Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur | ||
---|---|---|
federal territory | ||
Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur | ||
Skyline of Kuala Lumpur at night | ||
Nickname(s): KL, The Garden City of Lights | ||
Motto(s): Bersedia Menyumbang Bandaraya Cemerlang English: Ready to Contribute towards an Excellent City | ||
Anthem: Maju dan Sejahtera English: Progress and Prosper | ||
Coordinates: 03°08′52″N 101°41′43″E / 3.14778°N 101.69528°E | ||
Country | Malaysia | |
Administrative areas | List | |
Establishment | 1857[1] | |
City status | 1 February 1972 | |
Transferred to federal jurisdiction | 1 February 1974 | |
Government | ||
• Type | Federal administration with local government | |
• Body | Kuala Lumpur City Hall | |
• Mayor | Kamarulzaman Mat Salleh | |
Federal representation | Parliament of Malaysia | |
• Dewan Rakyat seats | 11 of 222 (5.0%) | |
• Dewan Negara seats | 2 of 70 (2.9%) | |
Area Mean solar time | UTC+06:46:46 | |
Area code(s) | 03 | |
Vehicle registration | V and W (except taxis) HW (for taxis only) | |
ISO 3166-2 | MY-14 | |
Official language(s) | Malay | |
Website | www.dbkl.gov.my |
Kuala Lumpur (Malaysian:
The city serves as the cultural, financial, political and economic centre of Malaysia. It is also home to the
Since the 1990s, the city has played host to many international sporting, political and cultural events, including the
Kuala Lumpur was ranked the 6th most-visited city in the world on the Mastercard Destination Cities Index in 2019.[13] The city houses three of the world's ten largest shopping malls.[14] Kuala Lumpur ranks 70th in the world and the second in Southeast Asia after Singapore for the Economist Intelligence Unit's Global Liveability Ranking[15] and ninth in ASPAC and second in Southeast Asia for KPMG's Leading Technology Innovation Hub 2021.[16] Kuala Lumpur was named World Book Capital 2020 by UNESCO.[17][18]
Etymology
Kuala Lumpur means "muddy confluence" in Malay; Kuala is the point where two rivers join or an estuary, and lumpur means "mud".[19][20] One suggestion is that it was named after Sungai Lumpur ("muddy river"); in the 1820s a place named Sungei Lumpoor was said to be the most important tin-producing settlement up the Klang River.[21] However this derivation does not account for this: Kuala Lumpur lies at the confluence of Gombak River and Klang River, and therefore should be named Kuala Gombak, since the kuala is typically named after the river that joins a larger river or the sea.[22] Some have argued that Sungai Lumpur in fact extended down to the confluence and therefore the point where it joined the Klang River would be Kuala Lumpur,[23] although this Sungai Lumpur is said to be another river joining the Klang River 1.5 kilometres (1 mile) upstream from the Gombak confluence, or perhaps located to the north of the Batu Caves area.[22]
It has also been proposed that Kuala Lumpur was originally named Pengkalan Lumpur ("muddy landing place") in the same way that Klang was once called Pengkalan Batu ("stone landing place"), but became corrupted into Kuala Lumpur.[23] Another theory says that it was initially a Cantonese word, lam-pa, meaning 'flooded jungle' or 'decayed jungle'. There is no firm contemporary evidence for these suggestions other than anecdotes.[24] The name may also be a corrupted form of an earlier forgotten name.[22]
History
Early years
Sultanate of Selangor 1857–1974
Federated Malay States 1895–1942; 1945–1946
Empire of Japan 1942–1945
Malayan Union 1946–1948
Federation of Malaya 1948–1963
Malaysia 1963–present
The
Despite a high death toll from the
Important Malay figures of early Kuala Lumpur also included Haji Mohamed Tahir, who became the Dato Dagang ("chief of traders").[27] The Minangkabaus of Sumatra became another important group who traded and established tobacco plantations in the area.[41] Notable Minangkabaus included their headman, Dato' Sati, Utsman Abdullah,[42] and Haji Mohamed Taib, who was involved in the early development of Kampung Baru.[43][44] The Minangkabaus were also significant socio-religious figures, for example Utsman bin Abdullah was the first kadi of Kuala Lumpur, as well as Muhammad Nur bin Ismail.[45]
