Kuala Lumpur

Coordinates: 03°08′52″N 101°41′43″E / 3.14778°N 101.69528°E / 3.14778; 101.69528
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Kuala Lumpur
federal territory
Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur
Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur
Coat of arms of Kuala Lumpur
Nickname(s): 
KL, The Garden City of Lights
Motto(s): 
Bersedia Menyumbang Bandaraya Cemerlang
English: Ready to Contribute towards an Excellent City
Anthem: Maju dan Sejahtera
English: Progress and Prosper
Map
Kuala Lumpur is located in Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is located in Southeast Asia
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is located in Asia
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur is located in Earth
Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur
Coordinates: 03°08′52″N 101°41′43″E / 3.14778°N 101.69528°E / 3.14778; 101.69528
Country Malaysia
Administrative areas
Establishment1857[1]
City status1 February 1972
Transferred to federal jurisdiction1 February 1974
Government
 • TypeFederal administration
with local government
 • BodyKuala Lumpur City Hall
 • MayorKamarulzaman Mat Salleh
Federal representationParliament of Malaysia
 • Dewan Rakyat seats11 of 222 (5.0%)
 • Dewan Negara seats2 of 70 (2.9%)
Area
Mean solar time
UTC+06:46:46
Area code(s)03
Vehicle registrationV and W (except taxis)
HW (for taxis only)
ISO 3166-2MY-14
Official language(s)Malay
Websitewww.dbkl.gov.my

Kuala Lumpur (Malaysian:

urban agglomeration of 8.622 million people as of 2023.[4] It is among the fastest growing metropolitan regions in Southeast Asia, both in population and economic development. Klang Valley (Kuala Lumpur) is ASEAN's fifth largest economy after Singapore, Jakarta, Bangkok, and Manila.[9]

The city serves as the cultural, financial, political and economic centre of Malaysia. It is also home to the

federal territories of Malaysia,[11] enclaved within the state of Selangor, on the central west coast of Peninsular Malaysia.[12]

Since the 1990s, the city has played host to many international sporting, political and cultural events, including the

tallest twin buildings in the world, the Petronas Towers, which have since become an iconic symbol of Malaysian development. Kuala Lumpur is well connected with neighboring urban metro regions such as Petaling Jaya via the rapidly expanding Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. Residents of the city can also travel to other parts of Peninsular Malaysia as well as to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) via rail through KL Sentral
.

Kuala Lumpur was ranked the 6th most-visited city in the world on the Mastercard Destination Cities Index in 2019.[13] The city houses three of the world's ten largest shopping malls.[14] Kuala Lumpur ranks 70th in the world and the second in Southeast Asia after Singapore for the Economist Intelligence Unit's Global Liveability Ranking[15] and ninth in ASPAC and second in Southeast Asia for KPMG's Leading Technology Innovation Hub 2021.[16] Kuala Lumpur was named World Book Capital 2020 by UNESCO.[17][18]

Etymology

Jamek Mosque at the confluence of the Gombak (left) and Klang (right) rivers. The earliest settlement of Kuala Lumpur developed on the eastern side of the river bank (to the right in this picture).

Kuala Lumpur means "muddy confluence" in Malay; Kuala is the point where two rivers join or an estuary, and lumpur means "mud".[19][20] One suggestion is that it was named after Sungai Lumpur ("muddy river"); in the 1820s a place named Sungei Lumpoor was said to be the most important tin-producing settlement up the Klang River.[21] However this derivation does not account for this: Kuala Lumpur lies at the confluence of Gombak River and Klang River, and therefore should be named Kuala Gombak, since the kuala is typically named after the river that joins a larger river or the sea.[22] Some have argued that Sungai Lumpur in fact extended down to the confluence and therefore the point where it joined the Klang River would be Kuala Lumpur,[23] although this Sungai Lumpur is said to be another river joining the Klang River 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) upstream from the Gombak confluence, or perhaps located to the north of the Batu Caves area.[22]

It has also been proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur ("muddy landing place") in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu ("stone landing place"), but became corrupted into Kuala Lumpur.[23] Another theory says that it was initially a Cantonese word, lam-pa, meaning 'flooded jungle' or 'decayed jungle'. There is no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes.[24] The name may also be a corrupted form of an earlier forgotten name.[22]

History

Early years

Historical affiliations

 Sultanate of Selangor 1857–1974
 Federated Malay States 1895–1942; 1945–1946
Empire of Japan 1942–1945
 Malayan Union 1946–1948
 Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
 Malaysia 1963–present

The

Klang, Raja Abdullah bin Raja Jaafar, aided by his brother Raja Juma'at of Lukut, raised funds from Malaccan Chinese businessmen to hire Chinese miners from Lukut to open new tin mines there.[31][32] The miners landed at Kuala Lumpur and continued on foot to Ampang, where they opened the first mine.[33] Kuala Lumpur was the furthest point up the Klang River to which supplies could conveniently be brought by boat, and therefore became a collection and dispersal point serving the tin mines.[34][30]

