LGBT

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This article is about the initialism. For a topical guide, see Outline of LGBT topics. For LGBT people in society, see LGBT history, LGBT community, and LGBT culture. For other uses, see LGBT (disambiguation).

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  • e

    • LGBT is an

    umbrella term for marginalized sexualities and gender identities.[17]

    LGBT is an adaptation of LGB, which in the mid-to-late 1980s began to replace the term gay (or gay and lesbian) in reference to the broader LGBT community.[18] When not inclusive of transgender people, the shorter LGB is still used.[19][20]

    History of the term

    Further information: Terminology of homosexuality
    LGBT rights movement and an icon of LGBT culture, is adorned with rainbow pride flags.[21][22][23]
    LGBT publications, pride parades, and related events, such as this stage at Bologna Pride 2008 in Italy, increasingly drop the LGBT initialism instead of regularly adding new letters, and dealing with issues of placement of those letters within the new title.[24]

    The first widely used term,

    homosexual, now a term used primarily in scientific contexts, has at times carried negative connotations in the United States.[25] Gay became a popular term in the 1970s.[26]

    As lesbians forged more public identities, the phrase gay and lesbian became more common.

    gay rights led to the dissolution of some lesbian organizations, including Daughters of Bilitis, which was founded by Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon,[28] but disbanded in 1970 following disputes over which goal should take precedence.[29] As equality was a priority for lesbian feminists, disparity of roles between men and women or butch and femme were viewed as patriarchal. Lesbian feminists eschewed gender role play that had been pervasive in bars as well as the perceived chauvinism of gay men; many lesbian feminists refused to work with gay men or take up their causes.[30]

    Lesbians who held the essentialist view that they had been born homosexual and used the descriptor lesbian to define sexual attraction often considered the separatist opinions of lesbian-feminists to be detrimental to the cause of gay rights.[31] Bisexual and transgender people also sought recognition as legitimate categories within the larger minority community.[27]

    In the late 1970s and the early 1980s, after the elation of change following group action in the 1969

    stereotypes, and bisexuals were simply gay men or lesbian women who were afraid to come out and be honest about their identity.[32] Each community has struggled to develop its own identity including whether, and how, to align with other gender and sexuality-based communities, at times excluding other subgroups; these conflicts continue to this day.[19] LGBTQ activists and artists have created posters to raise consciousness about the issue since the movement began.[33]

    From about 1988, activists began to use the initialism LGBT in the United States.

    inclusion.[5][19]

    Despite the fact that LGBT does not nominally encompass all individuals in smaller communities (see Variants below), the term is generally accepted to include those not specifically identified in the four-letter initialism.[5][19] Overall, the use of the term LGBT has, over time, largely aided in bringing otherwise marginalized individuals into the general community.[5][19] Transgender actress Candis Cayne, in 2009, described the LGBT community as "the last great minority", noting that "we can still be harassed openly" and be "called out on television".[36]

    In 2016, GLAAD's Media Reference Guide states that LGBTQ is the preferred initialism, being more inclusive of younger members of the communities who embrace queer as a self-descriptor.[37] Some people consider queer to be a derogatory term originating in hate speech and reject it, especially among older members of the community.[38]

    Variants

    2010 pride parade in Plaza de Mayo, Buenos Aires, which used the LGBTIQ initialism[39]
    People gathering at the Senate Square, Helsinki, right before the 2011 Helsinki Pride parade started

    Many variants exist, such as the more inclusive LGBT+ and variations that change the order of the letters or include additional letters. At least some of the components of sexuality (regarding hetero, bi, straight), and also

    agender,[43][44][13] and LGBTQIA+, where "the '+' represents those who are part of the community, but for whom LGBTQ does not accurately capture or reflect their identity".[10] Longer initialisms have been criticized as confusing or unwieldy,[45][46][47] sometimes being referred to as "alphabet soup",[48] and mocked with labels such as LGBTQWERTY, LGBTQXYZ, and alphabet mafia.[49][50][51] The implication that the initialism refers to a single community is also controversial.[14]

    Although identical in meaning, LGBT may have a more

    Hebrew and Peninsular Spanish, LGTB (להט"ב) is used, that is, reversing the letters "B" and "T".[55][56]
    Variant terms do not typically represent political differences within the community, but arise simply from the preferences of individuals and groups.[57]

    The terms

    pangender", an "H" for "HIV-affected", or an "O" for "other".[19][65] The initialism LGBTIH has seen use in India to encompass the hijra third gender identity and the related subculture.[66][67]

