LGBT in Argentina
Viedma, Río Negro in 1902; activists Raúl Soria and Carlos Jáuregui in the cover of magazine Siete Días in 1984; portraits of the "Princesa de Borbón", a famed travesti of the Buenos Aires gay scene, c. 1911; the Frente de Liberación Homosexual in 1973; a group of transgender activists in 1998, including Lohana Berkins (left) and Claudia Pía Baudracco (right); and a crowd at the Buenos Aires pride march of 2018. |
LGBT in Argentina refers to the diversity of practices, militancies and cultural assessments on
According to the Pew Research Center, 76% of Argentine people believe homosexuality should be accepted in society as of 2020, the highest-ranking Latin American country in the list.[4] In 2021, a survey conducted by Ipsos found that 69% of the Argentine population support LGBT visibility and equality, the highest number on the list after Spain's 73%.[5] The country—especially Buenos Aires—is regarded as a top destination for LGBT tourism,[6][7] and in 2020, the Spartacus International Gay Guide listed it as the fifth most gay-friendly travel destination, the highest-ranking country in Latin America and second in the Americas after Canada.[8]
History
The
In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the first activist groups of the country appeared, most notably the leftist
During the 1990s, the local LGBT activism continued to expand, and the first pride marches of the country took place. During the decade, the
In the early 2010s, Argentina established itself as a pioneering country in terms of LGBT rights, with the passing of the Equal Marriage Law (Spanish: Ley de Matrimonio Igualitario) in 2010—becoming the tenth country to do so—and the Gender Identity Law (Spanish: Ley de Identidad de Género) in 2012—which allows people to officially change their gender identities without facing barriers such as hormone therapy, surgery, psychiatric diagnosis or judge approval. Since 2019, the country has an official ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity. In 2021, the Cupo Laboral Trans law was passed—which established a 1% quota for trans workers in civil service jobs—[15] and the country became the first in Latin America to recognise non-binary gender identities in its national identification cards and passports.[16][17]
Health
Housing
Violence
According to the FALGBT and the Buenos Aires
According to a 2017 research published by the Ministry of Defense of Buenos Aires titled La revolución de las mariposas, 74.6% of trans women and travestis in the city said they had suffered some type of violence, a high number, although lower than that registered in 2005, which was 91.9%.
Travesticide/transfemicide is the end of a continuum of violence that begins with the expulsion of home, exclusion from education, the health system and labor market, early initiation into prostitution/sex work, the permanent risk of contracting
police violence. This pattern of violence constitutes the space of experience for trans women and travesties, which is mirrored in their waning horizon of expectations. In it, death is nothing extraordinary; on the contrary, in the words of Octavio Paz "life and death are inseparable, and each time the first loses significance, the second becomes insignificant".[22]
Work
According to La revolución de las mariposas, 88% of travestis and trans women from Buenos Aires never had a formal job, while 51.5% never had a job of any kind.[19] 70.4% of those surveyed said they earned their living from prostitution, and of this group, 75.7% had been doing so from an age less than or equal to 18 years.[19] 87.2% of these travesti and trans women surveyed who currently work as prostitutes wish to leave the activity if they were to be offered a job.[19] The expulsion of travestis from the educational system is a necessary element to understand the use of prostitution as an almost exclusive means of support, since the "hostile circumstances that mark the schooling experience of the majority of travesti girls and adolescents severely condition the possibilities of these subjects in terms of social inclusion and access to quality employment in adulthood."[26]
Observances
In 2012, the legislature of the city of Buenos Aires established August 20 as the Day of Activism for Sexual Diversity in Argentina, in memory of activist Carlos Jauregui and his contributions to the LGBT community.[27]
Since 2013, the Argentine
In the city of Buenos Aires, the Day for the Promotion of the Rights of Trans People is commemorated every year on March 18 since 2014, a date instituted to commemorate the death of activist Claudia Pía Baudracco.[29] The initiative was replicated by the legislatures of the city of Córdoba and of Santa Fe Province in 2016,[30][31] and of Río Negro Province in 2020.[32]
Arts and culture
Archives
In 2011, the blog Potencia Tortillera (English: "Tortillera[note 1] Potency") was created, the first digitized documentary archive of lesbian activisms.[35]