Yap Ah Loy
Kapitan Yap Ah Loy, the third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur
Frank Swettenham
Frank Swettenham,
credited with Kuala Lumpur's rapid growth and development

Despite a high death toll from the

Batu Road), where miners had also begun to settle in, and Petaling and Damansara.[37] The miners formed gangs[38] and the gangs frequently fought in this period, particularly factions of Kuala Lumpur and Kanching, mainly over control of the best tin mines.[39] Leaders of the Chinese community were conferred the title of Kapitan Cina (Chinese headman) by the Malay chief, and Hiu Siew, the early Chinese trader, became the first Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur.[40] The third Chinese Kapitan of Kuala Lumpur, Yap Ah Loy, was appointed in 1868.[29]

Important Malay figures of early Kuala Lumpur also included Haji Mohamed Tahir, who became the Dato Dagang ("chief of traders").[27] The Minangkabaus of Sumatra became another important group who traded and established tobacco plantations in the area.[41] Notable Minangkabaus included their headman, Dato' Sati, Utsman Abdullah,[42] and Haji Mohamed Taib, who was involved in the early development of Kampung Baru.[43][44] The Minangkabaus were also significant socio-religious figures, for example Utsman bin Abdullah was the first kadi of Kuala Lumpur, as well as Muhammad Nur bin Ismail.[45]

Beginning of modern Kuala Lumpur

Padang. The buildings were constructed of wood and atap
before regulations enacted by Swettenham in 1884 required buildings to use bricks and tiles. The appearance of Kuala Lumpur transformed rapidly in the following years due to the building regulations.

Early Kuala Lumpur was a small town that suffered from many social and political problems – the buildings were made of wood and '

Resident in 1882, were the two most important figures of early Kuala Lumpur with Swettenham credited with its rapid growth and development and its transformation into a major urban centre.[49]

Padang
, c. 1900

The early Chinese and Malay settled along the east bank of the Klang River. The Chinese mainly settled around the commercial centre of Market Square. The Malays, and later Indian

Merdeka Square, would later become the centre of the British administrative offices when the colonial government offices moved to the Sultan Abdul Samad Building in 1897.[48]

Sultan Abdul Samad held an interest.[54]

The construction of railway spurred the growth of the city. The first headquarters of the Federated Malay States Railways (now the National Textile Museum) near the F.M.S. Government Offices in the distance, c. 1910.

A

railway line between Kuala Lumpur and Klang, initiated by Swettenham and completed in 1886, increased access and resulted in rapid growth. The population grew from 4,500 in 1884 to 20,000 in 1890.[30] As development intensified in the 1880s, putting pressure on sanitation, waste disposal and other health measures. A Sanitary Board created on 14 May 1890 was responsible for sanitation, road upkeep, street lighting, and other functions. This would eventually become the Kuala Lumpur Municipal Council.[55] In 1896, Kuala Lumpur was chosen as the capital of the newly formed Federated Malay States.[56]

20th century–present

An arcade of shophouses with a road sweeper at work in the street of Kuala Lumpur, c. 1915–1925.

Kuala Lumpur expanded considerably in the 20th century. It was 0.65 km2 (0.25 sq mi) in 1895, but was extended to encompass 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) in 1903. By the time it became a municipality in 1948 it had expanded to 93 km2 (36 sq mi), and then to 243 km2 (94 sq mi) in 1974 as a Federal Territory.[57]

The development of a rubber industry in Selangor fueled by the demand for car tyres in the early 20th century led to a boom, and the population of Kuala Lumpur increased from 30,000 in 1900 to 80,000 in 1920.[58] The commercial activities of Kuala Lumpur had been run to a large extent by Chinese businessmen such as Loke Yew, who was then the richest and most influential Chinese in Kuala Lumpur. The growth of the rubber industry led to an influx of foreign capital and planters, with new companies and industries becoming established in Kuala Lumpur, and other companies previously based elsewhere also found a presence here.[58]

Japanese troops advancing up High Street (now Jalan Tun H S Lee) in Kuala Lumpur in December 1941 during World War II.

During World War II, Kuala Lumpur was

New Villages were established on the outskirts of the city.[49]

The first municipal election in Kuala Lumpur was held on 16 February 1952. An ad hoc alliance between the Malay

The Majestic Theatre on Pudu Road was an early pioneer in Kuala Lumpur's cinema scene. It was converted into an amusement park in the 1990s and demolished in 2009.

Kuala Lumpur had seen a number of civil disturbances over the years. A riot in 1897 was a relatively minor affair that began with the confiscation of faulty dacing (a scale used by traders), and in 1912, a more serious disturbance called the

13 May Incident included violent conflicts between members of the Malay and the Chinese communities, the result of Malays' dissatisfaction with their socio-political status. The riots caused the deaths of 196 people, according to official figures,[66]
and led to major changes in the country's economic policy to promote and prioritise Malay economic development over that of other ethnicities.