Beginning of modern Kuala Lumpur
Early Kuala Lumpur was a small town that suffered from many social and political problems – the buildings were made of wood and '
The early Chinese and Malay settled along the east bank of the Klang River. The Chinese mainly settled around the commercial centre of Market Square. The Malays, and later Indian
A
20th century–present
Kuala Lumpur expanded considerably in the 20th century. It was 0.65 km2 (0.25 sq mi) in 1895, but was extended to encompass 20 km2 (7.7 sq mi) in 1903. By the time it became a municipality in 1948 it had expanded to 93 km2 (36 sq mi), and then to 243 km2 (94 sq mi) in 1974 as a Federal Territory.[57]
The development of a rubber industry in Selangor fueled by the demand for car tyres in the early 20th century led to a boom, and the population of Kuala Lumpur increased from 30,000 in 1900 to 80,000 in 1920.[58] The commercial activities of Kuala Lumpur had been run to a large extent by Chinese businessmen such as Loke Yew, who was then the richest and most influential Chinese in Kuala Lumpur. The growth of the rubber industry led to an influx of foreign capital and planters, with new companies and industries becoming established in Kuala Lumpur, and other companies previously based elsewhere also found a presence here.[58]
During World War II, Kuala Lumpur was
The first municipal election in Kuala Lumpur was held on 16 February 1952. An ad hoc alliance between the Malay
Kuala Lumpur had seen a number of civil disturbances over the years. A riot in 1897 was a relatively minor affair that began with the confiscation of faulty dacing (a scale used by traders), and in 1912, a more serious disturbance called the and led to major changes in the country's economic policy to promote and prioritise Malay economic development over that of other ethnicities.
City, Federal Territory, Greater Kuala Lumpur
Kuala Lumpur achieved
On 14 May 1990, Kuala Lumpur celebrated the centennial of the local council. The new federal territory
From the 1990s onwards, major urban developments in the Klang Valley extended the Kuala Lumpur metropolitan area.[75][76] This area, known as Greater Kuala Lumpur, extends from the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur westward to Port Klang, east to the edge of the Titiwangsa Mountains as well as to the north and south. The area covers other administratively separate towns and cities such as Klang, Shah Alam, Putrajaya and others,[77][78] and is served by the Klang Valley Integrated Transit System. Notable projects undertaken within Kuala Lumpur itself include the development of a new Kuala Lumpur City Centre around Jalan Ampang and the Petronas Towers.[79]
Geography
The geography of Kuala Lumpur is characterised by the huge Klang Valley, bordered by the Titiwangsa Mountains in the east, several minor ranges in the north and the south, and the Strait of Malacca in the west. Kuala Lumpur is a Malay term that translates to "muddy confluence" and is located at the confluence of the Klang and Gombak rivers which flow into the Selangor River.[80]
Located in the centre of Selangor state, Kuala Lumpur was a territory of Selangor State Government. In 1974, Kuala Lumpur was split off from Selangor to form the first
Climate and weather
Protected by the
Floods are frequent in Kuala Lumpur after heavy downpours, especially in the city centre, because irrigation structure lags behind the intense development in the city.[85] Smoke from forest fires in nearby Sumatra and Kalimantan sometimes casts a haze over the region, and is a major source of pollution, along with open burning, motor vehicle emissions, and construction.[86]
Kuala Lumpur | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate chart (explanation) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Climate data for Kuala Lumpur (Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1963–2020) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 38.0 (100.4) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.9 (100.2) |
37.2 (99.0) |
38.5 (101.3) |
36.6 (97.9) |
36.3 (97.3) |
