Intersex and LGBT

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
LGBTI
)

heterosexual and cisgender,[3][4] this overlap and "shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms" has led to intersex people often being included under the LGBT umbrella, with the acronym sometimes expanded to LGBTI.[5][a] Some intersex activists and organisations have criticised this inclusion as distracting from intersex-specific issues such as involuntary medical interventions
.

Intersex and homosexuality

Intersex can be contrasted with homosexuality or same-sex attraction. Numerous studies have shown higher rates of same sex attraction in intersex people,[6][7] with a recent Australian study of people born with atypical sex characteristics finding that 52% of respondents were non-heterosexual.[8][3]

Clinical research on intersex subjects has been used to investigate means of preventing homosexuality.

5α-Reductase deficiency and 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase III deficiency, stating that sexual attraction towards females in individuals with these conditions was facilitated by "prenatal exposure to and utilization of androgens."[6]
He concluded:

It is too early to conclude that there is a pre- or perinatal hormonal contribution to the development of homosexuality, except perhaps in persons with clearcut physical signs of intersexuality. The scientific basis is insufficient to justify the assessment of chromosomes and sex hormones in the fetus, or the prenatal treatment with sex hormones, for the purpose of preventing the development of homosexuality, quite apart from the ethical issues involved.[6]

In 2010, Saroj Nimkarn and Maria New wrote that, "Gender-related behaviors, namely childhood play, peer association, career and leisure time preferences in adolescence and adulthood, maternalism, aggression, and sexual orientation become" masculinized in women with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.[9] Medical intervention to prevent such traits has been likened by Dreger, Feder and Tamar-Mattis to a means of preventing homosexuality and "uppity women."[10]

A poll of intersex youth in the US by

pansexual, 28% gay/lesbian, 12% queer, 2% straight and 3% questioning. The poll sampled primarily LGBTQ youth.[11]

Queer bodies

Intersex activists and scholars such as Morgan Holmes, Katrina Karkazis and Morgan Carpenter have identified heteronormativity in medical rationales for medical interventions on infants and children with intersex characteristics.[12][13][14] Holmes and Carpenter have sometimes talked of intersex bodies as "queer bodies",[12][15] while Carpenter also stresses inadequacies and "dangerous" consequences from framing intersex as a sexual orientation or gender identity issue.[13]

In What Can Queer Theory Do for Intersex? Iain Morland contrasts queer "hedonic activism" with an experience of insensate post-surgical intersex bodies to claim that "queerness is characterized by the sensory interrelation of pleasure and shame."[16]

Intersex and transgender

migrants in social danger: expulsions, impoverishment, contamination, and violence." Existrans 2017, Paris
.

Intersex can also be contrasted with

non-binary, 17% transgender, and 9% questioning, the poll sampled primarily LGBTQ youth.[11] The rate of being transgender/non-binary in the overall US youth population is 5%.[21]

Non-binary gender

Recognition of third sex or gender classifications occurs in several countries.[22][23][24][25] Sociological research in Australia, a country with a third 'X' sex classification, shows that 19% of people born with atypical sex characteristics selected an "X" or "other" option, while 52% are women, 23% men, and 6% unsure.[8][3]

A

sex or gender
" and "ensur[ing] that sex or gender classifications are amendable through a simple administrative procedure at the request of the individuals concerned." It also advocates for non-binary options and self-identification for all while calling for an end to registering sex on birth certificates.