City, Federal Territory, Greater Kuala Lumpur

Kuala Lumpur achieved

federal territory.[70] The territory of Kuala Lumpur expanded to 96 square miles by absorbing the surrounding areas. Kuala Lumpur was ceded by Selangor to be directly controlled by the central government, and it ceased to be capital of Selangor in 1978 after the city of Shah Alam was declared the new state capital.[71]

On 14 May 1990, Kuala Lumpur celebrated the centennial of the local council. The new federal territory

Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Constitutional King).[74]

The Kuala Lumpur City Centre (KLCC) in 2020

From the 1990s onwards, major urban developments in the Klang Valley extended the Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area.[75][76] This area, known as Greater Kuala Lumpur, extends from the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur westward to Port Klang, east to the edge of the Titiwangsa Mountains as well as to the north and south. The area covers other administratively separate towns and cities such as Klang, Shah Alam, Putrajaya and others,[77][78] and is served by the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. Notable projects undertaken within Kuala Lumpur itself include the development of a new Kuala Lumpur City Centre around Jalan Ampang and the Petronas Towers.[79]

Geography

A satellite view of Klang Valley or Greater Kuala Lumpur

The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterised by the huge Klang Valley, bordered by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east, several minor ranges in the north and the south, and the Strait of Malacca in the west. Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term that translates to "muddy confluence" and is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers which flow into the Selangor River.[80]

The Red Arrows over the city in 2016

Located in the centre of Selangor state, Kuala Lumpur was a territory of Selangor State Government. In 1974, Kuala Lumpur was split off from Selangor to form the first

Federal Territory governed directly by the Malaysian federal government. Its location in the most developed state on the west coast of peninsular Malaysia, which has a wider stretch of flat land than the east coast, has helped it develop faster than other cities in Malaysia.[81] The municipality covers an area of 243 km2 (94 sq mi),[2] with an average elevation of 81.95 m (268 ft 10 in) highest point being Bukit Nanas at 94 meters above sea level.[82]

Climate and weather

Protected by the

Titiwangsa Range in the east and Indonesia's Sumatra Island in the west, Kuala Lumpur is sheltered from strong winds and has a tropical rainforest climate (Köppen climate classification Af), hot, humid and sunny, with abundant rainfall, especially during the northeast monsoon season from October to March. Temperatures tend to remain constant. Maximums hover between 32 and 35 °C (90 and 95 °F) and sometimes topping 38 °C (100.4 °F), while minimums hover between 23.4 and 24.6 °C (74.1 and 76.3 °F) and have never fallen below 17.8 °C (64.0 °F).[83][84] Kuala Lumpur typically receives at least 2,600 mm (100 in) of rain annually; June to August are relatively dry, but even then rainfall typically exceeds 131 millimetres (5.2 in) a month. Kuala Lumpur is highly prone to severe thunderstorms and lightning strikes. The Klang Valley
, including Kuala Lumpur, is one of the places where thunderstorms are most frequently observed on Earth.

Floods are frequent in Kuala Lumpur after heavy downpours, especially in the city centre, because irrigation structure lags behind the intense development in the city.[85] Smoke from forest fires in nearby Sumatra and Kalimantan sometimes casts a haze over the region, and is a major source of pollution, along with open burning, motor vehicle emissions, and construction.[86]

