La Cabaña

18th-century fortress complex un Havana, Cuba

Fortress of San Carlos de La Cabaña, Havana
Postcard of 1920 of Fortress of La Cabaña
General information
Type	Defense building
Architectural style	Baroque
Town or city	Havana
Country	Cuba
Groundbreaking	1763
Completed	1774
Technical details
Structural system	Load bearing
Material	Masonry

Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabaña (Fort of Saint Charles), colloquially known as La Cabaña, is an 18th-century

After the

Over the next two hundred years the fortress served as a base for both Spain and later independent Cuba – La Cabaña has been used as a prison by the government of Fidel Castro and his younger brother Raúl.

1959

In January 1959, the revolutionary group led by Fidel Castro seized La Cabaña; the defending Cuban Army unit offered no resistance and surrendered.

La Cabaña, land reform, and literacy

The first major political crisis arose over what to do with the captured Batista officials who had perpetrated the worst of the repression.^[3] During the rebellion against Batista's dictatorship, the general command of the rebel army, led by Fidel Castro, introduced into the territories under its control the 19th-century penal law commonly known as the Ley de la Sierra (Law of the Sierra).^[4] This law included the death penalty for serious crimes, whether perpetrated by the Batista regime or by supporters of the revolution. In 1959 the revolutionary government extended its application to the whole of the republic and to those it considered war criminals, captured and tried after the revolution. According to the Cuban Ministry of Justice, this latter extension was supported by the majority of the population, and followed the same procedure as those in the Nuremberg trials held by the Allies after World War II.^[5]

Revolutionary justice

To implement a portion of this plan, Castro named Guevara commander of the La Cabaña prison, for a five-month tenure (2 January through 12 June 1959).

The tribunals were conducted by 2–3 army officers, an assessor, and a respected local citizen.^[9] On some occasions the penalty delivered by the tribunal was death by firing-squad.^[10] Raúl Gómez Treto, senior legal advisor to the Cuban Ministry of Justice, has argued that the death penalty was justified in order to prevent citizens themselves from taking justice into their own hands, as had happened twenty years earlier in the anti-Machado rebellion.^[11] Biographers note that in January 1959 the Cuban public was in a "lynching mood",^[12] and point to a survey at the time showing 93% public approval for the tribunal process.^[8] Moreover, a 22 January 1959, Universal Newsreel broadcast in the United States and narrated by Ed Herlihy featured Fidel Castro asking an estimated one million Cubans whether they approved of the executions, and being met with a roaring "¡Si!" (yes).^[13] With as many as 20,000 Cubans estimated to have been killed at the hands of Batista's collaborators,^{[14][15][16][17]} and many of the accused war criminals sentenced to death accused of torture and physical atrocities,^[8] the newly-empowered government carried out executions, punctuated by cries from the crowds of "¡al paredón!" ([to the] wall!),^[3] which biographer Jorge Castañeda describes as "without respect for due process".^[18]

Executions

Although accounts vary, it is estimated that several hundred people were executed nationwide during this time, with Guevara's jurisdictional death total at La Cabaña ranging from 55 to 105.^[a][20] Conflicting views exist of Guevara's attitude towards the executions at La Cabaña. Some exiled opposition biographers report that he relished the rituals of the firing squad, and organized them with gusto, while others relate that Guevara pardoned as many prisoners as he could.^[18] All sides acknowledge that Guevara had become a "hardened" man who had no qualms about the death penalty or about summary and collective trials.^[2] If the only way to "defend the revolution was to execute its enemies, he would not be swayed by humanitarian or political arguments".^[18] In a 5 February 1959, letter to Luis Paredes López in Buenos Aires Guevara states unequivocally: "The executions by firing squads are not only a necessity for the people of Cuba, but also an imposition of the people."^[21]

Gallery

• 
  This 19th-century map of Havana shows La Cabaña's strategic location along the east side of the entrance to the city's harbor.
• 
  Che Guevara's former office at La Cabaña.
• 
  The inscription above the fortress gates.
• 
  An avenue between buildings of the fortress.
• 

Panoramic view of Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabaña.

See also

• List of buildings in Havana

Notes

References

1. ^ Anderson, Jon Lee. Che Guevara: A Revolutionary Life, New York: 1997, Grove Press, pp. 372–425.
2. ^
   KiB
   ),from Armando M. Lago, Ph.D.'sCuba: The Human Cost of Social Revolution.
3. ^ ^{a b} Skidmore 2008, pp. 273.
4. ^ Gómez Treto 1991, p. 115. "The Penal Law of the War of Independence (July 28, 1896) was reinforced by Rule 1 of the Penal Regulations of the Rebel Army, approved in the Sierra Maestra February 21, 1958, and published in the army's official bulletin (Ley penal de Cuba en armas, 1959)" (Gómez Treto 1991, p. 123).
5. ^ Gómez Treto 1991, pp. 115–116.
6. ^ Anderson 1997, pp. 372, 425.
7. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 376.
8. ^ ^{a b c} Taibo 1999, p. 267.
9. ^ Kellner 1989, p. 52.
10. ^ Niess 2007, p. 60.
11. ^ Gómez Treto 1991, p. 116.
12. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 388.
13. ^ Rally For Castro: One Million Roar "Si" To Cuba Executions – Video Clip by Universal-International News, narrated by Ed Herlihy, from 22 January 1959
14. ^ Conflict, Order, and Peace in the Americas, by the Lyndon B. Johnson School of Public Affairs, 1978, p. 121. "The US-supported Batista regime killed 20,000 Cubans"
15. ISBN 1-869847-43-1
    , pg 209. "Batista engineered yet another coup, establishing a dictatorial regime, which was responsible for the death of 20,000 Cubans."
16. ^ Fidel: The Untold Story. (2001). Directed by Estela Bravo. First Run Features. (91 min). Viewable clip. "An estimated 20,000 people were murdered by government forces during the Batista dictatorship."
17. ^ Niess 2007, p. 61.
18. ^ ^{a b c} Castañeda 1998, pp. 143–144.
19. PBS online forum with author Jon Lee Anderson
    , November 20, 1997
20. ^ Different sources cite differing numbers of executions attributable to Guevara, with some of the discrepancy resulting from the question of which deaths to attribute directly to Guevara and which to the regime as a whole. Anderson (1997) gives the number specifically at La Cabaña prison as 55 (p. 387.), while also stating that "several hundred people were officially tried and executed across Cuba" as a whole (p. 387). (Castañeda 1998) notes that historians differ on the total number killed, with different studies placing it as anywhere from 200 to 700 nationwide (p. 143), although he notes that "after a certain date most of the executions occurred outside of Che's jurisdiction" (p. 143). These numbers are supported by the opposition-based Free Society Project / Cuba Archive, which gives the figure as 144 executions ordered by Guevara across Cuba in three years (1957–1959) and 105 "victims" specifically at La Cabaña, which according to them were all "carried out without due process of law". Of further note, much of the discrepancy in the estimates between 55 versus 105 executed at La Cabaña revolves around whether to include instances where Guevara had denied an appeal and signed off on a death warrant, but where the sentence was carried out while he traveled overseas from 4 June to 8 September, or after he relinquished his command of the fortress on 12 June 1959.
21. ^ Anderson 1997, p. 375.

External links

Media related to Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabaña at Wikimedia Commons

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fortaleza de San Carlos de la Cabaña.

Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Havana".

23°08′50″N 82°21′00″W / 23.14722°N 82.35000°W / 23.14722; -82.35000