Kumaon division
Kumaon
Kurmanchal Manaskhand | |
---|---|
,
View of Purnagiri hills from Naini Lake, Jageshwar | |
Nickname: The Home of Gods[1] | |
Country | India |
Established | 1815[2] |
Headquarter | Nainital |
Largest city | Haldwani |
Districts | |
Government | |
• Type | Division |
• Commissioner | Deepak Rawat IAS[3] |
• Legislature |
|
Area | |
• Total | 21,035 km2 (8,122 sq mi) |
Population | |
• Total | 4,228,998[4] |
• Density | 201.04/km2 (520.7/sq mi) |
Demonym(s) | Kumaonis, Kumaiye |
Ethnicity and Language | |
• Languages | Native: Kumaoni, Tharu(Buksari), RungLo Official: Hindi |
• Ethnic groups | Kumaonis, Bhimtal |
Website | http://kumaon.gov.in/ |
Kumaon (
Historically known as Manaskhand and then Kurmanchal, the Kumaon region has been ruled by several Hindu dynasties over the course of history; most notably the
The people of Kumaon are known as
Etymology
Kumaon is believed to have been derived from Kurmanchal, meaning the land of the Kurmavatar (the tortoise incarnation of Lord Vishnu, the preserver according to Hinduism). The region of Kumaon is named after as such.[9][10]
According to another theory the word Kumaon can be traced back to the 5th century BC. The Kassite Assyrians left their homeland Kummah, on the banks of river Euphrates, and settled in the northern part of India.
During this time of the British control of the region, between 1815 and 1857 it was also known as Kemaon.[6][7][11]
Geography
The Kumaon
Rivers such as
The chief trees are the
History
Prehistoric dwellings and
Around 1100–1200 AD, after Katyuri kingdom disintegration, Kurmanchal was divided into eight different principalities: Baijnath-Katyur, Dwarhat, Doti, Baramandal, Askot, Sira, Sora, Sui. Around 1581 AD, under Rudra Chand, the whole region was brought together again as Kumaon.
Kumaon Kingdom
Katyuri Raj
The Katyuri dynasty was a ruling Hindu dynasty of Khasha origin[14] and was founded by Vashudev Katyuri. they established their kingdom and called it Kurmanchal kingdom, they dominated lands of varying extent from the 'Katyur' (modern day Baijnath) valley in Kumaon, between 7th and 11th centuries AD, and established their capital at Baijnath in Bageshwar district, which was then known as Kartikeyapura and lies in the centre of 'Katyur' valley. Brahmadev mandi in Kanchanpur District of far western Nepal was established by Katyuri king Brahma Deo, At their peak, the kurmanchal kingdom of Katyuri kings was extended from Sikkim in the east to Kabul, Afghanistan in the west, before fragmenting into numerous principalities by the 12th century.
It is believed that from king Dham Deo and Bir Deo the downfall of this powerful dynasty began. Birdeo used to collect heavy taxes and forced his people to work as his slaves, King Birdeo teased his subjects by his tyranny to the extent that he forcibly married his own maternal aunt Tila. It is said that the Kumaoni folk song Mami tile dharo bola became popular from that very day. after death of Birdeo the kingdom was divided between his eight sons and they were able to form their different small kingdoms in the region for a short period of time until Chands emerged in the region defeating most of katyuri principalities and united Kurmanchal again as Kumaon.[15][full citation needed]
The Rajwar dynasty of Askot in Pithoragarh, was set up in 1279 AD, by a branch of the Katyuri kings, headed by Abhay Pal Deo, who was the grandson of Katyuri king Brahma Deo. The dynasty ruled the region until it became part of the British Raj through the treaty of Sighauli in 1816.
Chand Raj
The Chand dynasty was established by Som Chand in the 10th century,[16] by displacing the Katyuri Kings, who had been ruling the area from the 7th century AD. He continued to call his state Kurmanchal and established its capital in Champawat in Kali Kumaon called so, due to its vicinity to river Kali. Many temples built in this former capital city, during the 11th and 12th century exist today, this includes the Baleshwar and Nagnath temples.
