Laacher See
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Laacher See | ||
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Primary inflows None | | |
Primary outflows | Fulbert-Stollen (canal) | |
Basin countries | Germany | |
Max. length | 1.964 km (1.220 mi) | |
Max. width | 1.186 km (0.737 mi) | |
Surface area | 3.31 km2 (1.28 sq mi) | |
Average depth | 31 m (102 ft) | |
Max. depth | 51 m (167 ft) | |
Water volume | 1.03 km3 (0.25 cu mi) | |
Shore length1 | 7.3 km (4.5 mi) | |
Surface elevation | 275 m (902 ft) | |
Islands | None | |
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. |
Laacher See (German pronunciation:
Description
The lake is oval in shape and surrounded by high banks. The lava was quarried for millstones from the Roman period until the introduction of iron rollers for grinding grain.[6]
On the western side lies the
The lake has no natural outlet but is drained by a tunnel dug before 1170 and rebuilt several times since. It is named for Fulbert, abbot of the monastery from 1152–1177, who is believed to have built it.[citation needed]
The eruption
Volcanism in Germany can be traced back for millions of years, related to the development of the
The initial blasts of Laacher See, which took place in late spring or early summer at around 11,000 BC, flattened trees up to four kilometres away. The magma opened a route to the surface that erupted for about ten hours, with the plume probably reaching a height of 35 kilometres. Activity continued for several weeks or months, producing pyroclastic currents that covered valleys up to ten kilometres away with sticky tephra. Near the crater, deposits reach over fifty metres in thickness, and even five kilometres away they are still ten metres thick. All plants and animals for a distance of about sixty kilometres to the northeast and forty kilometres to the southeast must have been wiped out.[7] An estimated 6 km3 (1.4 cu mi) of
Tephra deposits from the eruption dammed the Rhine, creating a 140 km2 (50 sq mi) lake. When the dam broke, an outburst flood swept downstream, leaving deposits as far away as Bonn.[8] The fallout has been identified in an area of more than 300,000 square kilometres, stretching from central France to northern Italy and from southern Sweden to Poland, making it an invaluable tool for chronological correlation of archaeological and palaeoenvironmental layers across the area.[10]
Aftermath of the eruption
The wider effects of the eruption were limited, amounting to several years of cold summers and up to two decades of environmental disruption in Germany. However, the lives of the local population, known as the Federmesser culture, were disrupted. Before the eruption, they were a sparsely distributed people who subsisted by foraging and hunting, using both spears and bows and arrows. According to archaeologist Felix Riede, after the eruption the area most affected by the fallout, the Thuringian Basin occupied by the Federmesser, appears to have been largely depopulated, whereas populations in southwest Germany and France increased. Two new cultures, the Bromme of southern Scandinavia and the Perstunian of northeast Europe emerged. These cultures had a lower level of toolmaking skills than the Federmesser, particularly the Bromme who appear to have lost the bow and arrow technology. In Riede's view the decline was a result from the disruption caused by the Laacher See volcano.[11]
The eruption was discussed as a possible cause for the
See also
References
- ISBN 978-0-521-64112-8.
- .
- .
- ^ "Geo-Education and Geopark Implementation in the Vulkaneifel European Geopark/Vulkanland Eifel National Geopark". The Geological Society of America. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
- Wikidata Q107389873.
[Measurements] firmly date the [Laacher See eruption] to 13,006 ± 9 calibrated years before present (BP; taken as AD 1950), which is more than a century earlier than previously accepted.
- ISBN 9781406868180. Archivedfrom the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 2 December 2021.
- ^ Oppenheimer, pp. 216–218
- ^ .
- ^ P.v.d. Bogaard, H.-U. Schmincke, A. Freundt and C. Park (1989). Evolution of Complex Plinian Eruptions: the Late Quarternary (sic) Laacher See Case History Archived 19 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine, "Thera and the Aegean World III", Volume Two: "Earth Sciences", Proceedings of the Third International Congress, Santorini, Greece, 3–9 September 1989. pp. 463–485.
- ^ Oppenheimer, p. 218.
- ^ Oppenheimer, pp. 217–222
- S2CID 53973827.
- ISSN 1814-9332.
- ^ Wikidata Q107389873.
- ISSN 0028-0836.
- ISSN 0277-3791.
- ISSN 0277-3791.
Further reading
- Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 16 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1. .
- Ginibre, Catherine; Wörner, Gerhard; Kronz, Andreas (2004). "Structure and Dynamics of the Laacher See Magma Chamber (Eifel, Germany) from Major and Trace Element Zoning in Sanidine: a Cathodoluminescence and Electron Microprobe Study". Journal of Petrology. 45 (11): 2197–2223. .
- Park, Cornelia; Schmincke, Hans-Ulrich (1997). "Lake Formation and Catastrophic Dam Burst during the Late Pleistocene Laacher See Eruption (Germany)". Naturwissenschaften. 84 (12): 521–525. S2CID 36411187.
- Riede, Felix (2008). "The Laacher See-eruption (12,920 BP) and material culture change at the end of the Allerød in Northern Europe". Journal of Archaeological Science. 35 (3): 591–599. .
- Hensch, Martin; Dahm, Torsten; Ritter, Joachim; Heimann, Sebastian; Schmidt, Bernd; Stange, Stefan; Lehmann, Klaus (2019). "Deep low-frequency earthquakes reveal ongoing magmatic recharge beneath Laacher See Volcano (Eifel, Germany)". Geophysical Journal International. 216 (3): 2025–2036. .
External links
- Continuous event display of the 10 most recent registered seismic activities measured from the Laacher See
- Nixdorf, B.; et al. (2004), "Laacher See", Dokumentation von Zustand und Entwicklung der wichtigsten Seen Deutschlands (in German), Berlin: Umweltbundesamt, p. 28
- Apokalypse im Rheintal (Cornelia Park und Hans-Ulrich Schmincke)
- Martin Hensch, etal.: Deep low-frequency earthquakes reveal ongoing magmatic recharge beneath Laacher See Volcano (Eifel, Germany). Geophys. J. Int. (2019) 216, 2025–2036 doi:10.1093/gji/ggy532
- Michael W. Förster, Frank Sirocko: Volcanic activity in the Eifel during the last 500,000 years: The ELSA-Tephra-Stack .Global and Planetary Change (2016) (PDF)