Following the death of fellow activist Claudia Pía Baudracco, María Belén Correa created the Archivo de la Memoria Trans (English: "Archive of Trans Memory") in 2012, which originally began as a Facebook group.[36] It is a unique collective project in the world,[37] dedicated to compiling and recovering the cultural heritage of the Argentine trans community.[38] Correa defined the project as: "the reconstruction of the memories, experiences and past [of trans people], counting on the survivors who are exiled and the few who remain living in Argentina."[39] The archive began to professionalize after the incorporation of the photographer Cecilia Estalles, who prompted Correa to digitize the images.[39]
Argot
Argentine
The Argentine LGBT community uses the
After travestis and gay men began to be imprisoned during the 1946–1955 government of President
Drag queens
In the 1990s,
La Barby is a renowned drag queen and comedian influenced by Divine and Lady Bunny, who first rose to prominence in the Buenos Aires gay nightlife in the 1990s.[49] She began her drag career in popular nightclubs from the decade such as Bunker and IV Milenio, and later developed a successful television career.[49]
La Queen is a drag performer from the lower-class neighborhood of Fuerte Apache in Ciudadela, who first rose to prominence as a singer in the trap music scene but has recently moved towards a pop style.[50]
In March 2021, Juego de Reinas, the first drag
Cinema
In 1963, French transsexual entertainer Coccinelle caused a media sensation when performing in Buenos Aires and had a minor role in Enrique Carreras' film Los viciosos.[52]
The sexploitation films[53] made by director Armando Bó and actress Isabel Sarli in the 1960s and 1970s are celebrated by the gay community for their camp quality.[54] Their 1969 film Fuego features one of the first representations of lesbianism in Argentine cinema.[55] In addition to being a pop icon and sex symbol, Sarli is recognized as a gay icon.[56] American director John Waters has declared himself a big fan of Sarli's films—including Fuego and Carne—and has cited them as an influence in his work.[57][58]
Literature
Esteban Echeverría's famous short story El matadero—considered a foundational work in Argentine literature—portrays the federales as bloodthirsty sodomites.[59]
An important starting point for the history of gay literature in Argentina was Carlos Correas' short story "La narración de la historia"—published in magazine Revista Centro in 1959—in which homosexuality does not appear as a pathology but as a normal trait of the main character.[60] The text caused a great scandal, leading to the closure of the magazine and a judicial process for immorality and pornography.[60]
Manuel Puig is a foundational figure in Argentine gay literature and homoeroticism of the second half of the 20th century, especially through his novels La traición de Rita Hayworth, The Buenos Aires Affair and El beso de la mujer araña.[61]
La traición de Rita Hayworth is analyzed as both a chronicle of the 1930s and 1940s culture—the decades in which the fiction takes place—as well as a document of the 1960s, the time when it was published.[61]
The paradigmatic figure of Eva Perón has been a source of fascination for Argentine gay writers.[62]
The work of
Tango
Many authors argue that the
During the so-called "golden age of tango" between the 1940s and 1960s, a more massive and less sexualized form of the dance was popularized, with well-defined gender roles and
The early 21st century saw the emergence of the so-called "
Theatre
The first scenic representations of non-heterosexuality in Argentina were tied to the medical and legal paradigm of the early 20th century, in a moralizing and victimizing manner.[67] José González Castillo's famous 1914 play Los invertidos (Spanish for "the inverts") is a prime example.[67]
The 1970s are considered an era of "artistic
In the years immediately before and after the end of the dictatorship rule in 1983, a scene known as the "
Through this cultural movement, a greater visibility of homosexual entertainers was seen, including the trio made up of Batato Barea, Humberto Tortonese and Alejandro Urdapilleta, who carried out several of their performances at the Parakultural.[73][74] Barea's group works were part of the so-called nuevo teatro argentino (English: "new Argentine theatre") movement, characterized by the use of improvisation and a lack of specific authority roles.[73] Barea is regarded as "one of the first figures who contributed to make homoesexuality visible from the aesthetic point of view in a time of repression."[74] He defined himself as a "literary transvestite clown."[74]
In 1995,
In 2019,
Periodicals
Between 1973 and 1976, the
In December 1983, the women's magazine Alfonsina—led by María Moreno—appeared, which featured texts written by prominent figures of the Argentine feminist and lesbian movements.[86]