Kuala Lumpur
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
227
 
 
33
24
 
 
193
 
 
33
24
 
 
270
 
 
34
25
 
 
302
 
 
34
25
 
 
230
 
 
34
25
 
 
146
 
 
33
25
 
 
165
 
 
33
24
 
 
174
 
 
33
25
 
 
220
 
 
33
24
 
 
284
 
 
33
24
 
 
356
 
 
32
24
 
 
281
 
 
32
24
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
8.9
 
 
91
75
 
 
7.6
 
 
92
75
 
 
11
 
 
93
76
 
 
12
 
 
93
76
 
 
9.1
 
 
92
77
 
 
5.7
 
 
92
77
 
 
6.5
 
 
91
76
 
 
6.9
 
 
91
76
 
 
8.7
 
 
91
76
 
 
11
 
 
91
76
 
 
14
 
 
90
75
 
 
11
 
 
90
75
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches
Climate data for Kuala Lumpur (Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1963–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 38.0
(100.4)
36.7
(98.1)
37.9
(100.2)
37.2
(99.0)
38.5
(101.3)
36.6
(97.9)
36.3
(97.3)
38.0
(100.4)
35.9
(96.6)
37.0
(98.6)
36.0
(96.8)
35.5
(95.9)
38.5
(101.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 32.6
(90.7)
33.3
(91.9)
33.7
(92.7)
33.7
(92.7)
33.6
(92.5)
33.3
(91.9)
32.8
(91.0)
32.8
(91.0)
32.7
(90.9)
32.6
(90.7)
32.3
(90.1)
32.0
(89.6)
32.9
(91.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 27.3
(81.1)
27.8
(82.0)
28.1
(82.6)
28.1
(82.6)
28.5
(83.3)
28.4
(83.1)
28.0
(82.4)
28.0
(82.4)
27.7
(81.9)
27.5
(81.5)
27.1
(80.8)
27.1
(80.8)
27.8
(82.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 23.8
(74.8)
24.0
(75.2)
24.5
(76.1)
24.7
(76.5)
25.0
(77.0)
24.8
(76.6)
24.4
(75.9)
24.5
(76.1)
24.2
(75.6)
24.2
(75.6)
24.1
(75.4)
24.0
(75.2)
24.4
(75.9)
Record low °C (°F) 17.8
(64.0)
18.0
(64.4)
18.9
(66.0)
20.6
(69.1)
20.5
(68.9)
19.1
(66.4)
20.1
(68.2)
20.0
(68.0)
21.0
(69.8)
20.0
(68.0)
20.7
(69.3)
19.0
(66.2)
17.8
(64.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 226.7
(8.93)
192.8
(7.59)
270.4
(10.65)
301.5
(11.87)
229.9
(9.05)
145.8
(5.74)
165.2
(6.50)
174.3
(6.86)
220.3
(8.67)
283.8
(11.17)
355.8
(14.01)
280.6
(11.05)
2,847.1
(112.09)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 13.6 11.9 15.0 16.8 13.2 9.6 10.6 10.9 13.3 16.3 19.7 16.3 167.2
Average
relative humidity
(%)
80 80 80 82 81 80 79 79 81 82 84 83 81
Mean monthly sunshine hours 185.0 192.4 207.9 198.8 206.8 194.4 200.2 189.0 163.8 169.1 152.3 162.6 2,222.3
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[87]
Source 2: Pogodaiklimat.ru[88] NOAA (sunshine hours, 1961–1990)[89]
Climate data for Kuala Lumpur
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily daylight hours 12.0 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.3 12.3 12.2 12.1 12.0 12.0 11.9 12.1
Average Ultraviolet index 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
Source: Weather Atlas[90]

Governance

Kuala Lumpur City Hall

Kuala Lumpur was administered by a

Lord Mayor (Datuk Bandar).[91] 14 mayors have been appointed since then. The current mayor is Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh, who has been in office since 17 April 2023.[92]

Local government

The local administration is carried out by the

Federal Territories Ministry of Malaysia.[91] It is responsible for public health and sanitation, waste removal and management, town planning, environmental protection and building control, social and economic development, and general maintenance functions of urban infrastructure. Executive power lies with the mayor in the city hall, who is appointed for three years by the Federal Territories Minister. This system of appointing the mayor has been in place ever since the local government elections were suspended in 1970.[93]

Districts

Kuala Lumpur's eleven parliamentary constituencies, with 2020 population, area, density and percentage of the total are congruent with administrative subdivisions under the authority of the Kuala Lumpur City Hall authority.[94]

Local authority Population
(% of total population)
Area (km²)
(% of total area)
Density
Code Name
P.114 Kepong 106,199
(5.36%)
12
(4.9%)
8,850
P.115
Batu
219,132
(11.06%)
20
(8.2%)
10,956
P.116 Wangsa Maju 215,870
(10.89%)
16
(6.6%)
13,491
P.117 Segambut 253,715
(12.89%)
51
(21%)
4,974
P.118 Setiawangsa 147,095
(7.42%)
16
(6.6%)
9,193
P.119 Titiwangsa 122,096
(6.16%)
15
(6.2%)
8,139
P.120
Bukit Bintang
120,259
(6.07%)
21
(8.6%)
5,726
P.121 Lembah Pantai 148,094
(7.47%)
20
(8.2%)
7,404
P.122 Seputeh 322,511
(16.27%)
31
(12.8%)
10,403
P.123 Cheras 135,823
(6.85%)
16
(6.6%)
8,488
P.124 Bandar Tun Razak 191,318
(9.65%)
25
(10.3%)
7,652
Total 1,982,112
(100%)
243
(100%)
8,156

Politics

The Malaysia Parliament House (Bangunan Parlimen Malaysia), located at the end of Jalan Parlimen.
UMNO (BN)
1 / 11

Kuala Lumpur is home to the Parliament of Malaysia. The federal Constitution stipulates the three branches of the Malaysian government: the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches. The Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara (Upper House / House of Senate) and Dewan Rakyat (Lower House / House of Representatives).[11]

List of Kuala Lumpur representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)

Parliament Seat Name Member of Parliament Party
P114 Kepong Lim Lip Eng Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P115
Batu
Prabakaran Parameswaran Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P116 Wangsa Maju Zahir Hassan Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P117 Segambut Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P118 Setiawangsa
Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P119 Titiwangsa Johari Abdul Ghani
UMNO
)
P120
Bukit Bintang
Fong Kui Lun Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P121 Lembah Pantai Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil Pakatan Harapan (PKR)
P122 Seputeh Teresa Kok Suh Sim Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P123 Cheras Tan Kok Wai Pakatan Harapan (DAP)
P124 Bandar Tun Razak Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Pakatan Harapan (PKR)

Economy

A pedestrian mall by the Central Market

Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialised and economically, the fastest-growing region in Malaysia.

