LGBT culture in San Francisco
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The
History
19th century
San Francisco's LGBT culture has its roots in the city's own origin as a frontier town, what
These transient and diverse populations thrust into a relatively anarchic environment were less likely to conform to social conventions. For example, with an unbalanced gender ratio, men often assumed roles conventionally assigned to women in social and domestic settings. Cross-gender dress and same-sex dancing were prevalent at city masquerade balls where some men assumed the traditional role of women going so far as to wear female attire.[4] In her study "Arresting dress, cross-dressing in 19th-century San Francisco", Clare Sears also describes numerous cases of women who donned men's clothing in public spaces for increased social and economic freedom, safety, and gender-progressive experimentation.
The late 1800s saw a shift in the demographics of the city along with new social and political attitudes. Anti-vice campaigns emerged to target prostitution along with the criminalization of perceived gender transgressions including outlawing cross-dressing in 1863.[4] Cross-dressing laws and public decency laws continued to influence LGBT culture and its interactions with law enforcement well into the 20th century. This political shift resulted in San Francisco's queer culture reemerging in bars, nightclubs, and entertainment of the Barbary Coast, removed from policing and control.[3] Through the 1890s to 1907, the Barbary Coast, San Francisco's early red-light district located on Pacific Avenue, featured same-sex prostitution and female impersonators who served male clientele.[3][5]
20th century
Through WWII - in the shadows
Michael Stabile of Out stated that the first "notorious" gay bar in San Francisco was The Dash, which opened in 1908.[6] During World War I, the U.S. Navy began the "Blue discharge" practice, which discharged known homosexuals in port cities, helping to create a community of identified (blue discharge was not confidential) gays in San Francisco.[7] The San Francisco LGBT community first fully formed in the 1920s and 1930s.[8] The most prominent LGBT area then was North Beach.[8] Mona's, San Francisco's first lesbian bar, opened on Union Street in 1934, and featured cross-dressing waitresses as well as entertainer Gladys Bentley.[9] Nightclubs with drag shows drew both gay and straight audiences.[10]
During
Todd J. Ormsbee, an American studies professor at San Jose State University who wrote The Meaning of Gay: Interaction, Publicity, and Community among Homosexual Men in 1960s San Francisco, stated that a "somewhat more open gay male culture" appeared in San Francisco due to the city's "relative safety" compared to other American cities and due to a "permissiveness" in the city's culture.[14]
1950s - the Beats, and first organizations
Beat culture erupted in San Francisco in the 1950s with a rebellion against middle class values and thus became aligned with homosexuality and other lifestyles not part of mainstream culture. The beat poets who relocated to San Francisco from New York flourished in San Francisco's permissive atmosphere, and some like Allen Ginsberg were openly gay. In these conditions the first homosexual groups were founded, such as the Daughters of Bilitis (founded in San Francisco, it was the first lesbian civil and political rights organization in the United States), and the Mattachine Society, which started in Los Angeles but was headquartered in San Francisco beginning around 1956.[15][16] Police raids on The Black Cat bar, which had a bohemian and LGBT clientele and featured entertainer and activist José Sarria, sparked an important legal fight for homosexual protections in the 1950s.[17][18]
1960s - SF as gay capital, first struggles for recognition
In 1961 in San Francisco, José Sarria became the first openly gay candidate in the United States to run for public office, running for a seat on the San Francisco Board of Supervisors.[19] Sarria almost won by default. On the last day for candidates to file petitions, city officials realized that there were fewer than five candidates running for the five open seats, which would have assured Sarria a seat. By the end of the day, 34 candidates had filed.[20] Sarria garnered some 6,000 votes,[19] shocking political pundits and setting in motion the idea that a gay voting bloc could wield real power in city politics.[21] As Sarria put it, "From that day on, nobody ran for anything in San Francisco without knocking on the door of the gay community."[22]
The Tavern Guild, the first gay business association in the United States, was created by gay bar owners in 1962 as a response to continued police harassment and closing of gay bars (including the Tay-Bush Inn raid), and continued until 1995.[23]