38.0 (100.4) |
35.9 (96.6) |
37.0 (98.6) |
36.0 (96.8) |
35.5 (95.9) |
38.5 (101.3) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 32.6 (90.7) |
33.3 (91.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.7 (92.7) |
33.6 (92.5) |
33.3 (91.9) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.8 (91.0) |
32.7 (90.9) |
32.6 (90.7) |
32.3 (90.1) |
32.0 (89.6) |
32.9 (91.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 27.3 (81.1) |
27.8 (82.0) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.1 (82.6) |
28.5 (83.3) |
28.4 (83.1) |
28.0 (82.4) |
28.0 (82.4) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.5 (81.5) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.1 (80.8) |
27.8 (82.0) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.7 (76.5) |
25.0 (77.0) |
24.8 (76.6) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.2 (75.6) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.4 (75.9) |
Record low °C (°F) | 17.8 (64.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.9 (66.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.5 (68.9) |
19.1 (66.4) |
20.1 (68.2) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.0 (69.8) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
19.0 (66.2) |
17.8 (64.0) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 226.7 (8.93) |
192.8 (7.59) |
270.4 (10.65) |
301.5 (11.87) |
229.9 (9.05) |
145.8 (5.74) |
165.2 (6.50) |
174.3 (6.86) |
220.3 (8.67) |
283.8 (11.17) |
355.8 (14.01) |
280.6 (11.05) |
2,847.1 (112.09) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13.6 | 11.9 | 15.0 | 16.8 | 13.2 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 10.9 | 13.3 | 16.3 | 19.7 | 16.3 | 167.2 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
80 | 80 | 80 | 82 | 81 | 80 | 79 | 79 | 81 | 82 | 84 | 83 | 81 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 185.0 | 192.4 | 207.9 | 198.8 | 206.8 | 194.4 | 200.2 | 189.0 | 163.8 | 169.1 | 152.3 | 162.6 | 2,222.3 |
Source 1: World Meteorological Organization[87] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Pogodaiklimat.ru[88] NOAA (sunshine hours, 1961–1990)[89] |
Climate data for Kuala Lumpur | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily daylight hours | 12.0 | 12.0 | 12.1 | 12.2 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.3 | 12.2 | 12.1 | 12.0 | 12.0 | 11.9 | 12.1 |
Average Ultraviolet index | 6 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
Source: Weather Atlas[90] |
Governance
Kuala Lumpur was administered by a
Local government
The local administration is carried out by the
Districts
Kuala Lumpur's eleven parliamentary constituencies, with 2020 population, area, density and percentage of the total are congruent with administrative subdivisions under the authority of the Kuala Lumpur City Hall authority.[94]
|
|
Politics
UMNO (BN) | 1 / 11 |
---|
Kuala Lumpur is home to the Parliament of Malaysia. The federal Constitution stipulates the three branches of the Malaysian government: the Executive, Judiciary and Legislative branches. The Parliament consists of the Dewan Negara (Upper House / House of Senate) and Dewan Rakyat (Lower House / House of Representatives).[11]
List of Kuala Lumpur representatives in the Federal Parliament (Dewan Rakyat)
Parliament | Seat Name | Member of Parliament | Party |
---|---|---|---|
P114 | Kepong | Lim Lip Eng | Pakatan Harapan (DAP) |
P115 | Batu
|
Prabakaran Parameswaran | Pakatan Harapan (PKR) |
P116 | Wangsa Maju | Zahir Hassan | Pakatan Harapan (PKR) |
P117 | Segambut | Hannah Yeoh Tseow Suan | Pakatan Harapan (DAP) |
P118 | Setiawangsa | Nik Nazmi Nik Ahmad
|
Pakatan Harapan (PKR) |
P119 | Titiwangsa | Johari Abdul Ghani | UMNO )
|
P120 | Bukit Bintang
|
Fong Kui Lun | Pakatan Harapan (DAP) |
P121 | Lembah Pantai | Ahmad Fahmi Mohamed Fadzil | Pakatan Harapan (PKR) |
P122 | Seputeh | Teresa Kok Suh Sim | Pakatan Harapan (DAP) |
P123 | Cheras | Tan Kok Wai | Pakatan Harapan (DAP) |
P124 | Bandar Tun Razak | Wan Azizah Wan Ismail | Pakatan Harapan (PKR) |
Economy
Kuala Lumpur and its surrounding urban areas form the most industrialised and economically, the fastest-growing region in Malaysia.
