Kyösti Kallio
Kyösti Kallio | |
---|---|
9th, 13th, 17th and 22nd Prime Minister of Finland[1] | |
In office 7 October 1936 – 15 February 1937 | |
President | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud |
Preceded by | Toivo Mikael Kivimäki |
Succeeded by | Aimo Cajander |
In office 16 August 1929 – 4 July 1930 | |
President | Lauri Kristian Relander |
Preceded by | Oskari Mantere |
Succeeded by | Pehr Evind Svinhufvud |
In office 31 December 1925 – 13 December 1926 | |
President | Lauri Kristian Relander |
Preceded by | Antti Tulenheimo |
Succeeded by | Väinö Tanner |
In office 14 November 1922 – 18 January 1924 | |
President | Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg |
Preceded by | Aimo Cajander |
Succeeded by | Aimo Cajander |
11th, 13th, 16th, 19th, 21st and 24th Speaker of the Finnish Parliament | |
In office 21 October 1930 – 8 October 1936 | |
Preceded by | Juho Sunila |
Succeeded by | Väinö Hakkila |
In office 1 February 1929 – 16 August 1929 | |
Preceded by | Paavo Virkkunen |
Succeeded by | Paavo Virkkunen |
In office 3 September 1927 – 31 January 1928 | |
Preceded by | Paavo Virkkunen |
Succeeded by | Paavo Virkkunen |
In office 2 May 1924 – 31 March 1925 | |
Preceded by | Paavo Virkkunen |
Succeeded by | Wäinö Wuolijoki |
In office 6 September 1922 – 14 November 1922 | |
Preceded by | Wäinö Wuolijoki |
Succeeded by | Wäinö Wuolijoki |
In office 8 May 1920 – 29 March 1921 | |
Preceded by | Lauri Kristian Relander |
Succeeded by | Wäinö Wuolijoki |
Personal details | |
Born | Ylivieska, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire | 10 April 1873
Died | 19 December 1940 Helsinki, Finland | (aged 67)
Political party | Agrarian |
Spouse | Kaisa Nivala |
Children | 6 |
Occupation | Farmer Bank clerk |
Signature | |
Kyösti Kallio (Finnish pronunciation:
Kallio was the only president of Finland who did not have an
Biography
Early life
Kyösti Kallio, originally Gustaf Kalliokangas (forename's Swedish pronunciation: [ˈɡɵ̂sːtav], surname's Finnish pronunciation: [ˈkɑlːioˌkɑŋːɑs]), was born in Ylivieska, Grand Duchy of Finland, which was an autonomous region of the Russian Empire at the time. His father Mikko Kalliokangas was a farmer and prominent local politician. Young Kyösti's life also included his father's unmarried and childless cousin, Anttuuna Kangas, or aunt Anttuuna, who arranged for the boy to go to Raahe's junior high school in 1886.[5] After that, he was educated in Oulu where he became acquainted with Santeri Alkio, author and future ideologue of the Agrarian League.[6]
Start of career
Kallio entered politics during the first Russification campaign of Finland as a member of the Young Finnish Party. He served in the Diet of Finland from 1904 to 1906 as a member of the Estate of the Peasantry.[7] He joined the newly founded Agrarian League in 1906 and became one of its most prominent leaders.
Finland gains independence
After the
After the Tsar had been dethroned, the Finnish Parliament had to decide whether the highest authority in the country had passed on to the Russian Provisional Government, the Finnish Parliament, or the Finnish Senate. The question led to serious strife between the right-wing and left-wing elements of the Parliament. Kallio initially supported the socialists in demanding that power transfer to the Parliament, but disapproved of their cooperation with Russian
After the
Civil war
During the
We have to create a Finland where there are no reds or whites, but only Finns who love their country, citizens of the Republic of Finland, who all feel like members of society and enjoy themselves here.[8][9]
Formation of the republic
During the debates over the form of the new state in 1918, Kallio resigned from the senate because he supported a republic instead of constitutional monarchy. Eventually, the monarchist stand lost, and he returned to the Cabinet to become prime minister. He was a reformist who emphasized education, settlement, and land reform. His greatest achievement was "Lex Kallio" in 1922, legislation allowing the state to buy land to encourage new settlements, and to let the former tenant farmers and other landless rural people buy small farms (see, for example, Seppo Zetterberg et al., ed., "Suomen historian pikkujättiläinen").
Supported prohibition
He supported
Non-violent anti-communist
Kallio was an anti-communist, suppressing the Finnish Communist Party (SKP) in 1923, but he resorted to legislative methods. When the violent right-wing Lapua Movement asked him to become their leader, he refused and was then instead subjected to their death threats.