The June 1964 Paul Welch Life article entitled "Homosexuality In America" marked the first time a national publication reported on gay issues. Life's photographer was referred to a gay leather bar in San Francisco called the Tool Box by Hal Call, who had long worked to dispel the myth that all homosexual men were effeminate. The article opened with a two-page spread of the mural of life size leathermen in the bar, which had been painted by Chuck Arnett in 1962.[24][25][26][27] The article described San Francisco as "The Gay Capital of America" and inspired many gay leathermen to move there.[26][28]
The Society for Individual Rights (SIR), founded in San Francisco in 1964, published the magazine Vector and became within two years the largest homophile organization in the United States. SIR focused on community building, public identity and legal and social services.[29][30]
On the eve of January 1, 1965, several homophile organizations in San Francisco, California - including SIR, the Daughters of Bilitis, the Council on Religion and the Homosexual, and the Mattachine Society - held a fund-raising ball for their mutual benefit at the California Hall.[31] San Francisco police had agreed not to interfere; however, on the evening of the ball, the police showed up in force and surrounded the California Hall and focused numerous kleig lights on the entrance to the hall. As each of the 600-plus persons entering the ball approached the entrance, the police took their photographs.[31] A number of police vans were parked in plain view near the entrance to the ball.[31] Evander Smith, a lawyer for the groups organizing the ball, and Herb Donaldson tried to stop the police from conducting the fourth "inspection" of the evening; both were arrested, along with two heterosexual lawyers - Elliott Leighton and Nancy May - who were supporting the rights of the participants to gather at the ball.[31] But twenty-five of the most prominent lawyers in San Francisco joined the defense team for the four lawyers, and the judge directed the jury to find the four not guilty before the defense had even had a chance to begin their argumentation when the case came to court.[31] This event has been called "San Francisco's Stonewall" by some historians;[31] the participation of such prominent litigators in the defense of Smith, Donaldson and the other two lawyers marked a turning point in gay rights on the West Coast of the United States.[32]
Vanguard, an organization of LGBT youth in the low-income
In 1966, SIR opened America's first gay and lesbian community center. Also in 1966, one of the first recorded transgender riots in US history took place. The
One of the earliest organizations for bisexuals, the Sexual Freedom League in San Francisco, was facilitated by Margo Rila and Frank Esposito beginning in 1967.[36] Two years later, during a staff meeting at a San Francisco mental health facility serving LGBT people, nurse Maggi Rubenstein came out as bisexual. Due to this, bisexuals began to be included in the facility's programs for the first time.[36] The number of San Francisco gay bars increased in the 1960s.[28]
1970s - Gay liberation, The Castro comes out
In the wake of the Stonewall riots in New York in June 1969, groups in New York, San Francisco and elsewhere became active in 1970 promoting rights for gays. Newspapers were established, and parades were organized in major cities commemorating the anniversary of the riots. These disparate efforts became known collectively as the Gay liberation movement in the United States, and primarily involved gay men and lesbians.
In 1970 gay activist groups on the West Coast of the United States held a march and 'Gay-in' in San Francisco.[37][38][39] By 1972 this evolved into the Gay Liberation Day Parade, renamed several times since then to San Francisco Pride.
The identification of
Lesbian bars and women's organizations began to proliferate in the 1970s, including bars like
The world's first gay softball league was formed in San Francisco in 1974 as the Community Softball League, which eventually included both women's and men's teams. The teams, usually sponsored by gay bars, competed against each other and against the San Francisco Police softball team.[43] San Franciscans also created a gay university, Lavender U, and hosted the world's first gay film festival in 1977.[44]
The
In 1976 Maggi Rubenstein and Harriet Levi founded The San Francisco Bisexual Center.[36] It was the longest surviving bisexual community center, offering counseling and support services to Bay Area bisexuals, as well as publishing a newsletter, The Bi Monthly, from 1976 to 1984.[36]
In November 1977
San Francisco lesbian bar
1980s and 1990s - the AIDS crisis and response, and bi activism
The San Francisco gay community was devastated by the
In the early 1980s,
The term LGB referring to Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual first began to be used in the mid-to-late 1980s to more clearly indicate the inclusion of bisexuals.[71]
The Gay Games were held in San Francisco in 1982 and 1986.
In 1984, the magazine On Our Backs began publication in San Francisco, featuring lesbian erotica by lesbians.
Bear culture began to be popularized among gay men with the publication of Bear Magazine in San Francisco in 1987.