One of the most powerful rulers of Chand dynasty was Baz Bahadur (1638–78) AD, who met
Towards the end of the 17th century, Chand kings again attacked the Garhwal kingdom, and in 1688, Udyot Chand erected several temples at Almora, including Tripur Sundari, Udyot Chandeshwar, and Parbateshwar. To mark his victory over Garhwal and Doti, the Parbateshwar temple was renamed twice, to become the present Nanda Devi temple.[26] Later, Jagat Chand (1708–20), defeated the Raja of Garhwal and pushed him away from Srinagar (in Uttarakhand, not to be confused with the capital of present-day Indian Kashmir), and his kingdom was given to a Brahmin.[27]
Nepalese invasion and its defeat
This section has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
In the latter half of the 18th century, the power of Kumaon was on decline, as the king Mahendra Chand was unable to properly administer the country. After the fall of Doti, the Gorkhas decided to invade over Kumaon. The Gorkha forces, under the leadership of Amar Singh Thapa crossed the kali river, and reached Almora via Sor and Gangoli. Mahendra Chand fled to the plains, and Kumaon was easily annexed to the Gorkha Kingdom.
The Gorkha rule over Kumaon lasted for 24 years. The architectural advancements during the period was a road connecting kali river to Srinagar via Almora. Almora was the largest town of Kumaon during the gorkha period, and is estimated to have about 1000 houses.
After the Gorkhas started meddling in the territories of
British Raj
Later, the region was annexed by the
There was widespread opposition against British rule in various parts of Kumaon. The Kumaoni people especially
The area received international attention after the publication of
In these hills, nature's hospitality eclipses all men can do. The enchanting beauty of Himalayas, their bracing climate and the soothing green that envelopes you leaves nothing more to be desired. I wonder whether the scenery of these hills and the climate are surpassed, if equalled, by any of the beauty spots anywhere of the world. After having been nearly three weeks in Almora hills, I am more than ever amazed why our people need go to Europe in search of health.
— Mahatma Gandhi, Almora Impressions, Young India (11 July 1929)[30]
Gandhi was revered in these parts and on his call the struggle of Salam Saliya Satyagraha led by Ram Singh Dhoni was started which shook the very roots of British rule in Kumaon.[31]
Many people died in the Saalam Satyagraha due to police brutality. Gandhi named it the
Independent India
After India became independent in 1947,
The year 1969 saw major administrative reforms in these hilly regions of Uttar Pradesh, and a new
Three new districts were created in the 90's, taking the total number of districts in the division to 6. Udham singh nagar from Nainital in 1995, and Bageshwar from Almora and Champawat from Pithoragarh in 1997. Two new districts, Ranikhet from Almora and Didihat from Pithoragarh were announced in 2011 by the then Chief minister of Uttarakhand, Ramesh Pokhriyal, but the districts never came into existence because no official notification was ever released.
Culture
Traditional attire
Pichaura (पिछोङा) is a traditional attire worn by married Kumaoni women generally for religious occasions, marriage, and other rituals. Traditionally handmade using vegetable dyes, Pichhauras are available in red and saffron. Local designs made in Almora, Haldwani and other parts of Kumaon use silk fabric and accessories made of pearl. It is also contemporarily made using machines. In recent years its popularity has seen a rise, especially in Kumaoni diaspora in other states and countries.[32]
Kumaoni men do wear a Kumaoni cap, which is of black colour. However, during festivals, especially during
Folk Art
Aipan is the most famous folk art of Kumaon. In recent times its popularity has grown. Aipan is not only an important folk art of Kumaoni community but other ethnic groups of Kumaon, like Shaukas and Rungs, as well. Hence it also acts as a cultural link between different ethnic communities of Kumaon, therefore has significant importance.