Bank Negara Malaysia (National Bank of Malaysia), Companies Commission of Malaysia and Securities Commission as well as most embassies and diplomatic missions have remained in the city.[96] The city remains the economic and business hub of the country. Kuala Lumpur is a centre for finance, insurance, real estate, media and the arts of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur is rated the only global city in Malaysia, according to the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC).[97]

The Merdeka 118 is the tallest building in Southeast Asia; it is also the second-tallest building in the world, after the Burj Khalifa.
The Exchange 106 is the second tallest building in Malaysia. The tower is located within the Tun Razak Exchange (TRX).

Bursa Malaysia, or the Malaysia Exchange, is based in the city and forms one of its core economic activities. As of 5 July 2013, the market capitalisation stood at US$505.67 billion.[98] The gross domestic product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur is estimated at RM73,536 million in 2008 with an average annual growth rate of 5.9 percent.[99][100] By 2015, the GDP had reached RM160,388 million, representing 15.1% of the total GDP of Malaysia.[101] The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur in 2013 was RM79,752 with an average annual growth rate of 5.6 percent,[102] and RM94,722 in 2015.[101] Average monthly household income is RM9,073 (~$2,200) as of 2016, growing at a pace of approximately 6% a year.[103] The service sector, comprising finance, insurance, real estate, business services, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, storage and communication, utilities, personal services and government services form the largest component of employment, representing about 83.0 percent of the total.[104] The remaining 17 percent comes from manufacturing and construction.

The large service sector is evident in the number of local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the city. Kuala Lumpur is poised to become the global Islamic financing hub

Forbes 2000 based in Kuala Lumpur.[108]

There has been growing emphasis on expanding the economic scope of the city in other service activities, such as research and development, which support the rest of the economy of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur has been home for years to important research centres such as the

nation.

Tourism

Medan Pasar
with its clock tower right at the centre of the square.
Sultan Abdul Samad Building, a historic building designed in the Moorish style and formerly housed various government offices.

budget hotels
in the city.

The National Museum of Malaysia, located along Jalan Damansara.

The major tourist destinations in Kuala Lumpur include the

Sultan Abdul Samad Jamek Mosque, Thean Hou Temple and Buddhist Maha Vihara in Brickfields.[113][114]

Kuala Lumpur plays host to many cultural festivals such as the

Retail

Kuala Lumpur alone has 66 shopping malls and is the retail and fashion hub of both Malaysia and Southeast Asia.[117] Shopping in Malaysia contributed RM7.7 billion (US$2.26 billion) or 20.8 percent of the RM31.9 billion tourism receipts in 2006.[118]

Petronas Twin Towers
. Apart from
Starhill Gallery, Lalaport BBCC, Quill City Mall and Avenue K.[119] Changkat area of Bukit Bintang hosts various cafes, alfresco dining outlets, illegal activities such as prostitution and more. It is best known as one of the red-light districts in Kuala Lumpur. Bangsar district also has a few shopping complexes, including Bangsar Village, Bangsar Shopping Centre, KL Gateway Mall, Bangsar South, KL Eco City Mall, The Gardens and Mid Valley Megamall
.

Apart from shopping complexes, Kuala Lumpur has designated numerous zones in the city to market locally manufactured products such as

Straits Chinese and colonial architectural influences.[120][121]

Since 2000, the

Malaysian Ministry of Tourism introduced a mega sale event for shopping in Malaysia. The mega sale event is held three times a year – in March, May and December – in which all shopping malls are encouraged to participate to boost Kuala Lumpur as a leading shopping destination in Asia which has been maintained until present with new mega sales.[122]

Demographics

Ethnicities of Kuala Lumpur – 2020 Census[123]
Ethnic group Percent
Bumiputras
47.7%
Chinese
41.6%
Indians
10.0%
Others
0.7%
Population by percentage
excluding non-citizens which form 10.5% of KL's population

Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia, with a population of 1.98 million in the

Gombak, with an estimated metropolitan population of 7.25 million as of 2017.[125]

Kuala Lumpur's heterogeneous populace includes the country's three major ethnic groups: the

Kadazans, Ibans and other indigenous races from around Malaysia.[104][126]

Historical demographics

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1890 20,000—    
1900 30,000+50.0%
1931 111,418+271.4%
1957 316,537+184.1%
1970 451,201+42.5%
1974 612,004+35.6%
1980 919,610+50.3%
1991 1,145,342+24.5%
2000 1,305,792+14.0%
2010 1,588,750+21.7%
2020 1,982,112+24.8%
Kuala Lumpur expanded as a Federal Territory in 1974
Source: [127][128][30]

Historically Kuala Lumpur was a predominantly Chinese city, although more recently the

Buginese began arriving in Kuala Lumpur in the 19th century, while the Acehnese arrived in the late 20th century.[131] In the following decades that saw the rebuilding of the town, it grew considerably with a large influx of immigrants, due in large part to the construction of a railway line in 1886 connecting Kuala Lumpur and Klang.[30]