The first Eagle Creek Saloon, that opened on the 1800 block of Market Street in San Francisco in 1990 and closed in 1993, was the first black-owned gay bar in the city.[75]
The first San Francisco
After 2000 - same-sex marriage and trans awareness
The first decade of the new century saw a new awareness of transgender identity in San Francisco, with the establishment of the first Trans pride march in 2004[78] and heralded several important legal events in the movement towards Same-sex marriage in California, sparked by San Francisco mayor Gavin Newsom's move in 2004 to permit city hall to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[79]
In 2004, the San Francisco Trans March was first held. It has been held annually since; it is San Francisco's largest transgender Pride event and one of the largest trans events in the entire world.[78]
In 2007, Theresa Sparks was elected president of the San Francisco Police Commission by a single vote, making her the first openly transgender person ever to be elected president of any San Francisco commission, as well as San Francisco's highest ranking openly transgender official.[82][83][84]
In 2011, San Francisco's Human Rights Commission released a report on bisexual visibility, titled "Bisexual Invisibility: Impacts and Regulations"; this was the first time any governmental body released such a report.[85]
In 2013, San Francisco Board of Supervisors member David Campos started a campaign to have San Francisco International Airport renamed for Harvey Milk.[53]
Pete Kane of the SF Weekly stated in 2014 that assimilation into mainstream society, "displacement due to the explosive cost of living, and atomization in the face of handheld sex" are all trends that have the potential to diminish the "LGBT community" and that these trends are "felt most acutely" in San Francisco.[86]
In 2016, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors passed a law, authored by Scott Wiener, barring the city from doing business with companies that have a home base in states such as North Carolina, Tennessee, and Mississippi, that forbid civil rights protections for LGBT people[87]
In 2017, the
In 2019, Jeanine Nicholson, who is gay, became San Francisco's first openly LGBT fire chief.[93][94]
In 2019, San Francisco Board of Supervisors member Rafael Mandelman authored an ordinance to create the Castro LGBTQ Cultural District; the ordinance was passed unanimously.[95][96]
In 2021, San Francisco officially recognized August as Transgender History Month, becoming the first city in the country to make such a declaration.[97][98]
Organizations and community institutions
The Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) was founded in San Francisco in 1955 by four lesbian couples (including Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon) and was the first national lesbian political and social organization in the United States.[99]
The Mattachine Society moved its headquarters from Los Angeles to San Francisco in the 1950s.[14]
The Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club, a centrist LGBT Democratic Party organization, was founded around 1971.[100][101]
In 1975, the Gay Latino Alliance (GALA) was founded in San Francisco, spurred by an interest in creating a Latino float for the San Francisco Gay Pride Parade.[102] It was one of the first gay Latino organizations to exist in the United States and was situated in the Mission District of San Francisco.[102] The group was created in response to the lack of focus on intersectionality in the San Francisco gay community.[102] The alliance raised funds through dances and other events and donated the money to political grassroots campaigns.[102] One of its founders, Diane Felix, also co-founded various different queer organizations including Community United in Response to AIDS/SIDA (CURAS) in 1981 and Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida in 1993.[103]
In 1983, BiPOL, the first and oldest bisexual political organization, was founded in San Francisco by bisexual activists Autumn Courtney,
In 1987, the
The oldest national bisexuality organization in the United States, BiNet USA, was founded in 1990.[36] It was originally called the North American Multicultural Bisexual Network (NAMBN), and had its first meeting at the first National Bisexual Conference in America.[105][73] This first conference was held in San Francisco in 1990, and sponsored by BiPOL.[36] Over 450 people attended from 20 states and 5 countries, and the mayor of San Francisco sent a proclamation "commending the bisexual rights community for its leadership in the cause of social justice," and declaring June 23, 1990 Bisexual Pride Day.[36]
From the 1970s to the 1980s, Asian American LGBT community began their movement, establishing a number of Asian American gay and lesbian organizations in San Francisco.
The GLBT Historical Society, founded in 1985, maintains one of the world's largest archives of LGBT-related materials. Since 2011, it also has operated the GLBT History Museum in the Castro District.