Folk dances
Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the Kumaon. Some well-known dances include Hurkiya Baul,
Kumaoni Ram Leela is the oldest in the world. It is 150-year-old, due to which UNESCO has declared it world's longest-running opera. In addition, the Kumaoni Ram Leela is now a part of the World Cultural Heritage List. With the passage of time, people have experimented with the show, yet the oral traditional has stayed as it always was. This is to say that the Ram Leela in Kumaon is not a staged performance; rather, it is a musical fest, which is made special by the beats of instruments like harmonium, dholak and table. In Kumaon's Ram Leela, the focus is more on singing than acting.[36]
Kumaoni holi is the historical and cultural celebration of the Hindu festival of
Cultural Hubs
- Almora- Almora is considered the cultural capital of Kumaon. It is also known as the "Heart of Kumaon".[38]
- Nainital- Nainital is by far the most well known tourist destination of Kumaon. The city has played a major role in exporting the Kumaoni culture to the rest of India.[39]
- Pithoragarh- The city is known for its distinctive and unique culture. It has been one of the major hubs of Kumaoni culture and is the largest city in the hills of Kumaon.[40]
- Champawat- Also known as Kali Kumaon, Champawat is the root of Kumaoni culture. It is from this place Kumaon got its name.[41]
- Bageshwar- Bageshwar is known as "Kumaok Kashi" (Kumaon's Kashi), because of the holy Saryu flowing through it. Bageshwar is the home to the largest Kumaoni fair "Uttarayini".[42]
- Haldwani- Though it is situated in Bhabhar, Haldwani has played a very significant role in shaping Kumaon's history and culture. It is Kumaon's largest city and has recently become a hub of artists, who are promoting Kumaoni language and culture.[43]
- Rudrapur- Rudrapur is undoubtedly Kumaon's most cosmopolitan city, with a significant presence of Punjabi, Bengali and other migrants. However, Kumaonis form a large part of the city. Rudrapur is known as Kumaon's Financial Capital.[44]
GI Tag
Kumaon's culture has also got recognition. Many of its cultural heritage like Aipan Art, has got GI Tag.[45]
Religious significance
In Kumaon, every peak, lake or mountain range is somehow or the other connected with some
Economy
Kumaon is home to the financial capital of the state, I.e., Haldwani. Kumaon has the state's most commercial, economic and industrial activities specially in Bhabar and Terai regions. Along with Industries there is a huge tourism sector. Agriculture also plays a huge role in Kumaoni economy. It employs a large percentage of Kumaoni population.
Economic Hubs
- Haldwani- Being the largest city of Kumaon, and the gateway of Kumaon, Haldwani is the financial centre of Kumaon. It is often dubbed as the financial capital, having the most commercial activity of the state.
- Rudrapur- Rudrapur has established itself as a significant trading center within the Udham Singh Nagar district, which itself is a big trading center in Kumaon. The district exports include industrial as well as agricultural products, both of which are predominantly channelled from Rudrapur.[47] The Basmati rice from Rudrapur is among the top crop which is produced in the region.[48] Post the setup of State Infrastructure and Industrial Development Corporation of Uttarakhand Limited (SIDCUL), enhanced by the broad-gauge railway network in the area, Rudrapur has developed into an industrial city with its city limits expanding to accommodate new residential demands of the workers and professionals moving into the area.[48]
Tourism Sector
Being a Himalayan state, Kumaon do have a huge Tourism industry. The major tourism hubs include-
- Lakes of Kumaon: Nainital, Bhimtal, Sattal, Naukuchiatal attract a lot of people from within the country and abroad.
- National Parks: Jim Corbett National Park, is the most famous National Park of Kumaon. Binsar Wildlife Sanctuary and Askot Deer Sanctuary are other protected areas of Kumaon.
- Hill Stations: Pithoragarh, Nainital, Almora, Kasar, Chaukori, Kausani, Munsiyari, Lohaghat, Ramnagar, Mukteshwar, Ranikhet are some of the most famous Hill stations of Kumaon.
Agriculture
Tea is also cultivated in Berinag, Bhowali, Champawat and Lohaghat. Berinag tea being specially famous for its taste. Champawat's tea is sold by the name "Kumaon Black Tea".