President
Kallio was elected president with the votes of a centrist (Agrarian and Progressive) and social democratic coalition, which wanted to ensure that
On the eve of the
Resignation and death
Kallio left a notice of resignation on 27 November 1940. He was planning to leave the capital and retire to his farm at
Religious views
A significant part of Kallio's personality and a motive for the social reforms which he supported and promoted was his deep Christian faith, which he had adopted already at home, and which was deepened during his marriage to Kaisa Nivala, who was also a devout Christian. Although Kallio was often too busy to go to church, he prayed often when encountering difficulties in making political decisions, and some of these prayers he recorded in his diary. He also read Christian books with his wife and often discussed them by exchanging letters. He often referred to God in his speeches, and during the Winter War he asked the Finns who were serving their country to read the Bible. When he was forced to sign the harsh Moscow Peace Treaty in March 1940, Kallio quoted freely from the Book of Zechariah, saying:
"May my hand, which is forced to sign such a paper, wither."
His right arm was paralysed the following summer, and he was forced to switch his writing hand. In the Presidential Palace, shortly before leaving for Helsinki Central Railway Station for the last time, Kallio sang a hymn with his family.[11][17][18][citation needed]
In popular culture
Kallio was played by Ossi Ahlapuro in the 2001 television film Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940, directed by Veli-Matti Saikkonen.[19]
Gallery
-
Kallio and Juho Niukkanen in 1920s.
-
Kallio speaking on the radio in 1930s.
-
Kallio in his office.
-
president Svinhufvud, president Kallio and marshal Mannerheim
-
Kallio stepping out of his car;Marshal Mannerheimstands left from him.
-
Kallio giving his New Year's speech in 1940.
Cabinets
Kyösti Kallio | |
---|---|
Armiger | Kyösti Kallio |
Honours
Awards and decorations
- Order of the White Rose(Finland)
- Grand Cross of the Order of the Cross of Liberty
- Knight of the Order of the Seraphim (Sweden)
- Order of the Polar Star (Sweden)
- Order of the Falcon (Iceland)
- Collar of the Order of the White Star
- Cross of Liberty Military Leadership (Estonia)
- Cross of Liberty Civilian Service (Estonia)
- Order of the Cross of the Eagle
- Order of the Estonian Red Cross
- Order of the Three Stars (Latvia)
- Order of Merit (Hungary)
- Order of Polonia Restituta
References
- ^ "Governments in chronological order". Finnish government (Valtioneuvosto). Retrieved 27 March 2017.
- ^ YLE(in Finnish)
- ^ "Ministerikortisto". Valtioneuvosto. Archived from the original on 2009-05-03.
- ^ "Edustajamatrikkeli". Eduskunta. Archived from the original on 2012-02-12.
- ^ Matti Kuusi (1965). Suomen tasavallan presidentit (in Finnish). Porvoo: WSOY. pp. 96–97.
- ^ a b Kari Hokkanen. "Kallio, Kyösti (1873 - 1940) President of Finland". Biografiakeskus, Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. Retrieved 2013-01-10.
- ^ Viljo Hytönen (1926). Talonpoikaissäädyn historia. II Osa: Säädyn jäsenet, sihteerit ja tulkit (in Finnish). Helsinki: Otava. pp. 111–113.
- ^ "Kyösti Kallio". kyostikallio.fi (in Finnish). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ Tolkki, Kristiina (5 May 2018). "Nivalassa juhlitaan Kyösti Kallion sovintopuhetta sata vuotta sitten – Katso presidentti Niinistön ja pääministeri Sipilän puheet, suora lähetys klo 13.15 alkaen". Yle (in Finnish). Retrieved 2 September 2023.
- ^ Sakari Virkkunen, Suomen presidentit II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim ("Finnish Presidents II: Kallio - Ryti - Mannerheim"), Helsinki: Otava Publishing Ltd., 1994
- ^ a b Virkkunen, "The Finnish Presidents II"
- ^ Kari Hokkanen, "A Biography of Kyösti Kallio, II: 1930-1940" 1930-1940, Helsinki 1986
- ^ Perälä, Reijo (September 8, 2006). "Kyösti Kallio kuolee, presidentiksi Risto Ryti". Elävä arkisto (in Finnish). Yle. Retrieved December 27, 2021.
- ^ Aladár Paasonen (1974). Marsalkan tiedustelupäällikkönä ja hallituksen asiamiehenä (Marshall's chief of intelligence and Government's official. In Finnish). Weilin, Göös, Helsinki
- ^ HS: Presidentti Kyösti Kallion salonkivaunu jäi Helsingin rautatieasemalle (in Finnish)
- ISBN 978-951-0-36944-9
- ^ Hokkanen, "A Biography of Kyösti Kallio, II"; "The Presidents of the Republic 1931-1940". Helsinki, 1994
- ^ Kyösti Kallion puheet (Speeches of Kyösti Kallio, in Finnish) Helsinki, 1941
- ^ Valtapeliä elokuussa 1940 (TV Movie 2001) – IMDb
External links
- Newspaper clippings about Kyösti Kallio in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW
- Kyösti Kallio in The Presidents of Finland