Labiodental consonant
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In
Labiodental consonants in the IPA
The labiodental consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:
| IPA | Description | Example | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Language | Orthography | IPA | Meaning | ||
| ɱ̊ | voiceless labiodental nasal | Angami[1] | [ example needed ]
|
||
| ɱ | voiced labiodental nasal | Kukuya[2] | [ɱíì] | 'eyes' | |
| p̪ | voiceless labiodental plosive | Greek | σάπφειρος | [ˈsap̪firo̞s̠] | 'sapphire' |
| b̪ | voiced labiodental plosive | Sika
|
[ example needed ]
| ||
| p̪͡f | voiceless labiodental affricate | Tsonga | timpfuvu | [tiɱp̪͡fuβu] | 'hippos' |
| b̪͡v | voiced labiodental affricate | Tsonga | shilebvu | [ʃileb̪͡vu] | 'chin' |
| f | voiceless labiodental fricative | English | fan | [fæn] | |
| v | voiced labiodental fricative | English | van | [væn] | |
| ʋ | voiced labiodental approximant | Dutch | wang | [ʋɑŋ] | 'cheek' |
| ⱱ | voiced labiodental flap | Mono | vwa | [ⱱa] | 'send' |
| p̪͡fʼ | labiodental ejective affricate | Tsetsaut[3][4] | apfʼo | [ap̪͡fʼo] | "boil" |
| fʼ | labiodental ejective fricative | Yapese[5] | f'aang | [fʼaːŋ] | 'type of eel' |
| ʘ̪ | labiodental click release (many different consonants)
|
Nǁng | ʘoe | [k͡ʘ̪oe] | 'meat' |
The IPA chart shades out labiodental lateral consonants.[6] This is sometimes read as indicating that such sounds are not possible. In fact, the fricatives [f] and [v] often have lateral airflow, but no language makes a distinction for centrality, and the allophony is not noticeable.
The IPA symbol ɧ refers to a sound occurring in Swedish, officially described as similar to the velar fricative [x], but one dialectal variant is a rounded, velarized labiodental, less ambiguously rendered as [fˠʷ]. The labiodental click is an allophonic variant of the (bi)labial click.
Occurrence
The only common labiodental sounds to occur phonemically are the fricatives and the approximant. The labiodental flap occurs phonemically in over a dozen languages, but it is restricted geographically to central and southeastern Africa.[7] With most other manners of articulation, the norm are bilabial consonants (which together with labiodentals, form the class of labial consonants).
[ɱ] is quite common, but in all or nearly all languages in which it occurs, it occurs only as an allophone of /m/ before labiodental consonants such as /v/ and /f/. It has been reported to occur phonemically in a dialect of Teke, but similar claims in the past have proven spurious.
The XiNkuna dialect of
The stops are not confirmed to exist as separate
Dentolabial consonants
Dentolabial consonants are the articulatory opposite of labiodentals: They are pronounced by contacting lower teeth against the
The diacritic for dentolabial in the extensions of the IPA for disordered speech is a superscript bridge, ⟨◌͆⟩, by analogy with the subscript bridge used for labiodentals: ⟨m͆ p͆ b͆ f͆ v͆⟩. Complex consonants such as affricates, prenasalized stops and the like are also possible.
See also
- Place of articulation
- List of phonetics topics
References
- ^ Blankenship, Barbara; Ladefoged, Peter; Bhaskararao, Peri; Chase, Nichumeno (Fall 1993). "Phonetic structures of Khonoma Angami" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 16 (2).
- ^ Paulian (1975:41)
- doi:10.1086/463746.
- S2CID 145318136.
- hdl:10125/11702.
- ^ IPA (2018). "Consonants (Pulmonic)". International Phonetic Association. Retrieved June 20, 2020.
- ^ Olson & Hajek (2003).
- PMID 17514541.
- PMID 33441808.
- ^ Vebæk (2006), p. 20.
Sources
- ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Olson, Kenneth S.; Hajek, John (2003). "Crosslinguistic insights on the labial flap". Linguistic Typology. 7 (2): 157–186. .
- Paulian, Christiane (1975). Le kukuya, langue teke du Congo: phonologie, classes nominales. Paris: SELAF. ISBN 9782852970083.
- Vebæk, Mâliâraq (2006). The southernmost People of Greenland-Dialects and Memories. Monographs on Greenland. Vol. 337. ISBN 978-87-635-1273-2.
Further reading
- Blasi, Damián E.; Moran, Steven; Moisik, Scott R.; Widmer, Paul; Dediu, Dan; Bickel, Balthasar (2019). "Human sound systems are shaped by post-Neolithic changes in bite configuration". Science. 363 (6432): eaav3218. PMID 30872490.
- Hockett, Charles (1985). "Distinguished Lecture: F". American Anthropologist. 87 (2): 263–281. JSTOR 678561.
- Moran, Steven; Bickel, Balthasar (15 March 2019). "Softer, processed foods changed the way ancient humans spoke". The Conversation.
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