2012: Paszport Polityki Award[67]
- 2014: Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, 1st Class (Estonia)[68]
- 2015: Per Artem ad Deum Medal[69]
- 2017: Grammy for Best Choral Performance;Krynica Economic Forum.[70]
Penderecki was an honorary doctor and honorary professor of several universities:
He was an honorary member of the following academies and music companies:
See also
References
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- ^ Schwinger, p. 17.
- ^ Schwinger, pp. 18–19.
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- ^ "Mazes, Notes & Dali: The Extraordinary Life of Krzysztof Penderecki". Culture.pl.
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Sources
- Schwinger, Wolfram; trans. William Mann (1989). Krzysztof Penderecki: His Life and Work – encounters, biography and musical commentary. London, England: Schott. ISBN 978-0-946535-11-8.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
Further reading
- Bylander, Cindy (2004). Krzysztof Penderecki: a bio-bibliography. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. OCLC 56104435.
- Croan, Robert (7 October 1988). "Composer is deft as conductor". Newspapers.com.
- Croan, Robert (7 October 1988). "Penderecki makes his Pittsburgh debut". Newspapers.com.
- Diehl, Jackson (10 July 1988). "Penderecki doesn't let Marxism limit style". Newspapers.com. continued on page 74
- Guerrieri, Matthew (29 October 2013). "An unending path". Newspapers.com. continued on page G7
- Hinson, Mark (8 October 2004). "The master conducts his masterwork". Newspapers.com.
- Johnson, Christopher (7 April 1985). "Krzysztof Penderecki is a composer caught in crossfire of critics". Newspapers.com.
- Maciejewski, B. M. (1976). Twelve Polish Composers. London, England: Allegro Press. OCLC 3650196.
- Miller, Margo (19 January 1986). "Penderecki to conduct Requiem". Newspapers.com.
- Robinson, Ray (1983). Krzysztof Penderecki: a guide to his works. Princeton, New Jersey: Prestige Publications. OCLC 9541916.
- Rosenberg, Donald (24 November 1983). "Polish composer's music elicits strong reaction". Newspapers.com.
- Thomas, Adrian (1992). "Penderecki, Krzysztof". In Sadie, Stanley (ed.). ISBN 978-0-333-73432-2.)
{{cite encyclopedia}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - Thomas, Adrian (2008). Polish Music since Szymanowski. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-44118-6.
- "Rede: Trauerstaatsakt für Krzysztof Penderecki". Der Bundespräsident(in German). 22 March 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
External links
- "Penderecki's violin revolution in Poland" Archived 9 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine (Drowned In Sound, 2012)
- Krzysztof Penderecki interview by Bruce Duffie (March 2000)
- Interview with Krzysztof Penderecki by Galina Zhukova (2011), Журнал reMusik, Saint-Petersburg Contemporary Music Center.
- "Krzysztof Penderecki: Turning history into avant-garde". Video interview by Louisiana Channel, Denmark, 2013.
- "Krzysztof Penderecki (biography, works, resources)" (in French and English). IRCAM.
- Krzysztof Penderecki, Culture.pl
- Krzysztof Penderecki's biography on Cdmc website
- Krzysztof Penderecki at IMDb
- Krzysztof Penderecki discography at Discogs
- Not Just 'The Shining': 13 Soundtracks Featuring Krzysztof Penderecki on Culture.pl
- Musical Trace Pendereckis' film & theatre music (Polish only)
- Penderecki's Garden, digital garden from the Adam Mickiewicz Institute launched on 29 March 2021 for the anniversary of his death.