Lactifluus volemus

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Lactifluus volemus
A collection from Wayne National Forest, Ohio, showing typical colour variations
Lactifluus volemus var. flavus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Fungi
Division: Basidiomycota
Class: Agaricomycetes
Order: Russulales
Family: Russulaceae
Genus: Lactifluus
Species:
L. volemus
Binomial name
Lactifluus volemus
(Fr.) Kuntze (1891)
Synonyms[1][2][3]
List
  • Agaricus lactifluus L. (1753)
  • Agaricus oedematopus
    Scop.
    (1772)
  • Agaricus volemus Fr. (1821)
  • Lactarius oedematopus (Scop.) Fr. (1838)
  • Lactarius volemus (Fr.) Fr. (1838)
  • Galorrheus volemus (Fr.)
    P.Kumm.
    (1871)
  • Lactarius lactifluus (
    Quél.
    (1886)
  • Lactifluus oedematopus (Scop.) Kuntze (1891)
  • Lactarius wangii H.A.Wen & J.Z.Ying (2005)
Lactifluus volemus
View the Mycomorphbox template that generates the following list
Gills on hymenium
Cap is convex
Hymenium is adnate or decurrent
mycorrhizal
Edibility is choice

Lactifluus volemus, formerly known as Lactarius volemus, and commonly known as the weeping milk cap or bradley

temperate regions of Europe, North America and Asia as well as some subtropical and tropical regions of Central America and Asia. A mycorrhizal fungus, its fruit bodies grow on the ground at the base of various species of trees from summer to autumn, either individually or in groups. It is valued as an edible mushroom, and is sold in markets in Asia. Several other Lactifluus mushrooms resemble L. volemus, such as the closely related edible species L. corrugis, but these can be distinguished by differences in distribution, visible morphology, and microscopic characteristics. L. volemus produces a white spore print and has roughly spherical spores about 7–8 micrometres
in diameter.

The colour of the L. volemus mushroom varies from

Phylogenetic analysis suggests that Lactifluus volemus represents several species or subspecies, rather than a single taxon
.

Taxonomy and naming

The first mention of Lactifluus volemus in the scientific literature was in

nomenclatural priority. In 1871 Paul Kummer raised most of Fries's tribes to generic rank, and so renamed the species Galorrheus volemus.[8] The variety L. volemus var. subrugosus was identified by Charles Horton Peck in 1879,[9] but is now classified as a separate species, L. corrugis.[10] In 1891, Otto Kuntze moved the species into Lactifluus,[11] which was afterwards long considered a synonym of Lactarius but confirmed as a separate genus through molecular phylogenetics in 2008 and subsequent taxonomical rearrangements within the family Russulaceae.[12][13][14]

Another historical synonym is Lactarius lactifluus, used by Lucien Quélet in 1886,[15] a renaming based on Linnaeus's Agaricus lactifluus. Lactarius wangii, reported by Hua-An Wen and Jian-Zhe Ying to be a new species from China in 2005,[16] was synonymised two years later with L. volemus.[3]

The

specific epithet "volemus" is derived from the Latin vola,[17] meaning "the hollow of the hand", suggestive of Fries's reference to the large amount of latex "flowing enough to fill the hand".[18] Common names for L. volemus include the weeping milk cap,[19] the tawny milkcap,[20] the orange-brown milky,[21] the voluminous-latex milky,[22] the lactarius orange,[23] the fishy milkcap,[24] and the apricot milk cap. In the West Virginian mountains of the United States, the mushroom is called a "leatherback" or a "bradley". The latter name may originate from its German name Brätling.[25][26]

Phylogeny

L. volemus A-1

L. volemus A-2

L. volemus A-3

L. corrugis B-1

L. corrugis B-2

L. volemus C-1

L. volemus C-2

L. hygrophoroides

L. piperatus

Phylogeny of the Lactifluus volemus group based on large subunit rDNA sequences. L. volemus and L. corrugis specimens are distinguished based on differences in colour or distribution: A-1, velvet type; A-2 red type; A-3, Chinese type; B-1, red type; B-2, common type; C-1, common in Japan; C-2, yellow type.[27]

Lactifluus volemus was the

L. vitellinus.[30]

Description

Macromorphology

The profuse whitish latex may become brownish upon exposure to air, and stains tissues brown.

