Lactobacillus

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Not to be confused with
Lactobacillales
.

Lactobacillus
"Lactobacillus" sp. near a squamous epithelial cell
Lactobacillus sp. near a
squamous epithelial
cell
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Lactobacillales
Family: Lactobacillaceae
Genus: Lactobacillus
Beijerinck 1901 (Approved Lists 1980)[1]
Type species
Lactobacillus delbrueckii
(Leichmann 1896) Beijerinck 1927 (Approved Lists 1980)[1]
Species

See text

Lactobacillus is a

lactobacilli to 25 genera (see § Taxonomy below).[3]

Lactobacillus

gut microbiota,[7] allowing them to persist during harsh environmental conditions and maintain ample populations.[8] Lactobacillus exhibits a mutualistic relationship with the human body, as it protects the host against potential invasions by pathogens, and in turn, the host provides a source of nutrients.[9] Lactobacilli are among the most common probiotic found in food such as yogurt, and it is diverse in its application to maintain human well-being, as it can help treat diarrhea, vaginal infections, and skin disorders such as eczema.[10]

Metabolism

Lactobacilli are

Lactobacillus plantarum).[12] Lactobacilli generally do not require iron for growth.[13]

The Lactobacillaceae are the only family of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that includes homofermentative and heterofermentative organisms; in the Lactobacillaceae, homofermentative or heterofermentative metabolism is shared by all strains of a genus.[3][11] Lactobacillus species are all homofermentative, do not express pyruvate formate lyase, and most species do not ferment pentoses.[3][11] In L. crispatus, pentose metabolism is strain specific and acquired by lateral gene transfer.[14]

Genomes

The genomes of lactobacilli are highly variable, ranging in size from 1.2 to 4.9 Mb (megabases).[3] Accordingly, the number of protein-coding genes ranges from 1,267 to about 4,758 genes (in Fructilactobacillus sanfranciscensis and Lentilactobacillus parakefiri, respectively).[15][16] Even within a single species there can be substantial variation. For instance, strains of L. crispatus have genome sizes ranging from 1.83 to 2.7 Mb, or 1,839 to 2,688 open reading frames.[17] Lactobacillus contains a wealth of compound microsatellites in the coding region of the genome, which are imperfect and have variant motifs.[18] Many lactobacilli also contain multiple plasmids. A recent study has revealed that plasmids encode the genes which are required for adaptation of lactobacilli to the given environment.[19]

Species

The genus Lactobacillus comprises the following species:[20][21]

Taxonomy

The genus Lactobacillus currently contains 44 species which are adapted to vertebrate hosts or to insects.

Paralactobacillus or one of the 23 novel genera of the Lactobacillaceae.[3] Two websites inform on the assignment of species to the novel genera or species (http://www.lactobacillus.uantwerpen.be/; http://www.lactobacillus.ualberta.ca/
).

The 23 new genera of 2020
Genus Meaning of the genus name Properties of the genus
Lactobacillus Rod-shaped bacillus from milk Type species: L. delbrueckii.

Homofermentative with strain-specific ability to ferment pentoses, thermophilic, vancomycin-sensitive, adapted to vertebrate or insect hosts.

Holzapfelia Wilhelm Holzapfel's lactobacilli Type species:
H. floricola
.

Homofermentative, vancomycin sensitive, unknown ecology but likely host-adapted.

Amylolactobacillus Starch-degrading lactobacilli Type species: A. amylophilus.

Homofermentative, vancomycin sensitive, extracellular amylases are frequent, unknown ecology but likely host-adapted.

Bombilactobacillus Lactobacilli from bees and bumblebees Type species: B. mellifer.

Homofermentative, thermophilic, vancomycin resistant, small genome size, adapted to bees and bumblebees

Companilactobacillus Companion-lactobacillus, referring to them growing in association with other lactobacilli in cereal, meat and vegetable fermentations Type species: C. alimentarius.

Homofermentative with strain- or species-specific ability to ferment pentoses, vancomycin resistant, unknown ecology, likely nomadic

Lapidilactobacillus Lactobacilli from stones Type species: L. concavus.

Homofermentative with strain- or species-specific ability to ferment pentoses, vancomycin resistant, unknown ecology.

Agrilactobacillus Lactobacilli from fields Type species: A. composti.

Homofermentative, aerotolerant and vancomycin resistant. Genome size, G+C content of the genome and the source of the two species suggest a free-living lifestyle of the genus.