Between 1984 and 1985, the Grupo de Acción Gay (GAG; English: "Gay Action Group") published the magazine Sodoma, which only had two issues.[87] The publication was mainly in charge of Jorge Gumier Maier and Carlos Luis, with the close collaboration of Elena Napolitano and Néstor Perlongher from Sâo Paulo, Brazil, among other authors.[87]
An important contribution to lesbian activism were the Cuadernos de Existencia Lesbiana (English: "Notebooks of Lesbian Existence"), a project carried out by Ilse Fuskova and Adriana Carrasco between 1987 and 1996 that is considered the first lesbian publication in Argentina,[88][89] The Cuadernos collected testimonies, photographs, translations and original writings of lesbian literature and news about local and international lesbian life and activism. Influenced by Adrienne Rich, Fuskova and Carrasco conceived the publication as a way to fight against the invisibility and silencing that lesbians suffered in society and within feminism.[90][91] According to investigator Paula Torricella, "until 1986 the reflection on lesbianism had been very little even within feminist groups, and public demands were not even consolidated until a few years later. There were no networks willing to import foreign material that talked about the subject [and] local production was very scarce without a social movement that nurtured and demanded reflection."[90]
The activist organization Comunidad Homosexual Argentina (CHA; English: "Argentine Homosexual Community") published various magazines and newsletters between 1984 and 1992.[92] The first one was the bulletin Boletín de la CHA—published during Carlos Jáuregui's presidency of the group between 1984 and 1986—which was followed by Vamos a Andar.[92] The CHA simultaneously released other publications, including the weekly Boletín informativo (lit. 'newsletter'), Artículo 19 and Vamos a Andar MUJER.[92]
NX was the most emblematic
In the early 1990s, transsexual activist Karina Urbina founded the organization TRANSDEVI, which published the bulletin La Voz Transexual (English: "The Transsexual Voice") that, in addition to focusing on transsexuality, included articles on abortion, HIV and the Catholic Church.[94]
Between 1992 and 1996, the magazine Ka-buum was published in
Between 1998 and 1999, the
In November 2007, the first issue of El Teje, the first periodical written by travestis in Latin America, was published in a joint initiative between activists—led by Marlene Wayar—[45] and the Ricardo Rojas Cultural Center in Buenos Aires.[97][98]
Photography
Lesbian activist llse Fusková ventured into photography in the early 1980s under the influence and friendship of photographers Grete Stern and Horacio Coppola.[73] Her 1988 photographic series S/T—made alongside Adriana Carrasco, Vanessa Ragone and Marisa Ramos—deal with lesbian desire and shows a couple of women painting their bodies with menstrual blood.[73] Fusková and her group intended to break the use of lesbians as sexual objects for male masturbation.[73]
Popular music
Gay
Moura passed away in 1988 and became the first AIDS-related public death in Argentina.[101]
Lesbian
Marilina Ross' composition "Puerto Pollensa"—first recorded and popularized by Sandra Mihanovich in 1981—is considered the first Argentine popular song to thematize love between women,[102] although not in an explicit way.[102] It became an enduring gay anthem,[103][104] especially among the lesbian community,[105][106] released at a time when the secrecy of non-heterosexual relationships was a source of shared codes and interpretations of cultural products.[107][108] According to lesbian journalist Marta Dillon: "thirty years later lesbians of all ages continue singing the entire lyrics by heart".[105] "Puerto Pollensa" had an important role in the process of visibility of homosexuality that took place in Argentina after the return to democratic rule in 1983.[109] Ross later recorded her own version of the song and included it in her 1982 album Soles.[110] In contemporary shows and journalistic articles, the songwriter made it clear that "Puerto Pollensa" described a personal experience, although she always refused to reveal the name or gender of her lover.[105][109] Although she did not publicly deny or affirm her sexual orientation, Mihanovich became a sex symbol for some lesbians and an icon of a burgeoning "gay culture".[109] In 1984, she released "Soy lo que soy", a Spanish-language version of "I Am What I Am", which she discovered in a gay nightclub in Rio de Janeiro when a drag queen performed to Gloria Gaynor's version.[111] Mihanovich's version is regarded as another enduring gay anthem for the local LGBT community,[111] and is played at the end of each Buenos Aires' Pride March.[112] In her 1984 live album Sandra en Shams, female members of the audience can be heard praising the singer's body and, in its autobiographical closing track "La historia de nunca acabar", she sings: "It is not difficult for me to start with men. But I could never...", with the public laughingly shouting "finish" and ending the song.[109]