A census in 1891 of uncertain accuracy gave a figure of 43,796 inhabitants, 79% of whom were Chinese (71% of the Chinese were Hakka, but possibly over-counted), 14% Malay, and 6% Indian.[129] Another perhaps more accurate estimate put the population of Kuala Lumpur in 1890 at 20,000.[30] The rubber boom in the early 20th century led to a further increase in population, from 30,000 in 1900 to 80,000 in 1920.[58] In 1931, 61% of Kuala Lumpur's 111,418 inhabitants were Chinese,[128] and in 1947 63.5%. The Malays however began to settle in Kuala Lumpur in significant numbers, in part due to government employment, as well as the expansion of the city that absorbed the surrounding rural areas where many Malays lived. Between 1947 and 1957 the population of Malays in Kuala Lumpur increased from 12.5 to 15%, while the proportion of Chinese dropped.[132] The process continued after Malayan independence with the growth of a largely Malay civil service, and later the implementation of the New Economic Policy which encouraged Malay participation in urban industries and business. In 1980 the population of Kuala Lumpur had reached over a million,[57] with 52% Chinese, 33% Malay, and 15% Indian.[133] From 1980 to 2000 the number of Bumiputeras increased by 77%, but the Chinese still outnumbered the Bumiputeras in Kuala Lumpur in the 2000 census at 43% compared to 38%.[104][68] By the 2010 census, according to the Department of Statistics and excluding non-citizens, the Malay population in Kuala Lumpur had increased to 44.7% (45.9% Bumiputera), exceeding the Chinese population of 43.2%.[134] In the 2020 census, the percentage of the Bumiputera population in Kuala Lumpur had reached around 47.7%, with the Chinese population at 41.6% and Indians 10.0%.[123]

A notable phenomenon in recent times has been the increased portion of foreign residents in Kuala Lumpur, which rose from 1% of the city's population in 1980 to about 8% in the 2000 census, 9.4% in 2010, and 10.5% in the 2020 census.

illegal immigrants.[135] Kuala Lumpur's rapid development has triggered a huge influx of low-skilled foreign workers from Indonesia, Nepal, Myanmar, Thailand, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Philippines, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia into Malaysia, many of whom enter the country illegally or without proper permits.[136][137]

Birth rates in Kuala Lumpur have declined and resulted in a lower proportion of young people – the proportion of those below 15 years old fell from 33% in 1980 to slightly less than 27% in 2000.[104] On the other hand, the working age group of 15–59 increased from 63% in 1980 to 67% in 2000.[104] The elderly age group, 60 years old and above has increased from 4% in 1980 and 1991 to 6% in 2000.[104]

Languages and religions

Religion in Kuala Lumpur – 2020 Census[123]
Religion Percent
Islam
45.3%
Buddhism
32.3%
Hinduism
8.2%
Christianity
6.4%
Others
1.8%
No Religion
6.0%

Kuala Lumpur is pluralistic and religiously diverse. The city has many places of worship catering to the multi-religious population.

Hindu, 6.4% Christian, 1.8% of other religions, and 6.0% non-religious.[123]

Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 87.4% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (7.9%), Chinese folk religions (2.7%) and Muslims (0.6%). The majority of the Indian population identify as Hindus (81.1%), with a significant minorities of identifying as Christians (7.8%), Muslims (4.9%) and Buddhists (2.1%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Christians (44.9%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (31.2%) and Buddhists (13.5%). All bumiputera Malays are Muslim[139] due to the criterion in the definition of a Malay in the Malaysian constitution that they should adhere to Islam.[140]

Bidayuh
and other languages.

Cityscape

Panorama view of Kuala Lumpur in 2020
Panorama view of Kuala Lumpur in 2020

Architecture

A. B. Hubback

The architecture of Kuala Lumpur is a mixture of old

Kuala Lumpur Railway Station and Jamek Mosque
.

Prior to the Second World War, many

and Tengkat Tong Shin areas.

Jamek Mosque (Masjid Jamek) is one of the oldest mosques still standing in Kuala Lumpur, built in 1909.

Independence coupled with rapid economic growth from the 1970s to the 1990s and with Islam being the official religion in the country, has resulted in the construction of buildings with a more local and Islamic flavour arise around the city. Many of these buildings derive their design from traditional Malay items such as the

National Planetarium have been built to masquerade as a place of worship, complete with dome and minaret, when in fact they are places of science and knowledge. The 452-metre (1,483 ft) Petronas Towers are the tallest twin buildings in the world and were the tallest buildings in the country until being surpassed by The Exchange 106 by 1.7 meters in 2019.[149] They were designed to resemble motifs found in Islamic art.[150]

Late modern and postmodern architecture began to appear in the late-1990s and early-2000s. With economic development, old buildings such as Bok House have been razed to make way for new ones. Buildings with all-glass shells exist throughout the city, with the most prominent examples being the Petronas Towers and Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. Kuala Lumpur's central business district today has shifted to the Kuala Lumpur city centre (KLCC) where many new and tall buildings with modern and postmodern architecture fill the skyline. According to the World Tallest 50 Urban Agglomeration 2010 Projection by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Kuala Lumpur ranks 10th among cities that have most buildings above 100 metres with a combined height of 34,035 metres from its 244 high rise buildings.[151]

Parks

KLCC Park is a 50-acre urban park located in the city centre.

