Kupang
Kupang | |
---|---|
UTC+8 (Central Indonesia Standard Time) | |
Area code | (+62) 380 |
Vehicle registration | DH |
HDI (2022) | 0.802 (Very high)[3] |
Website | kupangkota |
Kupang (
History
Early history and Portuguese domination
Kupang was an important port and trading post during the
Representatives of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) first encountered Kupang in 1613 after having conquered the Portuguese fort on the island of Solor. At this time the area of the city was governed by a Raja of the Helong tribe, who claimed descent from the island of Ceram in the Maluku archipelago. Kupang occupied an ideal strategic position to exercise control over parts of Timor since it was possible to monitor shipping activities along the south coast of the island from the location. Moreover, the Koinino River provided a supply of fresh water for the city.
An agreement was reached between the VOC and the Helong tribe, but due to a lack of VOC presence in Timor, Kupang was heavily influenced by the Portuguese mestizo population of Flores, the Topasses, which led to the establishment of a Portuguese stronghold by the 1640s. However, by 1646, the VOC was firmly established on the nearby island of Solor and renewed their agreement with the local Raja of Kupang.[6] In January 1653, a Dutch fortification, Fort Concordia, was built on an elevated position on the left bank of the river estuary. Kupang then became the base of the Dutch struggle against the Portuguese. After a series of defeats were inflicted on the Dutch between 1655 and 1657, large groups of refugees from the neighbouring VOC allies of the Sonbai and Amabi principalities settled into the vicinity of Kupang and formed small polities on land that had traditionally belonged to the Helong. They were followed by two other groups, the Amfoan and the Taebenu, who arrived in 1683 and 1688, respectively. The Helong Raja remained the "Lord of the Land" (tuan tanah) but remained closely dependent on VOC authorities. However, apart from the territory of the Helong, the island of Timor was largely dominated by the Portuguese until 1749.[7]
Dutch colony
The Dutch established a European-modelled administration with a chief executive (opperhoofd) and a council, which regulated affairs with the indigenous population through regular meetings (vergaderingen), and also handled affairs with the nearby VOC-allied islands of Rote, Savu, and Solor. Chinese traders and artisans were settled by the early 18th century and soon became an indispensable part of the local economy. The area of the town was also settled by various indigenous groups from the region, and by mardijkers (who were the descendants of freed slaves under Dutch jurisdiction). In 1752, the population consisted of 827 Christians and an unspecified number of non-Christians.[8] The political importance of Kupang increased greatly in 1749 when the Topasses were decisively defeated by the Dutch and their allies, which led to the extension of VOC influence over wide areas of western and central Timor. Nevertheless, Dutch influence on the island was somewhat diminished after 1761 due to incompetence and inaction on the part of the colonial administration.
Kupang was the final destination of William Bligh, who was set adrift in an open boat following the Mutiny on the Bounty (1789). After travelling 3,618 nautical miles (6,710 km) from the Tonga Islands over 41 days, Bligh landed in Kupang on 14 June.[9] News of his journey inspired a small party of nine convicts and two children to escape from the penal colony at Sydney Cove, Australia, they escaped from Port Jackson, Australia, and arrived at Kupang after ten weeks,[10] having travelled 3,254 nautical miles (6,026 km).[11]
VOC positions in the East Indies were attacked by British Forces following the occupation of the Netherlands by French revolutionary armies in 1795. Kupang was assaulted in 1797, and the British were eventually expelled, although the town suffered extensive damage. Another British attack in 1811 was similarly defeated. After the British occupation of Java, Kupang finally surrendered in January 1812, and the town was returned to the Dutch in 1816 following the end of the Napoleonic Wars.
The politics of the city in the early 19th century were dominated by Jacobus Arnoldus Hazaart, who governed Dutch Timor as a Resident in three terms between 1810 and 1832 and handled matters with little interference from the colonial government in
Recent history and independence
The city was used for landing and refueling by long-distance flights between Europe and Australia. It was under
The city later became an important location in the Timorese conflict. In 1967, the city became the seat of the Diocese of Kupang. In 1989, the diocese was elevated to the Archdiocese of Kupang.[15] In April 2021, the city was heavily damaged by Tropical Cyclone Seroja.[16]
Geography
Kupang is located on the southwestern tip of the island of Timor. It is solely bordered by the Kupang Regency on land and on its northern shore by the Savu Sea. It has a land area of 180.27 square kilometers (which is divided into six administrative districts), along with a water area of 94.79 square kilometers. The area around the city is geologically inactive, with soil composition characterised by non-volcanic materials such as Latosol and Terra rossa. At its highest point, the city is 62 metres above sea level, with inclination varying from 0 - 5%.[17] The topography of the city is mostly low-lying but also includes groups of hills in the south and southwest, which has the effect of creating a relatively fertile catchment area.[18][17]
Climate
Under the Köppen climate classification, Kupang has a tropical savanna climate (Aw). Unlike many cities with this climate, Kupang's temperature varies little between the summer season (October to March) and the winter season (April to September). The hottest month is October (with an average temperature of 28.8 °C or 83.8 °F), while the coolest is July (with an average temperature of 26.1 °C or 79.0 °F). The city experiences extreme wet and dry seasons, with January being the wettest month (with an average total rainfall of 386 millimetres or 15.20 inches), while August and September are the driest months (with an average of only 2 millimetres or 0.079 inches of rain in each month).