Munisyari is very famous for its 'White Rajma' which has also got GI Tag. Additionally Kumaon is also famous for Chyura oil(Kumaoni: Chyūrek tēl). Chuyra Oil has also got GI Certification. Apart from these two Copper work 'tamra' which are speciality of Almora have also got GI Tag.[45]
Administrative Subdivisions
Code | District | Headquarters[50] | Population ( As of 2011)[51]
|
Area (km2)[52] | Density (/km2) | Map |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AL | Almora | Almora | 621,972 | 3,083 | 201 | |
BA | Bageshwar | Bageshwar | 259,840 | 2,302 | 113 | |
CP | Champawat | Champawat | 259,315 | 1,781 | 146 | |
NA | Nainital | Nainital | 955,128 | 3,860 | 247 | |
PI | Pithoragarh | Pithoragarh | 485,993 | 7,100 | 68 | |
US | Udham Singh Nagar | Rudrapur | 1,648,367 | 2,908 | 567 | |
Total | 4,230,615 | 21,034 | 201 |
Cities
Rank | District | Pop. | Rank | District | Pop. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Haldwani |
1 | Haldwani | Nainital |
232,060 | 11 | Bajpur | Udham Singh Nagar |
25,524 | Pithoragarh |
2 | Rudrapur | Udham Singh Nagar |
154,485 | 12 | Mukhani | Nainital |
22,475 | ||
3 | Kashipur | Udham Singh Nagar |
121,610 | 13 | Nagla | Udham Singh Nagar |
22,258 | ||
4 | Pithoragarh | Pithoragarh |
56,044 | 14 | Umru Khurd | Udham Singh Nagar |
20,593 | ||
5 | Ramnagar | Nainital |
54,787 | 15 | Gadarpur | Udham Singh Nagar |
19,301 | ||
6 | Jaspur | Udham Singh Nagar |
50,523 | 16 | Ranikhet | Almora |
18,886 | ||
7 | Kichha | Udham Singh Nagar |
41,965 | 17 | Tanakpur | Champawat |
17,626 | ||
8 | Nainital | Nainital |
49,272 | 18 | Khatima | Udham Singh Nagar |
15,093 | ||
9 | Almora | Almora |
48,456 | 19 | Mahua Kheraganj | Udham Singh Nagar |
12,584 | ||
10 | Sitarganj | Udham Singh Nagar |
29,965 | 20 | Dineshpur | Udham Singh Nagar |
11,343 |
Languages
The main language used in administration and education is Hindi, which according to the 2011 census is the first language of well over a million of the region's inhabitants (mostly concentrated in the south). The major native language, however, is Kumaoni, spoken by about 2 million people. In the southern districts there are also sizeable numbers of speakers of Punjabi, Urdu and Bengali,[4] while the two related languages of Buksa and Rana Tharu are found in the southernmost Udham Singh Nagar district. The higher mountains in the north of Kumaon are home to the Sino-Tibetan Byangsi, Chaudangsi, Darmiya, Raji, Rawat and Rangas (the last now extinct).[55]
The community radio station Kumaon Vani has been broadcasting over the region since 2010.[56]
Kumaon division: mother-tongue of population, according to the 2011 Indian Census.[4]
| |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mother tongue code | Mother tongue | District | Kumaon division | ||||||
Pithoragarh | Bageshwar | Almora | Champawat | Nainital | Udham Singh Nagar | People | Percentage | ||
002007 | Bengali | 414 | 67 | 555 | 519 | 4,174 | 129,537 | 135,266 | 3.2% |
006102 | Bhojpuri | 1,654 | 200 | 885 | 462 | 6,688 | 60,141 | 70,030 | 1.7% |
006195 | Garhwali | 1,634 | 1,867 | 17,939 | 561 | 15,348 | 5,840 | 43,189 | 1.0% |
006240 | Hindi | 35,590 | 10,680 | 33,198 | 50,254 | 369,373 | 1,028,354 | 1,527,449 | 36.1% |
006340 | Kumauni
|
423,862 | 243,965 | 561,642 | 203,022 | 462,493 | 86,078 | 1,981,062 | 46.8% |
006439 | Pahari | 653 | 7 | 200 | 193 | 683 | 2,067 | 3,803 | 0.1% |
010014 | Tharu
|
10 | 74 | 0 | 83 | 364 | 47,501 | 48,032 | 1.1% |
014011 | Nepali | 7,259 | 2,158 | 2,604 | 1,266 | 5,984 | 1,622 | 20,893 | 0.5% |