The

Taman Tun Dr Ismail
(TTDI), and Bukit Jalil International Park.

There are three forest reserves within the city, the

pygmy goats, budgerigars
, squirrels and birds.

Titiwangsa Lake Gardens

Education

According to government statistics, Kuala Lumpur has a literacy rate of 97.5% in 2000, the highest rate in any state or territory in Malaysia.[154] In Malaysia, Malay is the language of instruction for most subjects while English is a compulsory subject, but as of 2012, English was still the language of instruction for mathematics and the natural sciences for certain schools. Some schools provide instruction in Mandarin and Tamil for certain subjects.[155]

Kuala Lumpur contains 14 tertiary education institutions, 79 high schools, 155 elementary schools and 136 kindergartens.[156]

University of Malaya City View.

Kuala Lumpur is home to the

international students at the University of Malaya has risen, as a result of increasing efforts made to attract them.[159]

Other universities located in Kuala Lumpur include

National Defence University of Malaysia is located at Sungai Besi Army Base, at the southern part of central Kuala Lumpur. It was established to be a major centre for military and defence technology studies. This institution covers studies for the army, navy, and air force.[160]

Greater Kuala Lumpur covers an even more extensive selection of universities including several international branches such as

.

Culture

Arts

Frieze depicting Malaysian history at the National Museum.

Kuala Lumpur is a hub for cultural activities and events in Malaysia. Among the centres is the

National Museum, which is situated along the Mahameru Highway. Its collection comprises artefacts and paintings collected throughout the country.[161] The Islamic Arts Museum, which houses more than seven thousand Islamic artefacts including rare exhibits and a library of Islamic art books, is the largest Islamic arts collection in Southeast Asia.[162] The museum's collection not only concentrates on works from the Middle East, but also includes work from elsewhere in Asia, such as China and Southeast Asia. Kuala Lumpur has a craft complex coupled with a museum that displays a variety of textile, ceramic, metal craft and weaved products. Information on the production process is portrayed in diorama format complete with historical facts, technique and traditionally engineered equipment. Among the processes shown are pottery making, intricate wood carving, silver-smithing, weaving songket cloth, stamping batik patterns on cloth, and boat-making.[163]

The Saloma Link seen at dusk.

The premier performing arts venue is the

Petronas Philharmonic Hall located underneath the Petronas Towers. The resident orchestra is the Malaysian Philharmonic Orchestra (MPO), consisting of musicians from all over the world, and features regular concerts, chamber concerts and traditional cultural performances.[164] The Kuala Lumpur Performing Arts Centre (KLPac) in Sentul West and Damansara Performing Arts Centre (DPac) in Damansara Perdana are two of the most established centres in the country for the performing arts, notably theatre, plays, music, and film screening. It has housed many local productions and has been a supporter of local and regional independent performance artists.[165] The Future Music Festival Asia has been held in the city since 2012, featuring local and international artists.[166]

The

National Art Gallery of Malaysia is located on Jalan Temerloh, off Jalan Tun Razak on a 5.67-hectare (14.0-acre) site neighbouring the National Theatre (Istana Budaya) and National Library. The architecture of the gallery incorporates elements of traditional Malay architecture, as well as contemporary modern architecture. The National Art Gallery serves as a centre of excellence and is a trustee of the national art heritage. The Ilham Tower Gallery near Ampang Park houses exhibitions of works by local and foreign artists.[167]

Kuala Lumpur holds the Malaysia International Gourmet Festival annually.[168] Another event hosted annually by the city is the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week,[169] which includes international brands and local designers. Also, Kuala Lumpur was designated as the World Book Capital for 2020 by UNESCO.[170]

Sports and recreation

Bukit Jalil National Stadium is an all-seater multi-purpose stadium that was built in January 1995.

Kuala Lumpur has numerous parks, gardens and open spaces for recreational purposes. Total open space for recreational and sport facilities land use in the city has increased significantly by 169.6 percent from 5.86 square kilometres (1,450 acres) in 1984 to 15.8 square kilometres (3,900 acres) in 2000.[171]

Kuala Lumpur was touted as one of the host cities for the

Sepang in the neighbouring state of Selangor. The Formula One event contributed significantly to tourist arrivals and tourism income to Kuala Lumpur. This was evident during the Asian financial crisis in 1998. Despite cities around Asia suffering declining tourist arrivals, in Kuala Lumpur tourist arrivals increased from 6,210,900 in 1997 to 10,221,600 in 2000, or 64.6%.[175] In 2015, the Kuala Lumpur Street Circuit was constructed to host the Kuala Lumpur City Grand Prix
motor racing event.