The Golden Gate Business Association is an LGBT version of a traditional chamber of commerce.[101] The LGBT entrepreneurship organization StartOut is also based in the city.[108] The Bay Area Career Women is a lesbian professional development group.[101]
The San Francisco LGBT Community Center is in San Francisco. The substantial LGBT population led to some publishers applying the moniker San Fagcisco to the city, while inhabitants were given the demonym San Fagciscan.[109] Blow Buddies was the city's largest gay bathhouse and was dedicated to fellatio, before closing permanently in 2020. In 2022, new management announced plans to create a new entertainment venue at the Castro theater.
In 2023, for the first time, the San Francisco Pride parade organizers began requesting donations to keep the parade financially afloat.[110] In June 2023, the San Francisco Board of Supervisors voted against landmarking the seats in the physically deteriorating Castro Theater, moving closer to allowing the Another Planet Entertainment company to begin renovating the decaying structure, including replacing the existing seating with a more modern seating arrangement.[111]
Demographics
In the 1970s, the city's gay male population rose from 30,000 at the beginning of the decade to 100,000 in a city of 660,000 at the end of it.[112]
In 1993
According to a 2013 survey, 29% of the homeless residents of San Francisco identify as LGBT.[116]
Neighborhoods
In the 1920s and 1930s the most prominent LGBT area was
The Mission has long been a neighborhood with a strong queer Latino/a presence, and was home to the first Latino gay bar in San Francisco, Esta Noche, along with other gay Latino bars like La India Bonita, and El Rio.[120][102] The Mission also was the home to Proyecto ContraSIDA por Vida, a Latino/a HIV Prevention organization.[120] Lesbians, Latina and non-Latina, were particularly drawn to this neighborhood in the 1980s; it has hosted several lesbian bars, a Women's Center, coffeehouses, a bookstore, and a woman-only bathhouse.[121]
Culture and recreation
Despite being known as one of the LGBTQ "meccas" of America, San Francisco has a severe lack of designated gathering spaces for lesbians compared to gay men.[131] Lesbian-centric establishments have always struggled to remain open.[132] The Lexington Club, the last popular mostly-lesbian bar in San Francisco, closed in 2015.[133][134]
In the 1970s, softball games became a popular form of recreation for gay men and lesbians, with bar-sponsored teams competing against each other, as well as against the San Francisco police.[135] LGBTQ athletic leagues in sports outside softball have become just as popular among the city's LGBTQ population.[136]
The
The
Harvey Milk had founded the Castro Street Fair.[40] Other events include San Francisco Pride, the Folsom Street Fair, and Pink Saturday.
The
The San Francisco Lesbian/Gay Freedom Band is the first openly gay musical organization in the world. In 2018, the Board of Supervisors officially designated them as the official band of San Francisco.[146][147]
The GLBT Historical Society Museum is in the Castro District.[148]
Media
The LGBT-centric area newspapers are the Bay Area Reporter, San Francisco Bay Times,[101] and San Francisco Sentinel.[citation needed] Lesbian-centric magazines published in the city are Curve and Girlfriends.[101]
The growing LGBT population led to some publishers applying the moniker San Fagcisco to the city, while inhabitants were given the demonym San Fagciscan.[109]
Politics
San Francisco has open LGBT identity participation in its political system. In 2012 William Harless of
In November 1977
Both the Alice B. Toklas Memorial Democratic Club and the Harvey Milk LGBT Democratic Club raise money during the Alice Pride breakfasts, held each June and attended by the Mayor of San Francisco and other area politicians. In 2012 members of the Barack Obama reelection campaign attended the breakfast.[149] In 2014, Lynn Rapoport of the San Francisco Bay Guardian stated that in San Francisco there are "possibly even some Log Cabin Republicans."[101]
Proposition 8
The political participation for and against
In 2008, out of the 580 precincts in San Francisco, all but 54 voted against Proposition 8. Neighborhoods voting strongly against Proposition 8 included
Areas voting over 50% in favor of Proposition 8 included portions of
In fiction
The series' Tales of the City and Looking depict LGBT culture in San Francisco.
The novel Valencia by Michelle Tea explores the lesbian culture of the 1990s Mission District.
The novel A Horse Named Sorrow by Trebor Healey is set in San Francisco in the 1980s and 90's.
The Emma Victor series of mystery novels by Mary Wings is about a San Francisco lesbian private investigator.
In Pixar's 2015 film Inside Out, LGBT culture is referenced by Anger by mentioning that he saw someone in San Francisco who resembles a bear.