016038 | Punjabi | 383 | 101 | 536 | 378 | 19,644 | 166,327 | 187,369 | 4.4% |
022015 | Urdu
|
1,224 | 222 | 1,408 | 1,474 | 63,170 | 105,148 | 172,646 | 4.1% |
046003 | Halam
|
5,623 | 157 | 18 | 15 | 94 | 38 | 5,945 | 0.1% |
053005 | Gujari | 8 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1,416 | 859 | 2,284 | 0.1% |
– | Others | 5,125 | 400 | 3,520 | 1,421 | 5,174 | 15,390 | 31,030 | 0.7% |
Total | 483,439 | 259,898 | 622,506 | 259,648 | 954,605 | 1,648,902 | 4,228,998 | 100.0% |
See also
- List of Kumaonis
- Martial race
- Iris kumaonensis (Plant species of the Iris genus from the region)
- Garhwal division
Further reading
- Kak, Manju (2017). In the Shadow of the Devi Kumaon: Of a Land, a People, a Craft. Niyogi Books.
- Upreti, Ganga Dutt (1894). Proverbs & folklore of Kumaon and Garhwal. Lodiana Mission Press.
- Oakley, E Sherman (1905). Holy Himalaya; the religion, traditions, and scenery of Himalayan province (Kumaon and Garwhal). Oliphant Anderson & Ferrier, London.
- Raja Rudradeva of Kumaon (1910). Haraprasada Shastri (ed.). Syanika sastra: or A Book on Hawking. Asiatic Society, Calcutta.
References
- ^ "Kumaon - Home of the Gods from Nest & Wings - Kumaon Complete Travel Guide".
- ^ a b Robert Montgomery Martin, History of the Possessions of the Honourable East India Company, Volume 1, pg. 107
- ^ ""Divisional Commissioner details: Office of Commissioner Kumaon"".
- ^ a b c d C-16 Population By Mother Tongue – Uttarakhand (Report). Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
- ^ "Ichthyofaunal Diversity of Sharda Sagar Reservoir in Tarai Region" (PDF). Open Academics Journal Index. Retrieved 9 September 2019.
- ^ a b James Prinsep (Editor)Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume 6, Part 2 (1837), p. 653, at Google Books
- ^ a b John McClelland Some inquiries in the province of Kemaon: relative to geology, and other branches of Natural Science (1835) at Google Books
- ^ Iwanek, Krzysztof (17 March 2020). "Gairsain's Uphill Task: Uttarakhand's Plan for Two Capitals". The Diplomat. Retrieved 16 May 2022.
- ^ ISBN 978-93-5194-180-4. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ISBN 978-81-8205-064-8. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
- ^ John Forbes Royle Illustrations of the botany and other branches of the natural history of the Himalayan Mountains and of the flora of Cashmere (1839), p. 108, at Google Books
- ^ "Garhwal Vacation Tips - Vacation Tour Garhwal Kumaon -Family Tour India". Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ a b c public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kumaon". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 945. One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
- ^ ISBN 9788173871344.
- OCLC 183008777.
- ^ a b History of Nainital District. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. 1909. p. 324.
- ISBN 978-81-7387-134-4.
- ^ Sen, Siba Pada (1971). The Sino-Indian Border Question: A Historical Review. Institute of Historical Studies.
- ISBN 978-81-85384-92-4.
- ^ Vaishṇav, Yamunādatta (1983). Himalayan Districts of Uttar Pradesh: Land and People. Sri Almora Book Depot.
- ^ Bhalla, Vikram (5 September 2018). "Fact Check: Did Aurangzeb defeat China and snatch Kailash Mansarovar from them as a gift to Hindus? - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- ^ India), Institute of Historical Studies (Calcutta (1971). Collection of Papers Presented at Annual Conference of the Institute.