Climate data for Kupang, West Timor, Indonesia (1961-1975) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 35.0 (95.0) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.6 (96.1) |
36.1 (97.0) |
35.6 (96.1) |
34.4 (93.9) |
35.0 (95.0) |
36.7 (98.1) |
37.2 (99.0) |
38.3 (100.9) |
38.3 (100.9) |
36.7 (98.1) |
38.3 (100.9) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 30.1 (86.2) |
30.0 (86.0) |
31.1 (88.0) |
32.4 (90.3) |
32.3 (90.1) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.3 (88.3) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.8 (92.8) |
33.1 (91.6) |
31.4 (88.5) |
31.9 (89.4) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 26.9 (80.4) |
26.6 (79.9) |
27.2 (81.0) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.2 (79.2) |
26.1 (79.0) |
26.7 (80.1) |
27.7 (81.9) |
28.8 (83.8) |
28.7 (83.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
27.3 (81.1) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 23.8 (74.8) |
23.5 (74.3) |
23.3 (73.9) |
22.8 (73.0) |
22.3 (72.1) |
20.7 (69.3) |
20.2 (68.4) |
20.5 (68.9) |
21.2 (70.2) |
22.5 (72.5) |
23.6 (74.5) |
23.8 (74.8) |
22.4 (72.3) |
Record low °C (°F) | 21.1 (70.0) |
20.0 (68.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
17.2 (63.0) |
17.8 (64.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
15.6 (60.1) |
16.7 (62.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
20.0 (68.0) |
21.1 (70.0) |
15.6 (60.1) |
Average rainfall mm (inches) | 386 (15.2) |
347 (13.7) |
234 (9.2) |
65 (2.6) |
30 (1.2) |
10 (0.4) |
5 (0.2) |
2 (0.1) |
2 (0.1) |
17 (0.7) |
83 (3.3) |
232 (9.1) |
1,413 (55.8) |
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 18.1 | 15.5 | 13.2 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 6.9 | 14.7 | 79.8 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
85 | 86 | 83 | 75 | 70 | 67 | 65 | 63 | 64 | 66 | 73 | 81 | 73 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 189 | 195 | 223 | 267 | 276 | 276 | 288 | 304 | 306 | 288 | 264 | 205 | 3,081 |
Source 1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[19] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Danish Meteorological Institute[20] |
Demographics
Because of its status as a provincial capital, Kupang has become a multi-ethnic city and is a popular destination for migration from neighbouring regions. The city's population increased by 31% from 2010 to 2020. In that year, the ratio of males to females in the city was 51 to 50. As with most Indonesian cities, the population is young, with 65% of the city's population classified in the potential productive workforce of people over 15 years of age. The predominant age group is in the range of 20 to 24 years old, which can be attributed to an influx of young migrant, which fell to 1.83s from other regions. The population growth in 2020 was approximately 3%, which fell to 1.83% per annum on average between 2020 and 2023.