Alex MacFarlane is believed to be the first person in Australia to obtain a birth certificate recording sex as indeterminate, and the first Australian passport with an 'X' sex marker in 2003.[32][23][33] On September 26, 2016, California resident Sara Kelly Keenan became the second person in the United States (after Elisa Rae Shupe) to legally change their gender to 'non-binary'. Keenan cited Shupe's case as inspiration for their petition, "It never occurred to me that this was an option, because I thought the gender change laws were strictly for transgender people. I decided to try and use the same framework to have a third gender."[34] Keenan later obtained a birth certificate with an intersex sex marker. In press reporting of this decision, it became apparent that Ohio had issued a 'hermaphrodite' sex marker in 2012.[35]

Intersex scholar Morgan Holmes argues that thinking of societies that incorporate a 'third sex' as superior is overly simplistic, and that "to understand whether a system is more or less oppressive than another we have to understand how it treats its various members, not only its 'thirds'."[36]

The Asia Pacific Forum of National Human Rights Institutions states that the legal recognition of intersex people is firstly about access to the same rights as other men and women, when assigned male or female; secondly it is about access to administrative corrections to legal documents when an original sex assignment is not appropriate; and thirdly it is not about the creation of a third sex or gender classification for intersex people as a population but it is, instead, about self-determination.[37]

LGBT and LGBTI

The relationship of intersex to lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans, and queer communities is complex,[38] but intersex people are often added to LGBT to create an LGBTI community.[39][40] A 2019 background note by the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights has stated that intersex persons are a distinct population with concerns about "representation, misrepresentation and resourcing", but who share "common concerns" with LGBT people "due to shared experiences of harm arising from dominant societal sex and gender norms." The paper identifies both how intersex people can suffer human rights violations "before they are able to develop or freely express and identity" and how "stereotypes, fear and stigmatization of LGBT people provide rationales for forced and coercive medical interventions on children with intersex variations."[41]

Mauro Cabral has written that transgender people and organizations "need to stop approaching intersex issues as if they were trans issues" including use of intersex as a means of explaining being transgender; "we can collaborate a lot with the intersex movement by making it clear how wrong that approach is."[43]

Organisation Intersex International Australia states that some intersex individuals are same sex attracted, and some are heterosexual, but "LGBTI activism has fought for the rights of people who fall outside of expected binary sex and gender norms."[45][46]

On July 1, 2020, Russian intersex organizations (Interseks.ru, ARSI, NFP+, Intersex Russia) issued a statement on the use of LGBTI abbreviation urging not to use it in and about countries with widespread prejudice and violence in attitudes of individuals based on their sexual orientation and gender identity.[47]

Protecting intersex people in law

sex characteristics
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex status
  Explicit protection on grounds of intersex within attribute of sex

Emi Koyama describes how inclusion of intersex in LGBTI can fail to address intersex-specific human rights issues, including creating false impressions "that intersex people's rights are protected" by laws protecting LGBT people, and failing to acknowledge that many intersex people are not LGBT.[48]

sex characteristics is now more widespread.[37]

"Pinkwashing"

  Legal prohibition of non-consensual medical interventions
  Regulatory suspension of non-consensual medical interventions

Multiple organizations have highlighted appeals to LGBT rights recognition that fail to address the issue of unnecessary "normalising" intersex medical interventions on intersex children, including by using the portmanteau pinkwashing. In a 2001 paper for the (now defunct) Intersex Society of North America, Emi Koyama and Lisa Weasel stating that teaching of intersex issues is "stuck" at talking about intersex as a mean instead of an end:

This indeed seems to be a common problem within women's, gender and queer studies: discussions about intersex existence are "stuck" at where it is used to deconstruct sexes, gender roles, compulsory heterosexuality, and even Western science, rather than addressing medical ethics or other issues that directly impact the lives of intersex people. But perhaps this is an inaccurate way to describe the situation: the truth is not that these discussions are "stuck" prematurely, but that they are starting from a wrong place with a wrong set of priorities".[53]

In June 2016, Organisation Intersex International Australia pointed to contradictory statements by Australian governments, suggesting that the dignity and rights of LGBT and intersex people are recognized while, at the same time, harmful practices on intersex children continue.[54]