Bursa Malaysia, or the Malaysia Exchange, is based in the city and forms one of its core economic activities. As of 5 July 2013, the market capitalisation stood at US$505.67 billion.[98] The gross domestic product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur is estimated at RM73,536 million in 2008 with an average annual growth rate of 5.9 percent.[99][100] By 2015, the GDP had reached RM160,388 million, representing 15.1% of the total GDP of Malaysia.[101] The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur in 2013 was RM79,752 with an average annual growth rate of 5.6 percent,[102] and RM94,722 in 2015.[101] Average monthly household income is RM9,073 (~$2,200) as of 2016, growing at a pace of approximately 6% a year.[103] The service sector, comprising finance, insurance, real estate, business services, wholesale and retail trade, restaurants and hotels, transport, storage and communication, utilities, personal services and government services form the largest component of employment, representing about 83.0 percent of the total.[104] The remaining 17 percent comes from manufacturing and construction.
The large service sector is evident in the number of local and foreign banks and insurance companies operating in the city. Kuala Lumpur is poised to become the global Islamic financing hub
There has been growing emphasis on expanding the economic scope of the city in other service activities, such as research and development, which support the rest of the economy of Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur has been home for years to important research centres such as the
Tourism
The major tourist destinations in Kuala Lumpur include the
Kuala Lumpur plays host to many cultural festivals such as the
Retail
Kuala Lumpur alone has 66 shopping malls and is the retail and fashion hub of both Malaysia and Southeast Asia.[117] Shopping in Malaysia contributed RM7.7 billion (US$2.26 billion) or 20.8 percent of the RM31.9 billion tourism receipts in 2006.[118]
Apart from shopping complexes, Kuala Lumpur has designated numerous zones in the city to market locally manufactured products such as
Since 2000, the
-
Changkat Bukit Bintang, an upmarket gastronomy area and red light district in Kuala Lumpur at night.
-
Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur's retail cluster.
-
Petronas Twin Towers.
-
Pavilion KL, one of the city's iconic shopping centres.
-
Pasar Seni (Central Market), known for its art and craft souvenirs based on Malaysian culture.
-
Kuala Lumpur skyline at night (2019)
Demographics
Kuala Lumpur is the most populous city in Malaysia, with a population of 1.98 million in the
Kuala Lumpur's heterogeneous populace includes the country's three major ethnic groups: the
Historical demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1890 | 20,000 | — | ||
1900 | 30,000 | +50.0% | ||
1931 | 111,418 | +271.4% | ||
1957 | 316,537 | +184.1% | ||
1970 | 451,201 | +42.5% | ||
1974 | 612,004 | +35.6% | ||
1980 | 919,610 | +50.3% | ||
1991 | 1,145,342 | +24.5% | ||
2000 | 1,305,792 | +14.0% | ||
2010 | 1,588,750 | +21.7% | ||
2020 | 1,982,112 | +24.8% | ||
| ||||
Kuala Lumpur expanded as a Federal Territory in 1974 Source: [127][128][30] |
Historically Kuala Lumpur was a predominantly Chinese city, although more recently the
A census in 1891 of uncertain accuracy gave a figure of 43,796 inhabitants, 79% of whom were Chinese (71% of the Chinese were Hakka, but possibly over-counted), 14% Malay, and 6% Indian.[129] Another perhaps more accurate estimate put the population of Kuala Lumpur in 1890 at 20,000.[30] The rubber boom in the early 20th century led to a further increase in population, from 30,000 in 1900 to 80,000 in 1920.[58] In 1931, 61% of Kuala Lumpur's 111,418 inhabitants were Chinese,[128] and in 1947 63.5%. The Malays however began to settle in Kuala Lumpur in significant numbers, in part due to government employment, as well as the expansion of the city that absorbed the surrounding rural areas where many Malays lived. Between 1947 and 1957 the population of Malays in Kuala Lumpur increased from 12.5 to 15%, while the proportion of Chinese dropped.[132] The process continued after Malayan independence with the growth of a largely Malay civil service, and later the implementation of the New Economic Policy which encouraged Malay participation in urban industries and business. In 1980 the population of Kuala Lumpur had reached over a million,[57] with 52% Chinese, 33% Malay, and 15% Indian.[133] From 1980 to 2000 the number of Bumiputeras increased by 77%, but the Chinese still outnumbered the Bumiputeras in Kuala Lumpur in the 2000 census at 43% compared to 38%.[104][68] By the 2010 census, according to the Department of Statistics and excluding non-citizens, the Malay population in Kuala Lumpur had increased to 44.7% (45.9% Bumiputera), exceeding the Chinese population of 43.2%.[134] In the 2020 census, the percentage of the Bumiputera population in Kuala Lumpur had reached around 47.7%, with the Chinese population at 41.6% and Indians 10.0%.[123]
A notable phenomenon in recent times has been the increased portion of foreign residents in Kuala Lumpur, which rose from 1% of the city's population in 1980 to about 8% in the 2000 census, 9.4% in 2010, and 10.5% in the 2020 census.
