Plene scriptum

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)
Not to be confused with Mater lectionis.

In

sacred scripture
.

Examples of plene scripta appear frequently in classical Hebrew texts, and copyists are obliged to copy them unchanged, to ensure that biblical or other sacred texts are written with universal conformity. The expression plene scriptum (יתר, yater, 'excess'), sometimes simply described in Hebrew as מלא (malé, 'full'), is often used in contrast with defective scriptum (חסר, ḥaser, 'deficient'), the latter implying a word in which a letter that is normally present has been omitted. Together, plene and defective scripta are sometimes described using the Hebrew phrase יתר וחסר, yeter vehaser.

The

Latin
characters written without using abbreviations.

Implications

In the

qere and ketiv
.

The

Halachic norms.[a]
The
Halacha le-Moshe mi-Sinai (a Law given to Moses at Sinai).[4]

In some Semitic languages (Hebrew, Aramaic and Arabic), paleographers often describe the addition of a plene consonantal letter, such as

matres lectionis in its reading, although not all plene letters used in Hebrew words are indeed a mater lectionis.[5]

Variant readings

The ethnographer,

Five Books of Moses, and in the five Megillot
, with examples of plene and defective writings, which was later named Minḥat Shai.

In the

matres lectionis
, and another word in a different text (sometimes even the same word) appearing as though it was not.

Among Israel's diverse ethnic groups, variant readings have developed over certain words in the

Sephardic tradition calls for the word ויהיו (wyhyw) in the verse ויהיו כל ימי נח (Genesis 9:29) to be written in defective scriptum (i.e. ויהי, wyhy), but the Yemenite Jewish community requiring it to be written in plene scriptum (i.e. ויהיו).[8] The word mineso in גדול עוני מנשוא (Genesis 4:13) is written in Sephardic Torah scrolls in plene scriptum, with an additional 'waw', but in Yemenite Torah scrolls
, the same word mineso is written in defective scriptum, without a 'waw' (i.e. מנשא, mnšʾ).

Other uses

The

Latin
characters written without using abbreviations.

The word plene has also come to denote the horizontal bar or line written above the six double-sounding consonants in ancient Hebrew

codices, whenever their assigned reading is to be read without a dagesh, or as a non-accentuated Hebrew character. These letters are the bet (ב‎), gimel (ג‎), dalet (ד‎), kaph (כ‎), pe (פ‎), and tau (ת‎). When the accentuation dot
appears in the middle of these Hebrew characters, there is no plene bar written above them.

See also

Footnotes

  1. ^ For an example of rabbinical hermeneutics, see the commentary of Rabbi Yishmael in the
    School of Hillel
    learned how many blood oblations are required as a first resort to be put on the horns of the altar when bringing a sin-offering, and how many are actually indispensable.

References

  1. ^ Van der Hooght, Evarardi (1939). Augustus Hahn (ed.). Biblia Hebraica (in Latin). Leipzig. pp. Letter "vaw".{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  2. OCLC 233177823
    .
  3. Babylonian Talmud
    (Sukkah 6b)
  4. OCLC 741067500
    ., (reprinted in Israel, n.d.)
  5. Hebrew University Library of Jerusalem. page 144, s.v. הרים (in Daniel 8:11
    ).
  6. OCLC 192076334
    .
  7. JSTOR 40914883
    ;
    Siegel, Jonathan P. (1984). The Scribes of Qumran. Ann Arbor, MI. p. 210.
    OCLC 634620432. Studies in the early history of Jewish scribal customs, with special reference to the Qumran biblical scrolls and to the Tannaitic traditions of 'Massekheth Soferim'{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
    derived from
    Siegel, Jonathan P. (1971). [no title cited] (Ph.D. thesis). Department of Religion. Montreal, QC:     Sir George Williams University.
  8. San'a
    (in Hebrew). s.v. פרשת נח.

External links

  • Heb. Ms. 448. Vatican Library. — 11th–12th century
    Sephardic Torah scroll, showing in its folios the plene bar written above six of the double-sounding consonants (בג"ד כפ"ת) whenever they are to be read without a dagesh
    .
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