In August 2016, Zwischengeschlecht described actions to promote equality or civil status legislation without action on banning "intersex genital mutilations" as a form of pinkwashing.[55] The organization has previously highlighted evasive government statements to UN Treaty Bodies that conflate intersex, transgender and LGBT issues, instead of addressing harmful practices on infants.[56]

Terms

bisexual, and transgender, and others. The initialism has become mainstream as a self-designation; it has been adopted by the majority of sexuality and gender identity-based community centers and media in the United States, as well as many other countries.[57][58]

Another variant is LGBTQIA, which is used, for example, by the "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual Resource Center" at the University of California, Davis.[59]

The United States National Institutes of Health (NIH) have framed LGBT, others "whose sexual orientation and/or gender identity varies, those who may not self-identify as LGBT" and also intersex populations (as persons with disorders of sex development) as "sexual and gender minority" (SGM) populations. This has led to the development of an NIH SGM Health Research Strategic Plan.[60]

The concept of queer can also be included to form the initialisms LGBTIQ[61] and LGTBIQ (in Spanish).[62]

Other intersectionalities

Intersex and children's rights

interACT has described how the LGBT community has helped open doors, but how intersex rights are broader: "at its core this is a children's rights issue. It is also about health and reproductive rights, because these operations can lead to infertility."[63]

Intersex and disability

Multiple authors and civil society organizations highlight intersectionalities between intersex people and disability, due to issues of medicalization, and the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis.[64] In an analysis of the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis to eliminate intersex traits, Behrmann and Ravitsky state: "Parental choice against intersex may ... conceal biases against same-sex attractedness and gender nonconformity."[65]

A 2006 clinical reframing of intersex conditions as disorders of sex development[66][67] made associations between intersex and disability explicit,[68][69] but the rhetorical shift remains deeply contentious.[70][71] Sociological research in Australia, published in 2016, found that 3% of respondents used the term "disorders of sex development" or "DSD" to define their sex characteristics, while 21% use the term when accessing medical services. In contrast, 60% used the term "intersex" in some form to self-describe their sex characteristics.[3]

In the

Americans with Disabilities Act.[72] In 2013, the Australian Senate published a report on the Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia as part of a broader inquiry into the involuntary or coercive sterilization of people with disabilities.[73] In Europe, OII Europe has identified multiple articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, including on equality and non-discrimination, and freedom from torture, and protecting the integrity of the person. Nevertheless, the organization has expressed concern that framings of intersex as disability can reinforce medicalization and lack of human rights, and do not match self-identification.[74]

See also

  • LGBTIQ
    activist

Notes

  1. ^ Other terms are also used, see below.