In the late 1980s, Mihanovich formed the pop duo Sandra y Celeste alongside singer-songwriter
Cumbia santafesina singer Dalila is the only cumbia singer with an explicitly lesbian song, titled "Amor entre mujeres".[120] Nevertheless, she disliked the song becoming an anthem for lesbian cumbia fans and refused to sing it at a lesbian party on one occasion, claiming she did not want to "get attached to it."[120]
Modern lesbian musicians include Lucy Patané, Lu Martínez, Flopa, Ibiza Pareo, Juli Laso, Leda Torres, Viviana Scaliza, Larro Carballido, Paula Trama, Inés Copertino, Luciana Jury, Marcia Müller, Juana Chang, Flor Linyera, Juliana Isas, Cata Raybaud, Vale Cini and Cam Bezkin.[119]
Politics
The first openly LGBT+ member of the National Congress of Argentina was national deputy Marcela Virginia Rodríguez , a lesbian and feminist activist, elected in 2001.[121] Leonardo Grosso and Osvaldo López were the first openly gay men in Congress; both took office in 2011, in the Chamber of Deputies and in the Senate, respectively.[122][123]
In 2015, Cristina Campos became the first transgender person to be a candidate for provincial senator.[124]
In early 2020, trans woman Alba Rueda was appointed undersecretary of Diversity Policies of the Nation (Spanish: "Políticas de Diversidad de la Nación") within the new Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity, created as part of President Alberto Fernández's cabinet.[125]
Sports
In 2020, trans woman Mara Gómez debuted as a forward in Argentine association football, becoming the first transgender athlete to participate in a professional league.[126]
See also
- Feminism in Argentina
- History of Argentina
- LGBT rights in Argentina
- Same-sex marriage in Argentina
- Timeline of LGBT history
- Transgender rights in Argentina
Footnotes
References
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- ^ a b c d e f g La revolución de las Mariposas: A diez años de La Gesta del Nombre Propio (PDF) (in Spanish). Ministerio Público de la Defensa de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. March 2017. Retrieved July 11, 2021.
- ^ a b Akahatá, Agrupacion Nacional Putos Peronistas, Cooperativa de Trabajo La Paquito, Abogados y abogadas del NOA en Derechos Humanos y Estudios Sociales (ANDHES), Arte Trans, Asociación de Lucha por la Identidad Travesti y Transexual (ALITT), Asociación de Travestis Transexuales y Transgéneros de Argentina (ATTTA), Bachiller Popular Mocha Celis, Centros de Estudios Legales y Sociales (CELS), Colectiva Lohana Berkins, Colectivo de Investigación y Acción Jurídica (CIAJ), Colectivo para la Diversidad (COPADI), Comisión de Familiares y Compañerxs de Justicia por Diana Sacayán- Basta de Travesticidios, Conurbanos por la Diversidad, Frente Florida, Frente TLGB, La Cámpora Diversa, Lesbianas y Feministas por la descriminalización del aborto, Movimiento Antidiscriminatorio de Liberación (MAL), Observatorio de Violencia de Género de la Defensoría del Pueblo de la provincia de Buenos Aires, OTRANS, Personas Trans Autoconvocadas de Argentina (October 2016). "Situación de los derechos humanos de las travestis y trans en la Argentina" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved July 4, 2020.
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- ^ Martínez, Cecilia (September 24, 2019). "Cumple 35 años el Rojas, un centro cultural donde experimentar siempre fue la clave". La Nación (in Spanish). Retrieved June 16, 2021.
- ^ Página/12. December 19, 2008. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
- ^ a b Secul Giusti, Cristian (September 14, 2018). "Cuerpo, fuego nuestro". Primera Generación (in Spanish). Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ Lemus, Francisco (2015). "¡Arte light, arte rosa, arte marica!". Revista Cambia (in Spanish). 1 (1). Universidad Nacional de La Plata: 117–132. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-9503703847.
- Página/12(in Spanish). Retrieved July 26, 2020.
- ^ Bazán, 2010, p. 479
- ^ Página/12(in Spanish). Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ Firpo, Hernán (July 15, 2016). "Sandra Mihanovich "No sé si me hubiera casado con Celeste"". Clarín (in Spanish). Retrieved August 5, 2020.
- ISBN 978-9874599049. Retrieved July 30, 2020.
- Página/12(in Spanish). Retrieved July 27, 2020.
- ^ ISSN 2545-7284. Retrieved July 24, 2020.
- ^ "Sus máscaras". Clarín (in Spanish). August 8, 2002. Retrieved July 31, 2020.
- ^ a b "Sandra Mihanovich y el origen de "Soy lo que soy": "Haberla encontrado fue una oportunidad extraordinaria"" (in Spanish). Infobae. January 20, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ Página/12(in Spanish). Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ a b c d "Sandra Mihanovich recordó su relación con Celeste Carballo y una incómoda reacción de Juan Alberto Badía". La Nación (in Spanish). December 28, 2019. Retrieved June 5, 2021.