- ^ Sharma, Man Mohan (1986). The Mystery of Rupkund. Vanity Books.
- ^ "Chitai Temple". Archived from the original on 13 April 2009. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "Bhimtal". Archived from the original on 18 June 2008. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "Almora Temples Uttaranchal - Uttarakhand Worldwide - Kumaon and Garhwal - Almora Temples". www.uttaranchal.org.uk. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ History of Garhwal District. The Imperial Gazetteer of India. 1909. p. 165. Retrieved 3 October 2016.
- ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Dehradun Edition". Tribuneindia.com. Archived from the original on 22 February 2020. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ^ "In Gandhi's footsteps". www.telegraphindia.com. 21 February 2009. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ^ Gandhi, M. K. (11 July 1929). "Almora Impressions". Young India: 2. Retrieved 8 January 2020.
- ^ рдореНрдпрд░ рдкрд╣рд╛реЬ on 5 March 2010 (5 March 2010). "Salt Kranti in Uttarakhand: An Important Chapter of Freedom Movement". Merapahad.com. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Upadhyay, Vineet (13 December 2015). "NRI pahadi brides eye Kumaoni 'Pichora'". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 January 2020.
- ^ "बागेश्वर में हुड़किया बोल के साथ रोपाई की धूम". livehindustan.com (in Hindi). Retrieved 24 June 2017.
- ^ "Folk Dances Of North India". culturalindia.net. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^ "Folk Songs of Uttarakhand". aboututtarakhand.com. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
- ^ "Do you know that Kumaon's Ram Leela is the oldest in the world? | Times of India Travel". The Times of India.
- ^ "eUttaranchal - Rediscover Uttarakhand - Tourism, Culture & People". www.euttaranchal.com. 6 March 2015.
- ^ Pant, Rajshekhar (4 January 2016). "The Sweet Tooth Of Kumaon". The Citizen. Archived from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
- ^ https://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/nainital/culture.html Archived 8 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL]
- ^ "Culture & Heritage | District Pithoragarh, Government of Uttarakhand | India".
- ^ "Champawat : KALI KUMAON | Champawat | India".
- ^ Walton, H. G. (1911). Almora: A Gazetter. Allahabad: The Government Press, United Provinces. p. Appendix XXIV.
- ^ "Haldwani - Haldwani Uttarakhand, City Guide, Travel, News, Hotels, Culture, People, Fairs, Festivals, Photographs, History, Matrimony, Education, Business, Industries, Directory, Discussion Forum - A Complete Haldwani Guide".
- ^ "Kumaoni Culture Chachri, Chapeli was presented by Swaramayi Academy Rudrapur on the main stage Under the US Carnival | District UdhamSinghNagar, Government Of Uttarakhand | India".
- ^ a b "GI tag for 7 indigenous products of Uttarakhand | Dehradun News - Times of India". The Times of India. 30 September 2021.
- ISBN 978-81-86246-19-1.
E. T. Atkinson has said: " To the beliefs of the great majority of Hindus , the Kumaon Himalaya is what Palestine is to the Christian."
- ^ "District Census Handbook-Udham Singh Nagar Part: XII-A" (PDF). Census India. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
- ^ a b "नगर निगम रुद्रपुर, उधम सिंह नगर, उत्तराखण्ड – 263153". www.nagarnigamrudrapur.com. Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
- ^ "Ramgarh - the fruit bowl of Kumaon".
- ^ "Uttarakhand - Districts of India: Know India". National Portal of India. Retrieved 4 April 2009.
- ^ "District wise population in India as of 2011 census". Archived from the original on 28 June 2011.
- ^ "National Portal of India".
- ^ "Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" (PDF). Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
- ^ "Uttarakhand (India): Districts, Cities and Towns - Population Statistics". Archived from the original on 23 March 2018.
- ^ Eberhard, David M.; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2019). "India – Languages". Ethnologue (22nd ed.). SIL International. Archived from the original on 1 April 2019.
- ^ "Kumaon Vani Community Radio - 90.4 MHz". 27 December 2017. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- A New History of Uttrakhand by Dr. Y. S. Kathoch