The majority of the city's population identifies as Protestant (326,229). Smaller religious groups include Catholic (75,804), Muslim (44,419), Hindu (6,114), and Buddhist (205). Life expectancy in the city is 70 years, which, although slightly below the national level, is higher than the provincial figure.[17][18][21]
Economy
The largest contributor to the local economy is the
This economic profile significantly differs from that of neighbouring regions, which still rely on agriculture and resource extraction as the primary contributor to their economies. The amount of land used for agriculture in Kupang decreased by 41% from 2018 to 2019, while the industrial sector grew by 11% in the same timeframe. Industrial facilities in the city include three
The city experienced
Governance
Administrative division
As of 2021, Kupang was divided into six districts (kecamatan). The table below shows the area and population of each district according to the
Kode Wilayah |
Name of District (kecamatan) |
Area in km2 |
Pop'n Census 2020 |
Pop'on Estimate mid 2023 |
Admin centre |
No. of villages |
Post codes |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
53.71.01 | Alak | 86.91 | 76,908 | 84,110 | Penkase Oeleta | 12 | 85231 - 85239 |
53.71.02 | Maulafa | 54.80 | 97,976 | 106,880 | Maulafa | 9 | 85141 - 85148 |
53.71.04 | Oebobo | 14.22 | 100,560 | 103,800 | Oebobo | 7 | 85111 - 85112 |
53.71.05 | Kota Raja | 6.10 | 57,121 | 58,960 | Kota Raja | 8 | 85111 - 85119 |
53.71.03 | Kelapa Lima | 15.02 | 75,486 | 77,310 | Kelapa Lima | 5 | 85228 |
53.71.06 | Kota Lama | 3.22 | 34,725 | 35,570 | Kota Lama | 10 | 85221 - 85229 |
Totals | 180.27 | 442,758 | 466,612 | 51 |
Local government
As is standard among Indonesian cities, Kupang is governed as a second-level administrative division, which is run by an executive branch consisting of a mayor and vice mayor, and a legislative body in the form of a city parliament. This system of government is approximately equivalent to that of a regency.[25] The mayor, vice mayor, and members of the city parliament are elected by the population of the city.[26] The district heads, however, are appointed directly by the mayor with the recommendation of the city secretary.[27][28]
Politics
The city is coterminous with the 1st electoral district of East Nusa Tenggara province (out of a total of 8 electoral districts in the province), which sends 6 members to the 65-seat provincial parliament. The city parliament is made up of 40 representatives, which are divided into five electoral districts. This division can be seen in the table below. The last legislative election was in 2019 and the next one is scheduled to be held in 2024.[29] As the capital of East Nusa Tenggara province, the city is also home to the provincial parliament building and the governor's office.[30]
Electoral District | Comprising | Representatives |
---|---|---|
Kupang 1st | Kota Raja District | 6 |
Kupang 2nd | Kelapa Lima & Kota Lama Districts | 11 |
Kupang 3rd | Oebobo District | 9 |
Kupang 4th | Maulafa District | 8 |
Kupang 5th | Alak District | 6 |
Total | 40 |
Infrastructure
Health
As of 2021, there are 10 hospitals, 45
Education
The city contains 122 kindergartens, 150 elementary schools, 59 junior high schools, 42 senior high schools, 24 vocational high schools, and 16 higher education institutions. Oebobo District hosts the largest amount of schools, while Kota Lama District hosts the least.[17][21] One of the most notable universities in the city is the University of Nusa Cendana, located in Kelapa Lima District, which is also the oldest university in the province. Other universities and higher education institutions include Artha Wacana Christian University, Widya Mandira Catholic University, and Kupang State Polytech of Agriculture.[38][39][40]
Place of worship
As of 2021, the city contained 69 mosques, 327 churches, seven Hindu temples, and one Chinese Buddhist temple.[17]
Transportation
As of 2021, there were a total of 1,665.93 kilometers of road within the city, of which 1,423.05 kilometers had been paved with asphalt.[17] The city is served by El Tari International Airport, which in 2019 saw 936,159 arrivals and 992,048 departures. The main port of the city, Tenau International Port, saw 176,888 arrivals and 204,919 departures.[21] In addition, the port also saw a total movement of 234,945 tons of goods in 2020.[17]
In September 2020, the city launched its first
See also
- List of colonial Residents of Dutch Timor
- History of Timor
- List of regencies and cities of Indonesia
References
- ^ "Population of Kupang, Indonesia". Archived from the original on 18 June 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
- ^ a b c Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 28 February 2024, Kota Kupang Dalam Angka 2024 (Katalog-BPS 1102001.5371)
- ^ "[Metode Baru] Indeks Pembangunan Manusia 2021-2022". Badan Pusat Statistik (in Indonesian).
- ^ a b Badan Pusat Statistik, Jakarta, 2021.
- ^ "Boosting Growth through the Growth Triangle « Government of Timor-Leste". timor-leste.gov.tl.
- ^ Arend de Roever, De jacht op sandelhout: De VOC en de tweedeling van Timor in de zeventiende eeuw (Zutphen 2002), pp. 105-255.
- ^ Hans Hägerdal, Lords of the land, lords of the sea: Conflict and adaptation in early colonial Timor, 1600-1800 (Leiden 2012), pp. 199-309.
- ^ Hans Hägerdal 2012, p. 254.
- ^ "A Voyage to the South Sea". gutenberg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ T. Kenealy, Commonwealth of Thieves (Random House Australia 2005), p. 353.