Malaysia's national basketball team to a Final Four finish in 1985, the team's best performance to date. Further, the city is home to the Kuala Lumpur Dragons, 2016 Champions of the ASEAN Basketball League.[176] The team plays its home games in the MABA Stadium
.

KL Grand Prix CSI 5*, a five-star international showjumping equestrian event, is held annually in the city.[177] Other annual sport events hosted by the city include the KL Tower Run,[178] the KL Tower International BASE Jump Merdeka Circuit and the Kuala Lumpur International Marathon. Kuala Lumpur is also one of the stages of the Tour de Langkawi cycling race.[179] The annual Malaysia Open Super Series badminton tournament is held in Kuala Lumpur.

Kuala Lumpur is also the birthplace of

Paper Chase or "Hare and Hounds".[180]

Kuala Lumpur hosted the

IOC elected Beijing as the host city of the 2022 Winter Olympics[181] and Lausanne as the host city of the 2020 Winter Youth Olympics.[182]

Transportation

Road traffic of Jalan Kuching, Kuala Lumpur during noon

As in most other Asian cities, driving is the main commuting choice in Kuala Lumpur.

hub and spoke system to provide greater connectivity, and reduce the need for more buses.[188][189] KL Sentral was added on 16 April 2001 and served as the new transport hub of the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System
.

Urban rail

KL Monorail Line and KTM Komuter

The

.

Light Rapid Transit (LRT) Malaysia is the

signalling block system, the extension uses the communications-based train control (CBTC) signaling system.[192][193]

financial district under development, TRX
.

Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Malaysia is a heavy rail rapid transit system that constitutes the bulk of the railway network in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the

MRT Putrajaya Line, covering a 20 km radius in the southeast–northwest direction from the city centre, will integrate the current rapid transit system and serve high-density areas which are currently not serviced by any rapid transit system. About 90 new stations are planned in this "wheel and spoke" concept, out of which 26 in the city centre will be underground. Ridership capacity will be two million passengers per day.[194]

The

KL Sentral transport hub in the south and Titiwangsa in the north with the "Golden Triangle", a commercial, shopping, and entertainment area comprising Bukit Bintang, Imbi, Sultan Ismail, and Raja Chulan.[195]

Skypark Link
(right)

Kuala Lumpur is served by two airports. The main airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) at Sepang, Selangor, which is also the aviation hub of Malaysia, is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of city. The other airport is Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, also known as Subang Skypark and served as the main international gateway to Kuala Lumpur from 1965 until KLIA opened in 1998.

KLIA connects the city with direct flights to destinations on four continents around the world,

Malindo Air.[198]

Buses

Double-deck buses crossing at Jalan Ampang

Bas Mini KL or Kuala Lumpur Mini-Bus Service was one of the oldest and popular

public bus service, having served Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley region. The buses were primarily painted pink with a white stripe on the sides, and had a capacity of only 20–30 passengers, due to their smaller size. The buses operated on a commission basis, with service operators paid according to the fares they collected. The mini-bus service was from 23 September 1975 and discontinued on 1 July 1998, to be replaced by the Intrakota bus service and later, Rapid Bus in 2005.[199]

Rapid Bus began the first phase of the revamp of its bus network in January 2006, introducing 15 City Shuttle bus routes which serve major areas in the Central Business District (CBD) of Kuala Lumpur. In 2008, Rapid Bus operated 167 routes with 1,400 buses covering 980 residential areas with a ridership of about 400,000 per day.

Effective 10 April 2019, all RapidKL buses are implementing fully cashless journey for all routes by stages, in which the bus accepts Touch n Go cards only for user convenience. These systems were fully implemented by May 27, 2019.[205] Almost 170 RapidKL bus routes are covered with the real time feature, which was expanded to the MRT feeder bus service. Rapid Bus is however not the only bus operator in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. Other bus operators are Selangor Omnibus, Setara Jaya bus, and Causeway Link.

Taxis

Typical public cab in Kuala Lumpur

In Kuala Lumpur, most taxis have distinctive white and red liveries. Many companies operate and maintain pools of different model of cars in their own brands. Before local car production began, the

taxi stands or from the streets. Taxis may be flagged down at any time of the day along any public road outside of the Central Business District (CBD). However, increased usage of ridesharing services like Grab, MyCar and JomRides has resulted in a decrease in taxi use.[207]

Nevertheless, the London-based website, LondonCabs.co.uk has claimed that taxis in the city charge passengers high rates, refusing to turn on their meters and offering instead over-priced flat-rate fares,[208] although other passengers contradict such claims. The heads of some taxi associations came out and distanced themselves from taxi drivers who had given the taxi industry a bad name, promising the public that not all taxi drivers were like that.[209]

Twin towns – sister cities

Isfahan street (formerly Jalan Selat, Straits Road) in Kuala Lumpur (above) and Kuala Lumpur avenue in Isfahan (below)

Kuala Lumpur is twinned with:

See also

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External links