Notable people
Politicians and officials
- Roberta Achtenberg, politician
- Tom Ammiano, activist and politician
- Harry Britt (activist and city supervisor)
- David Campos (gay member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors)
- Matt Dorsey, politician
- Bevan Dufty, politician
- Joel Engardio, politician
- Rafael Mandelman, politician
- Carole Migden, politician
- Harvey Milk (gay former member of the San Francisco Board of Supervisors)
- Mark Leno, politician
- Jeff Sheehy, politician
- Scott Wiener, politician
Activists and cultural figures
- Gilbert Baker, artist and creator of the Rainbow flag
- Bobbi Campbell, AIDS activist
- Margaret Cho, (bisexual comedian and native San Franciscan.)
- Cecilia Chung, activist
- Lea DeLaria, comedian, actress and musician whose career started in San Francisco
- Cleve Jones (gay activist)
- Ken Jones, activist
- Jim Foster, activist
- Sally Miller Gearhart, activist
- Roma Guy, activist
- Lenn Keller (photographer, founder of the Bay Area Lesbian Archive)
- Bill Kraus (gay rights and AIDS activist)
- Marsha H. Levine (LGBTQ+ activist, founder of the International Association of LGBT Pride Coordinators InterPride)
- Alec Mapa (actor)
- Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon (lesbian activists)
- Armistead Maupin, author of Tales of the City
- Pat Norman, activist
- Michael Petrelis, AIDS activist
- Jose Sarria(entertainer and activist)
- Bradford Shellhammer, (entrepreneur, co-founder Fab, Bezar and founding editor of Queerty)
- Randy Shilts, (writer and reporter for the San Francisco Chronicle and The Advocate)
- Theresa Sparks (transgender executive director of the San Francisco Human Rights Commission)
- Rikki Streicher (businesswoman, activist, tavern owner, Gay softball promoter, co-founder of the Gay Games)
- Sylvester, singer who began his career in San Francisco
- Michelle Tea, (author of San Francisco lesbian novel Valencia)
- Carol Queen (bisexual author, editor, sociologist and sexologist)
- Adela Vazquez(trans Cuban activist, HIV case manager, Latino AIDS Education and Prevention Program Coordinator)
- Heklina (aka Stefan Grygelko is an actor, drag queen, entrepreneur, activist, owner of The Oasis, theater and cabaret nightclub located in San Francisco's SOMA district[155] and co-founder of Mother (formerly TrannyShack) the longest running drag show in San Francisco)
See also
- LGBT social movement
- LGBT culture
- LGBT history in Chinatown, San Francisco
Bibliography
- Boyd, Nan Almilla. Wide-Open Town: A History of Queer San Francisco to 1965. ISBN 0520938747, 9780520938748.
- Lipsky, William. Gay and Lesbian San Francisco. Arcadia Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0738531383, 978–0738531380.
- ISBN 0807079154, 9780807079157. Start page: 107.
- Ormsbee, Todd J. The Meaning of Gay: Interaction, Publicity, and Community among Homosexual Men in 1960s San Francisco. ISBN 0739144715, 9780739144718.
- Sheiner, Marcy. "The Foundations of the Bisexual Community in San Francisco: An Interview with Dr. Maggi Rubenstein", in the anthology ISBN 1-55583-174-5, 978–1555831745.
Further reading
- ISBN 1890834394, 9781890834395.
- Graves, Donna J.; Watson, Shayne E. (2016). Citywide Historic Context Statement for LGBTQ History in San Francisco (PDF). San Francisco: San Francisco Planning Department (published March 2016). Archived from the original on 2020-07-16. Retrieved 2020-03-27 – via sfplanning.org.
The Citywide Historic Context Statement for LGBTQ History in San Francisco was initiated in September 2013 and adopted by the Historic Preservation Commission on November 18, 2015.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)[156] - Lipsky, William. Gay and Lesbian San Francisco. Arcadia Publishing, 2006. ISBN 0738531383, 978–0738531380.
- Sheiner, Marcy. "The Foundations of the Bisexual Community in San Francisco: An Interview with Dr. Maggi Rubenstein", in the anthology ISBN 1-55583-174-5, 978–1555831745.
- ISBN 0811811875, 9780811811873.
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