Birth rates in Kuala Lumpur have declined and resulted in a lower proportion of young people – the proportion of those below 15 years old fell from 33% in 1980 to slightly less than 27% in 2000.[104] On the other hand, the working age group of 15–59 increased from 63% in 1980 to 67% in 2000.[104] The elderly age group, 60 years old and above has increased from 4% in 1980 and 1991 to 6% in 2000.[104]
Languages and religions
Kuala Lumpur is pluralistic and religiously diverse. The city has many places of worship catering to the multi-religious population.
Statistics from the 2010 Census indicate that 87.4% of the Chinese population identify as Buddhists, with significant minorities of adherents identifying as Christians (7.9%), Chinese folk religions (2.7%) and Muslims (0.6%). The majority of the Indian population identify as Hindus (81.1%), with a significant minorities of identifying as Christians (7.8%), Muslims (4.9%) and Buddhists (2.1%). The non-Malay bumiputera community are predominantly Christians (44.9%), with significant minorities identifying as Muslims (31.2%) and Buddhists (13.5%). All bumiputera Malays are Muslim[139] due to the criterion in the definition of a Malay in the Malaysian constitution that they should adhere to Islam.[140]
Cityscape
Architecture
The architecture of Kuala Lumpur is a mixture of old
Prior to the Second World War, many
Independence coupled with rapid economic growth from the 1970s to the 1990s and with Islam being the official religion in the country, has resulted in the construction of buildings with a more local and Islamic flavour arise around the city. Many of these buildings derive their design from traditional Malay items such as the
Late modern and postmodern architecture began to appear in the late-1990s and early-2000s. With economic development, old buildings such as Bok House have been razed to make way for new ones. Buildings with all-glass shells exist throughout the city, with the most prominent examples being the Petronas Towers and Kuala Lumpur Convention Centre. Kuala Lumpur's central business district today has shifted to the Kuala Lumpur city centre (KLCC) where many new and tall buildings with modern and postmodern architecture fill the skyline. According to the World Tallest 50 Urban Agglomeration 2010 Projection by the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat, Kuala Lumpur ranks 10th among cities that have most buildings above 100 metres with a combined height of 34,035 metres from its 244 high rise buildings.[151]
Parks
The
There are three forest reserves within the city, the
Education
According to government statistics, Kuala Lumpur has a literacy rate of 97.5% in 2000, the highest rate in any state or territory in Malaysia.[154] In Malaysia, Malay is the language of instruction for most subjects while English is a compulsory subject, but as of 2012[update], English was still the language of instruction for mathematics and the natural sciences for certain schools. Some schools provide instruction in Mandarin and Tamil for certain subjects.[155]
Kuala Lumpur contains 14 tertiary education institutions, 79 high schools, 155 elementary schools and 136 kindergartens.[156]
Kuala Lumpur is home to the
Other universities located in Kuala Lumpur include
Greater Kuala Lumpur covers an even more extensive selection of universities including several international branches such as
Culture
Arts
Kuala Lumpur is a hub for cultural activities and events in Malaysia. Among the centres is the
The premier performing arts venue is the
The
Kuala Lumpur holds the Malaysia International Gourmet Festival annually.[168] Another event hosted annually by the city is the Kuala Lumpur Fashion Week,[169] which includes international brands and local designers. Also, Kuala Lumpur was designated as the World Book Capital for 2020 by UNESCO.[170]
Sports and recreation