- ^ "A Voyage to the South Sea". gutenberg.org. Retrieved 29 April 2020.
- ^ Steven Farram, "Jacobus Arnoldus Hazaart and the British interregnum in Netherlands Timor, 1812-1816", Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde 163-4 (2007), pp. 455-475.
- ^ Hermann Fiedler, Die Insel Timor (Friedrichssegen 1929), p. 2.
- ^ L.J. van Dijk, "De zelfbesturende landschappen in de Residentie Timor en Onderhoorigheden", Indische Gids 47 (1925).
- ^ Steven Farram, From 'Timor Koepang' to 'Timor NTT': The political history of West Timor, 1901-1967 (PhD Thesis, Charles Darwin University 2004).
- ^ Bere, Sigiranus Marutho. 2021. Nine consecutive hours of nonstop rainfall and wind gust in Kupang due to Severe Tropical Cyclone Seroja
- ^ a b c d e f g h i "Kota Kupang Dalam Angka 2021". kupangkota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ a b "Profil Kota Kupang (PU)" (PDF).
- ^
"Klimatafel von Kupang / Insel Timor / Indonesien" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
- ^
"STATIONSNUMMER 97372" (PDF). Danish Meteorological Institute. Archived from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2016.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ a b c d e "Statistik Daerah BPS Kota Kupang". kupangkota.bps.go.id. Retrieved 23 April 2021.
- ^ Jahang, Benediktus Sridin Sulu (29 February 2020). Suyanto, Budi (ed.). "Pemda NTT segera ambil alih PT Semen Kupang". Antara News. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "PT Semen Kupang". www.ptsemenkupang.co.id. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Wibowo, Ageng (25 July 2015). Sari, Heppy Ratna (ed.). "Presiden tinjau pabrik Semen Kupang". Antara News. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "UU 22 1999" (PDF).
- ^ "UU 8 2015" (PDF).
- ^ "PP No. 17 Tahun 2018 tentang Kecamatan [JDIH BPK RI]". peraturan.bpk.go.id. Retrieved 16 April 2021.
- ^ Government Law No.19 1998
- ^ "Keputusan KPU Nomor 282/PL.01.3-Kpt/06/KPU/IV/2018 tentang Penetapan Daerah Pemilihan dan Alokasi Kursi Anggota Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Provinsi dan Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten/Kota di Wilayah Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur dalam Pemilihan Umum Tahun 2019" (PDF). KPU RI.
- ^ "Kontak Kami". dprd.nttprov.go.id. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Bahfein, Suhaiela (23 December 2020). Alexander, Hilda (ed.). "[POPULER PROPERTI] Proyek Rumah Sakit Terbesar di NTT Senilai Rp 350,2 Miliar Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Barus, Herry (22 December 2020). "Hutama Karya Garap Proyek RSUPT Kupang NTT". Industry.co.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Profil LABKESLING - LABKESLING KOTA KUPANG". labkes.dinkes-kotakupang.web.id. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "RL-00113-Laboratorium-UPT-BLH-Daerah-Nusa-Tenggara-Timur" (PDF).
- ^ "Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian Balitbangtan (BPTP) Nusa Tenggara Timur".
- ^ Amalo, Palce (16 October 2020). "NTT kini Miliki Dua Laboratorium Biomolekuler". mediaindonesia.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Kaha, Kornelis (16 October 2020). Suryatmojo, Heru Dwi (ed.). "Menkes resmikan laboratorium biomolekuler Undana Kupang". Antara News. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Kota Kupang".
- ^ "UNDANA".
- ^ "Universitas Nusa Cendana". Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Jalur BRT Kupang" (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Jehola, Kanis, ed. (1 September 2020). "Para Sopir Angkutan Umum Kota Kupang Lampu 10 Ancam Lakukan Demo". Pos Kupang (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Jehola, Kanis, ed. (3 September 2020). "BRT Angin Segar Bagi Warga Kota Kupang". Pos Kupang (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Rachmawati, Yeni (27 August 2020). Ndoen, Ferry (ed.). "Bus Rapid Trans Kota Belum Juga Dioperasikan, Ini ALasannya". Pos Kupang (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ Bere, Sigiranus Marutho (18 January 2019). "Minta Restu Gubernur NTT, Go-Jek Kembangkan Sayap ke Kupang Halaman all". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 April 2021.
- ^ "Kini GO-JEK Telah Hadir di 25 Kota Baru di Indonesia | Gojek". www.gojek.com. Retrieved 24 April 2021.
External links
- Kupang travel guide from Wikivoyage