References

  1. Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights, archived from the original on November 21, 2016{{citation}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link
    )
  2. ^ United Nations; Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (2015). Free & Equal Campaign Fact Sheet: Intersex (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-04.
  3. ^
    ISBN 978-1-78374-208-0. Archived from the original
    (PDF) on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 2 February 2016.
  4. ^ .
  5. ^ United Nations; UNDP; OHCHR; UNAIDS; ILO; UNESCO; UNFPA; UNICEF; UNHCR; UN Women; UNODC; WFP; WHO (September 2015), Ending violence and discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and intersex people
  6. ^
    ISSN 1044-5463
    .
  7. ^ a b Dreger, Alice; Feder, Ellen K; Tamar-Mattis, Anne (29 June 2010), Preventing Homosexuality (and Uppity Women) in the Womb?, The Hastings Center Bioethics Forum, archived from the original on 2 April 2016, retrieved 18 May 2016
  8. ^
    Organisation Intersex International Australia. February 3, 2016. Archived from the original
    on August 29, 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
  9. .
  10. ^ Dreger, Alice; Feder, Ellen K; Tamar-Mattis, Anne (June 29, 2010), "Preventing Homosexuality (and Uppity Women) in the Womb?", The Hastings Center Bioethics Forum, archived from the original on April 2, 2016, retrieved February 1, 2017
  11. ^ a b "The Mental Health and Well-being of LGBTQ Youth who are Intersex" (PDF). The Trevor Project. 2021.
  12. ^ from the original on 2021-03-08. Retrieved 2021-03-19.
  13. ^ .
  14. .
  15. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (18 June 2013). "Australia can lead the way for intersex people". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 15 October 2014. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
  16. ISBN 978-0-8223-6705-5. Archived from the original
    on 2014-12-26. Retrieved 2014-12-26.
  17. ^ a b "Children's right to physical integrity, Report Doc. 13297". Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly. 6 September 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013.
  18. Inter/Act. Archived
    from the original on 2014-10-18. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  19. on 2014-09-04. Retrieved 2013-07-10.
  20. Cabral Grinspan, Mauro (October 25, 2015), The marks on our bodies, Intersex Day, archived
    from the original on April 5, 2016
  21. ^ Brown, Anna. "About 5% of young adults in the U.S. say their gender is different from their sex assigned at birth".
  22. ^ "Australian Government Guidelines on the Recognition of Sex and Gender, 30 May 2013". Archived from the original on 1 July 2015. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  23. ^
    S2CID 143528047
    .
  24. ^ "New Zealand Passports - Information about Changing Sex / Gender Identity". Archived from the original on 23 September 2014. Retrieved 6 October 2014.
  25. ^ "Third sex option on birth certificates". Deutsche Welle. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 10 October 2014.
  26. ^ "Germany allows indeterminate gender on birth register". Reuters. 21 August 2013. Archived from the original on 24 July 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  27. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (20 August 2013). "German proposals for a "third gender" on birth certificates miss the mark". Intersex Human Rights Australia. Archived from the original on 20 September 2020. Retrieved 23 July 2020.
  28. ^ "Sham package for Intersex: Leaving sex entry open is not an option". OII Europe. 15 February 2013. Archived from the original on 29 August 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  29. ^ "Intersex: Third Gender in Germany" (Spiegel, Huff Post, Guardian, ...): Silly Season Fantasies vs. Reality of Genital Mutilations". Zwischengeschlecht. 1 November 2013. Archived from the original on 24 June 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  30. ^ Global intersex community affirms shared goals Archived 2013-12-06 at the Wayback Machine, Star Observer, December 4, 2013
  31. ^ "Malta Declaration". OII Europe. Archived from the original on 2020-08-18. Retrieved 2020-07-23.
  32. ^ "X marks the spot for intersex Alex" (PDF). West Australian, via bodieslikeours.org. 11 January 2003. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  33. ^ "Neither man nor woman" Archived 2016-04-24 at the Wayback Machine, Sydney Morning Herald. 27 June 2010
  34. ^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (September 26, 2016). "Californian Becomes Second US Citizen Granted 'Non-Binary' Gender Status". NBC News. Archived from the original on September 26, 2016. Retrieved September 26, 2016.
  35. ^ O'Hara, Mary Emily (December 29, 2016). "Nation's First Known Intersex Birth Certificate Issued in NYC". NBC News. Archived from the original on December 30, 2016. Retrieved 2016-12-30.
  36. ISSN 1444-3775. Archived from the original
    on 2017-01-10. Retrieved 2014-12-28.
  37. ^ from the original on 2017-01-15.