    Adding the term allies to the initialism has sparked controversy,[68][69] with some seeing the inclusion of ally in place of asexual/aromantic/agender as a form of LGBT erasure.[43][70][71] There is also the acronym QUILTBAG (queer and questioning, unsure, intersex, lesbian, transgender and two-spirit, bisexual, asexual and aromantic, and gay and genderqueer).[72] Similarly LGBTIQA+ stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, intersex, queer/questioning, asexual and many other terms (such as non-binary and pansexual)".[73][74]

    In Canada, the community is sometimes identified as LGBTQ2 (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer and two spirit).[75] Depending on which organization is using the abbreviation, the choice of initialism changes. Businesses and the CBC often simply employ LGBT as a proxy for any longer abbreviation, private activist groups often employ LGBTQ+,[76] whereas public health providers favour the more inclusive LGBT2Q+ to accommodate twin spirited indigenous peoples.[77] For a time, the Pride Toronto organization used the much lengthier initialism LGBTTIQQ2SA, but appears to have dropped this in favour of simpler wording.[78] Prime Minister Justin Trudeau was also criticized for using the 2SLGBTQQIA+ initialism.[79][80] As of July 2023, the Government of Canada's official term is 2SLGBTQI+.[81] Trudeau's new acronym was criticized by some social media users.[82]

    Transgender inclusion

    The term trans* has been adopted by some groups as a more inclusive alternative to "transgender", where trans (without the asterisk) has been used to describe

    bigender, and trans man and trans woman.[83][84] Likewise, the term transsexual commonly falls under the umbrella term transgender, but some transsexual people object to this.[19]

    Intersex inclusion

    Main article: Intersex and LGBT

    Those who add intersex people to LGBT groups or organizations may use the extended initialism LGBTI,[85][86] or LGBTIQ.[87]

    The relationship of

    Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same-sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms".[91][92] Julius Kaggwa of SIPD Uganda has written that, while the gay community "offers us a place of relative safety, it is also oblivious to our specific needs".[93]

    Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same-sex attraction in intersex people,[94][95] with a recent Australian study of people born with atypical sex characteristics finding that 52% of respondents were non-heterosexual;[96][97] thus, research on intersex subjects has been used to explore means of preventing homosexuality.[94][95] As an experience of being born with sex characteristics that do not fit social norms,[98] intersex can be distinguished from transgender,[99][100][101] while some intersex people are both intersex and transgender.[102]

    Asexual, aromantic and agender inclusion

    Main articles:
    Agender

    In the early 2010s,

    agender.[43][44]

    Asexual individuals experience minimal to no sexual attraction to others, and it is crucial to acknowledge that asexuality is a legitimate sexual orientation, not a deficiency or a temporary state. Similarly, aromantic individuals lack romantic attraction to others, yet they can still forge profound emotional connections and strong bonds with people without the romantic component. Furthermore, agender individuals either have no gender identity or possess a neutral or genderless gender identity.[103]

    Some people have mistakenly claimed the A stands for ally, but allies are not a marginalized group and mentions of A for ally have regularly sparked controversy as a form of LGBT erasure.[68][69]

    Criticism of the term

    better source needed
    ]

    The initialisms LGBT or GLBT are not agreed to by everyone that they encompass.[14] For example, some argue that transgender and transsexual causes are not the same as that of lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people.[105] This argument centers on the idea that being transgender or transsexual has to do more with gender identity, or a person's understanding of being or not being a man or a woman irrespective of their sexual orientation.[19] LGB issues can be seen as a matter of sexual orientation or attraction.[19] These distinctions have been made in the context of political action in which LGB goals, such as same-sex marriage legislation and human rights work (which may not include transgender and intersex people), may be perceived to differ from transgender and transsexual goals.[19]

    A belief in "lesbian and gay separatism" (not to be confused with the related "

    lesbian separatism") holds that lesbians and gay men form (or should form) a community distinct and separate from other groups normally included in the LGBTQ sphere.[106] While not always appearing in sufficient numbers or organization to be called a movement, separatists are a significant, vocal, and active element within many parts of the LGBT community.[107][106][108] In some cases separatists will deny the existence or right to equality of bisexual orientations and of transsexuality,[107] sometimes leading public biphobia and transphobia.[107][106] In contrasts to separatists, Peter Tatchell of the LGBT human rights group OutRage! argues that to separate the transgender movement from the LGB would be "political madness", stating that:[109]

    Queers are, like transgender people, gender deviant. We don't conform to traditional heterosexist assumptions of male and female behaviour, in that we have sexual and emotional relationships with the same sex. We should celebrate our discordance with mainstream straight norms.