Kuala Lumpur has numerous parks, gardens and open spaces for recreational purposes. Total open space for recreational and sport facilities land use in the city has increased significantly by 169.6 percent from 5.86 square kilometres (1,450 acres) in 1984 to 15.8 square kilometres (3,900 acres) in 2000.[171]
Kuala Lumpur was touted as one of the host cities for the
KL Grand Prix CSI 5*, a five-star international showjumping equestrian event, is held annually in the city.[177] Other annual sport events hosted by the city include the KL Tower Run,[178] the KL Tower International BASE Jump Merdeka Circuit and the Kuala Lumpur International Marathon. Kuala Lumpur is also one of the stages of the Tour de Langkawi cycling race.[179] The annual Malaysia Open Super Series badminton tournament is held in Kuala Lumpur.
Kuala Lumpur is also the birthplace of
Kuala Lumpur hosted the
Transportation
As in most other Asian cities, driving is the main commuting choice in Kuala Lumpur.
Urban rail
The
Light Rapid Transit (LRT) Malaysia is the
Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) Malaysia is a heavy rail rapid transit system that constitutes the bulk of the railway network in Kuala Lumpur and the rest of the
The
Kuala Lumpur is served by two airports. The main airport, Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA) at Sepang, Selangor, which is also the aviation hub of Malaysia, is located about 50 kilometres (31 mi) south of city. The other airport is Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah Airport, also known as Subang Skypark and served as the main international gateway to Kuala Lumpur from 1965 until KLIA opened in 1998.
KLIA connects the city with direct flights to destinations on four continents around the world,
Buses
Bas Mini KL or Kuala Lumpur Mini-Bus Service was one of the oldest and popular
Rapid Bus began the first phase of the revamp of its bus network in January 2006, introducing 15 City Shuttle bus routes which serve major areas in the Central Business District (CBD) of Kuala Lumpur. In 2008, Rapid Bus operated 167 routes with 1,400 buses covering 980 residential areas with a ridership of about 400,000 per day.
Effective 10 April 2019, all RapidKL buses are implementing fully cashless journey for all routes by stages, in which the bus accepts Touch n Go cards only for user convenience. These systems were fully implemented by May 27, 2019.[205] Almost 170 RapidKL bus routes are covered with the real time feature, which was expanded to the MRT feeder bus service. Rapid Bus is however not the only bus operator in Kuala Lumpur and the Klang Valley. Other bus operators are Selangor Omnibus, Setara Jaya bus, and Causeway Link.
Taxis
In Kuala Lumpur, most taxis have distinctive white and red liveries. Many companies operate and maintain pools of different model of cars in their own brands. Before local car production began, the
Nevertheless, the London-based website, LondonCabs.co.uk has claimed that taxis in the city charge passengers high rates, refusing to turn on their meters and offering instead over-priced flat-rate fares,[208] although other passengers contradict such claims. The heads of some taxi associations came out and distanced themselves from taxi drivers who had given the taxi industry a bad name, promising the public that not all taxi drivers were like that.[209]
Twin towns – sister cities
Kuala Lumpur is twinned with:
See also
References
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External links
- Official website of Kuala Lumpur Archived 27 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- The Official Tourism Website of Malaysia – Malaysia Truly Asia
- Official website of Tourism Malaysia Corp
- Official Portal of Kuala Lumpur City Hall
- An Insider's Guide to Kuala Lumpur – Pathfinder City
- Geographic data related to Kuala Lumpur at OpenStreetMap