- ^ Riera, Daniel (September 13, 2016). "Las 13 tapas más polémicas del rock argentino al desnudo" (in Spanish). Big Bang! News. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ a b Pollo, Julieta (March 10, 2017). "Una canción diferente". La Tinta (in Spanish). Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ "Sandra Mihanovich y su esposa con positivo de coronavirus" (in Spanish). Infocielo. May 11, 2021. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ Pardo, Morena (March 7, 2018). "Lesbianas y visibles" (in Spanish). enREDando. Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- Página/12(in Spanish). Retrieved June 19, 2021.
- ^ a b "Mujer contra Mujer" (in Spanish). Kirchner Cultural Centre. March 7, 2021. Archived from the original on March 8, 2021. Retrieved March 8, 2021.
- ^ Universidad Nacional de San Martín. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
- ^ Dillon, Marta (9 December 2011). "Se trata de identidad". Página 12 (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 February 2023.
- ^ "Asumió el primer senador gay casado del país". La Nación (in Spanish). 27 July 2011. Retrieved 1 February 2016.
- ^ ""Soy marica y así elijo nombrarme": un diputado nacional reveló públicamente que es gay". Infobae (in Spanish). 17 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.
- Página/12(in Spanish). April 6, 2015. Retrieved June 22, 2021.
- Página/12(in Spanish). Retrieved June 22, 2021.
- ^ Lichinizer, Daniela (December 30, 2020). "Mara Gómez, la futbolista trans que hizo historia en el deporte argentino: "La discriminación a las personas LGBT es un asesinato sin armas"" (in Spanish). Infobae. Retrieved June 18, 2021.
Bibliography
- Bazán, Osvaldo (2010) [1st pub. 2004]. Historia de la homosexualidad en la Argentina (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Editorial Marea. ISBN 978-987-1307-35-7.
- Demaría, Gonzalo (February 6, 2020). Cacería (paperback). Colección Andanzas (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Buenos Aires: ISBN 978-950-49-6968-6.
- Fernández, Josefina (2004). Cuerpos desobedientes: travestismo e identidad de género (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Edhasa. ISBN 950-9009-16-4.
- Mailhe, Alejandra, ed. (2016). Archivos de psiquiatría y criminología (1902-1913): concepciones de la alteridad social y del sujeto femenino (PDF) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). La Plata, Argentina: ISBN 978-950-34-1430-9. Retrieved July 30, 2019.
- Melo, Adrián (2011). Historia de la literatura gay en la argentina: Representaciones sociales de la homosexualidad masculina en la ficción literaria (eBook) (in Spanish). Buenos Aires: Ediciones Lea. ISBN 9789876343510. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
- Rapisardi, Flavio; Modarelli, Alejandro (August 2001). Fiestas, baños y exilios: Los gays porteños en la última dictadura (paperback) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. ISBN 978-9500720922.
- Salessi, Jorge (2000) [1st pub. 1995]. Médicos maleantes y maricas: higiene, criminología y homosexualidad en la construcción de la nación argentina (Buenos Aires, 1871-1914) (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Buenos Aires, Argentina: Beatriz Viterbo Editora. ISBN 950-845-031-2. Retrieved September 27, 2019.
- Sebreli, Juan José (June 1997). "Historia secreta de la homosexualidad en Buenos Aires". Escritos sobre escritos, ciudades bajo ciudades (paperback) (in Spanish) (1st ed.). Buenos Aires: Editorial Sudamericana. pp. 275–370. ISBN 978-950-07-1274-3.
External links
- Media related to LGBT in Argentina at Wikimedia Commons
- Archivo de la Memoria Trans (in Spanish), trans digital archive
- Argentina at the International LGBTQ+ Travel Association (IGLTA)
- Asociación Familias Diversas de Argentina (in Spanish), same-sex parenting organization
- ATTTA (in Spanish), travesti and trans rights organization
- Bachillerato Popular Travesti-Trans Mocha Celis (in Spanish), high school for travesti and trans people
- Casa Brandon, LGBT cultural organization
- Comunidad Homosexual Argentina on Facebook (in Spanish), LGBT rights organization
- Defensoría del Pueblo CABA (in Spanish), ombudsman of Buenos Aires
- FALGBT (in Spanish), LGBT rights organization
- La Fulana (in Spanish), lesbian and bisexual women organization
- Ministry of Women, Genders and Diversity (in Spanish) of Argentina
- Nexo (in Spanish), LGBT rights and HIV prevention organization
- Potencia Tortillera, lesbian digital archive
- SIGLA, gay and lesbian organization
- Soy (in Spanish), LGBT supplement to newspaper Página/12
- Xumek (in Spanish), LGBT and human rights organization