    The portrayal of an all-encompassing "LGBT community" or "LGB community" is also disliked by some lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people.

    political and social solidarity, and visibility and human rights campaigning that normally goes with it, including LGBT pride marches and events.[110][111] Some of them believe that grouping together people with non-heterosexual orientations perpetuates the myth that being gay/lesbian/bi/asexual/pansexual/etc. makes a person deficiently different from other people.[110] These people are often less visible compared to more mainstream gay or LGBT activists.[110][111] Since this faction is difficult to distinguish from the heterosexual majority, it is common for people to assume all LGBT people support LGBT liberation and the visibility of LGBT people in society, including the right to live one's life differently from the majority.[110][111][112] In the 1996 book Anti-Gay, a collection of essays edited by Mark Simpson, the concept of a 'one-size-fits-all' identity based on LGBT stereotypes is criticized for suppressing the individuality of LGBT people.[113]

    Writing in the

    BBC News Magazine in 2014, Julie Bindel questions whether the various gender groupings now, "bracketed together[,] ... share the same issues, values and goals?" Bindel refers to a number of possible new initialisms for differing combinations and concludes that it may be time for the alliances to either be reformed or go their "separate ways".[114] In 2015, the slogan "Drop the T" was coined to encourage LGBT organizations to stop support of transgender people as they say that sexual orientation, LGB, does not share similarity with gender identity, the T. The campaign has been condemned by many LGBT groups as transphobic.[115][116][117][118]

    Alternative terms

    Queer

    Main article: Queer

    Many have expressed desire for an

    umbrella term to replace existing initialisms.[107] Queer gained popularity as an umbrella-term for sexual and gender minorities in the 21st century.[119] The term remains controversial, particularly among older LGBT people, who perceive it as offensive due to its historical usage as a slur,[119] as well as those who wish to dissociate themselves from queer radicalism,[120] and those who see it as amorphous and trendy.[121] Some younger people feel queer is a more politically charged, more powerful term than LGBT.[122][123] In a 2018 U.S. study, about 1 in 5 LGBTQ people identified as "queer".[119]

    SGM/GSM/GSRM

    See also:
    Romantic minority

    SGM, or GSM,

    romantic minorities such as aromanticism.[125][126]

    In New Zealand, New Zealand Human Rights Commission uses "Rights of Sexual and Gender Minorities" to discuss the LGBT rights.[127]

    In India, the Constitutional Bench of the Supreme Court of India when decriminalizing homosexuality in the case of Navtej Singh Johar v. Union of India (2018), said:[128]

    Individuals belonging to sexual and gender minorities experience discrimination, stigmatization, and, in some cases, denial of care on account of their sexual orientation and gender identity. However, it is important to note that 'sexual and gender minorities' do not constitute a homogenous group, and experiences of social exclusion, marginalization, and discrimination, as well as specific health needs, vary considerably. Nevertheless, these individuals are united by one factor - that their exclusion, discrimination and marginalization is rooted in societal heteronormativity and society's pervasive bias towards gender binary and opposite-gender relationships, which marginalizes and excludes all non-heteronormative sexual and gender identities.[129]

    The term "Sexual and Gender Minority" has been adopted by the

    White House Office of Management and Budget states, "We believe that SGM is more inclusive, because it includes persons not specifically referenced by the identities listed in LGBT."[136]

    A UK government paper favors SGM because initials like LGBTIQ+ stand for terms that, especially outside the

    Global North, are "not necessarily inclusive of local understandings and terms used to describe sexual and gender minorities".[137] An example of usage outside the Global North is the Constitution of Nepal, which identifies "gender and sexual minorities" as a protected class.[138]

    Further umbrella terms

    In Canada especially, the term 2SLGBTQ+ is seen, with the first two characters standing for two-spirit; the whole term stands for two-spirit, lesbian, gay, bisexual, trans, queer and questioning, and is intended as a term encompassing all sexual- and gender-minorities. For some indigenous people, two-spirit invokes a combination of identities, including sexual, gender, cultural, and spiritual.[139]

    Some people advocate the term "minority sexual and gender identities" (MSGI, coined in 2000) for the purpose of explicitly including all people who are not

    Gender and Sexual Diversities (GSD),[145] MOGII (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Identities, and Intersex) and MOGAI (Marginalized Orientations, Gender Alignments and Intersex).[146][147]

    SGL (

    African Americans as a way of distinguishing themselves from what they regard as white-dominated LGBT communities.[148]

    Clinical

    In public health settings, MSM ("men who have sex with men") is clinically used to describe men who have sex with other men without referring to their sexual orientation, with WSW ("women who have sex with women") also used as an analogous term.[149][150]

    MVPFAFF

    MVPFAFF is an abbreviation for

    Fa'afafine, Akava'ine, Fakaleitī (Leiti), and Fakafifine. This term was developed by Phylesha Brown-Acton in 2010 at the Asia Pacific Games Human Rights Conference.[151] This refers to those in the rainbow Pacific Islander community, who may or may not identify with the LGBT initialism.[152]

    See also

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