The

shad, which anglers will tell you is probably the most malodorous freshwater fish".[33] The odour is concentrated when the fruit bodies are dried. One of the mushroom's most distinctive features is the abundant latex, so plentiful that a small nick on the gills will cause it to "weep" the milky substance.[19] The latex tends to impart brown stains on whatever it contacts.[33]

Micromorphology

Spores are spherical, hyaline, and reticulate.

The

chemical test in mushroom identification) is applied to the mushroom flesh, it will immediately stain dark bluish-green.[34]

Varieties

The

Khasi pine (Pinus khasya), it has small, dull brown, velvety fruit bodies.[38] In general, little taxonomical significance has been ascribed to the several varieties of L. volemus that have been proposed.[30]

Similar species

L. hygrophoroides (left) and L. corrugis (right) are lookalikes.

Lactifluus volemus is closely related to L. corrugis, and generally similar in appearance. L. corrugis usually has more surface wrinkles, darker gills, weaker or absent scent, and less orange colouration; however, intermediate colour forms can be found.

Lactifluus austrovolemus is closely related, but has more crowded gills, while L. lamprocystidiatus can only be reliably distinguished from L. volemus by microscopic characteristics: the reticulations on its spores are taller and more acute, and the meshes formed by the intersections of the reticulations are smaller.[3] Both L. austrovolemus[39] and L. lamprocystidiatus[40] are known only from Papua New Guinea. Lactifluus hygrophoroides also resembles L. volemus, but differs in having widely spaced gills, and spores that lack surface reticulations.[41]

Some species of the genus Lactarius are also similar: The tropical African Lactarius chromospermus has a superficial resemblance to L. volemus, but the former species, in addition to its African distribution, can be identified by its cinnamon-brown spore print—unique in the Russulaceae.[42] Lactarius subvelutinus is also similar to L. volemus, but lacks the fishy odour, has a dull yellow-orange to bright golden orange cap, narrow gills, and a white latex that does not change colour.[34]

Edibility and other uses

Lactarius volemus, dried[43]
Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)
Energy1,631 kJ (390 kcal)
64 g
4 g
25.2 g
Copper
200%
1.8 mg
Iron
8%
1.5 mg
Manganese
61%
1.4 mg
Zinc
30%
3.3 mg
†Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[44] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[45]

Despite the unappealing fishy scent that develops after the mushroom is picked,

Yunnan Province, China,[49] and it is among the most popular wild edible mushroom species collected for consumption and sale in Nepal.[50] In their 2009 book on milk caps of North America, Bessette and colleagues consider the mushroom "the best-known and most popular edible milk mushroom" in the eastern United States.[26] A Turkish study of the nutritional composition of the fruit bodies concluded that L. volemus is a good source of protein and carbohydrates.[43]

Two elderly people developed a transient pancreatitis after consuming L. volemus in central Anatolia in Turkey. Both had eaten the mushroom, which they knew as Tirmit, many times before. The condition resolved spontaneously.[51]

Bioactive compounds

Volemitol

Fruit bodies contains a unique

brown algal species.[55]

Due to their natural

hydroxyl or fatty acid ester.[58] Biosynthetically, the creation of the polyisoprene begins with the compound trans,trans-farnesyl pyrophosphate, and is thought to terminate by esterification of polyisoprenyl pyrophosphate.[56] The enzyme isopentenyl-diphosphate delta isomerase has been identified as required for the initiation of rubber synthesis in L. volemus and several other milk cap species.[59]

Ecology, distribution, and habitat

mixed forest, found in Bovec basin, East Julian Alps, Slovenia

Like all milk caps,

coniferous and broad-leaved trees, although it is more common in deciduous woods. It may also sometimes be found in peat moss beds. The fruit bodies, which appear between summer and autumn, are common.[2] They can be found growing solitarily or in groups, and are more abundant in weather that is warm and humid.[18]

Fruit bodies can be inhabited by species of limoniid flies, such as Discobola marginata or Limonia yakushimensis, as well as several species of fungi-dwelling mites. The flies are hosts for the mites in a symbiotic association known as phoresis, whereby the mites are mechanically carried by its host. Mites are small and unable to migrate the relatively long distances between mushrooms without assistance; the insect hosts, in comparison, are large and can transfer the mites between their preferred feeding habitats.[61]

Lactifluus volemus is found in warm

Yunnan Province[49]), Japan, India,[64] Korea,[65] Nepal,[50] and Vietnam.[38] Collections have also been made from the Middle East, including Iran[66] and Turkey.[43]

See also

References

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Cited text

External links

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