  38. ^ Dreger, Alice (4 May 2015). "Reasons to Add and Reasons NOT to Add "I" (Intersex) to LGBT in Healthcare" (PDF). Association of American Medical Colleges. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  39. from the original on 2012-11-22. Retrieved 2008-07-05.
  40. ^ Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (October 2019), Background Note on Human Rights Violations against Intersex People, archived from the original on 2020-01-29, retrieved 2020-03-05
  41. from the original on October 6, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-03.
  42. on November 3, 2016. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  43. ^ Pagonis, Pidgeon (June 2016). "7 Ways Adding 'I' to the LGBTQA+ Acronym Can Miss the Point". Everyday Feminism. Archived from the original on 2017-01-09.
  44. ^ "Intersex for allies". 21 November 2012. Archived from the original on 7 June 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  45. ^ "OII releases new resource on intersex issues, Intersex for allies and Making services intersex inclusive by Organisation Intersex International Australia". Gay News Network. 2 June 2014. Archived from the original on 6 June 2014.
  46. ^ "Statement on the use of the abbreviation "LGBTI."". ARSI. 2020-06-20. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2021-06-12.
  47. ^ Koyama, Emi. "Adding the "I": Does Intersex Belong in the LGBT Movement?". Intersex Initiative. Archived from the original on 17 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.
  48. Organisation Intersex International Australia. Sydney. Archived
    from the original on 2017-03-03.
  49. ^ "Sex Discrimination Amendment (Sexual Orientation, Gender Identity and Intersex Status) Act 2013, No. 98, 2013, C2013A00098". ComLaw. 2013. Archived from the original on 2014-10-06. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  50. Organisation Intersex International Australia. 25 June 2013. Archived from the original
    on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 1 February 2017.
  51. ^ Malta (April 2015), Gender Identity, Gender Expression and Sex Characteristics Act: Final version, archived from the original on 2015-07-05, retrieved 2017-02-01
  52. ^ Koyama, Emi; Weasel, Lisa (June 2001). "Teaching Intersex Issues" (PDF). Intersex Society of North America. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-05-17.
  53. Organisation Intersex International Australia. June 28, 2016. Archived from the original
    on September 16, 2016. Retrieved February 1, 2017.
  54. ^ ""Intersex legislation" that allows the daily mutilations to continue = Pinkwashing of IGM practices". Zwischengeschlecht. August 28, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
  55. ^ "Transcription > UK Questioned over Intersex Genital Mutilations by UN Committee on the Rights of the Child - Gov Non-Answer + Denial". Zwischengeschlecht. May 26, 2016. Archived from the original on September 19, 2016.
  56. ^ "NLGJA Stylebook on LGBT Terminology". nlgja.org. 2008. Archived from the original on 2009-04-28.
  57. ^ "Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer, Intersex, Asexual Resource Center". University of California, Davis. September 21, 2015. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-20.
  58. PMID 26789398
    .
  59. ^ "Learning about LGBTIQ". LGBTIQ. Monash University. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021. LGBTIQ stands for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex and Queer. You may have seen alternative versions of the abbreviation such as GLBT, LGBTQIA+, LGBTTIQQ2SA or LGBTIH, to name just a few. Sometimes, you'll see the word Queer used as an umbrella term for these various identities as well.
  60. ^ "LGTBIQ: el significado de las siglas con las que se identifica el colectivo". LaSexta (in European Spanish). 2019-06-28. Archived from the original on 2021-01-20. Retrieved 30 June 2021.
  61. ^ Stewart, Philippa (2017-07-25). "Interview: Intersex Babies Don't Need 'Fixing'". Human Rights Watch. Archived from the original on 2017-08-03. Retrieved 2017-07-25.
  62. S2CID 26016185
    .
  63. .
  64. .
  65. PMID 16624884.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link
    )
  66. .
  67. ^ Koyama, Emi (February 2006). "From "Intersex" to "DSD": Toward a Queer Disability Politics of Gender". University of Vermont. Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. Retrieved 2017-02-01.
  68. .
  69. .
  70. ^ Menon, Yamuna (May 2011). "The Intersex Community and the Americans with Disabilities Act". Connecticut Law Review. 43 (4): 1221–1251. Archived from the original on 2017-02-02.
  71. ISBN 978-1-74229-917-4. Archived from the original on 2015-09-23. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link
    )
  72. ^ OII Europe (April 2015). Statement of OII Europe on Intersex, Disability and the UN Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2016-03-27.
This page is based on the copyrighted Wikipedia article: LGBTI. Articles is available under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license; additional terms may apply.Privacy Policy