Schleiferilactobacillus Karl Heinz Schleifer’s lactobacilli Type species: S. perolens.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, aerotolerant. Schleiferilactobacillus spp. have a large genome size, ferment a wide range of carbohydrates, and spoil beer and dairy products by copious production of diacetyl.

Loigolactobacillus (Food) spoiling lactobacilli Type species: L. coryniformis.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic organisms.

Lacticaseibacillus Lactobacilli related to cheese Type species: L. casei.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant; many species ferment pentoses, and are resistant to oxidative stress. L. casei and related species have a nomadic lifestyle.

Latilactobacillus Widespread lactobacilli Type species: L. sakei.

Homofermentative, mesophilic free living and environmental lactobacilli. Many strains are psychrotrophic and grow below 8 °C.

Dellaglioa
 		Franco Dellaglio’s lactobacilli Type species: D. algidus.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, aerotolerant and psychrophilic.

Liquorilactobacillus Lactobacilli from liquor or liquids Type species: L. mali.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, motile organisms growing in liquid, plant-associated habitats. Many liquorilactobacilli produce EPS from sucrose and degrade fructans with extracellular fructanases.

Ligilactobacillus Uniting (host adapted) lactobacilli Type species: L. salivarius.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant, most ligilactobacilli are host adapted and many strains are motile. Several strains of Ligilactobacillus express urease to withstand gastric acidity.

Lactiplantibacillus Lactobacilli related to plants Type species: L. plantarum.

Homofermentative, vancomycin resistant organisms with a nomadic lifestyle that ferment a wide range of carbohydrates; most species metabolise phenolic acids by esterase, decarboxylase and reductase activities. L. plantarum expresses pseudocatalase and nitrate reductase activities.

Furfurilactobacillus Lactobacilli from bran Type species: F. rossiae.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, with large genome size, broad metabolic potential and unknown ecology.

Paucilactobacillus Lactobacilli fermenting few carbohydrates Type species: P. vaccinostercus.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic, aerotolerant, most strains ferment pentoses but not disaccharides.

Limosilactobacillus Slimy (biofilm-forming) lactobacilli Type species: L. fermentum.

Heterofermentative, thermophilic, vancomycin resistant with two exceptions, Limosilactobacillus species are vertebrate host adapted and generally form exopolysaccharides from sucrose to support biofilm formation in the upper intestine of animals.

Fructilactobacillus Fructose-loving lactobacilli Type species: F. fructivorans.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic, aerotolerant, small genome size. Fructilactobacilli are adapted to narrow ecological niches that relate to insects, flowers, or both.

Acetilactobacillus
 		Lactobacilli from vinegar Type species: A. jinshani.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, grow in the pH range of 3–5; fermenting disaccharides and sugar alcohols but few hexoses and no pentoses.

Apilactobacillus Lactobacilli from bees Type species: A. kunkeei.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, small genome size, fermenting only few carbohydrates, adapted to bees and/or flowers.

Levilactobacillus (Dough)-leavening lactobacilli Type species: L. brevis.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic, metabolise agmatine, environmental or plant-associated lifestyle.

Secundilactobacillus Second lactobacilli, growing after other organisms depleted hexoses Type species: S. collinoides.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic or psychrotrophic, environmental or plant-associated lifestyle. Adapted to hexose-depleted habitats, most strains do not reduce fructose to mannitol but metabolize agmatine and diols.

Lentilactobacillus Slow (growing) lactobacilli Type species: L. buchneri.

Heterofermentative, vancomycin resistant, mesophilic, fermenting a broad spectrum of carbohydrates. Most lentilactobacilli are environmental or plant-associated, metabolise agmatine and convert lactate and/or diols. L. senioris and L. kribbianus form an outgroup to the genus; both species were isolated from vertrebrates and may transition to a host-adapted lifestyle.

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature[20] and the phylogeny is based on whole-genome sequences.[3]

Lactobacillus
outgroup

Holzapfelia

Human health

Vaginal tract

Lactobacillus s.s. species are considered "keystone species" in the vaginal flora of reproductive-age women. Most, but not all, healthy women have vaginal floras dominated by one of four species of Lactobacillus: L. iners, L. crispatus, L. gasseri and L. jensenii. Other women have a more diverse mix of anaerobic microorganisms.[5]

Interactions with pathogens

Lactobacilli produce hydrogen peroxide which inhibits the growth and virulence of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans in vitro and in vivo.[23][24] In vitro studies have also shown that lactobacilli reduce the pathogenicity of C. albicans through the production of organic acids and certain metabolites.[25] Both the presence of metabolites, such as sodium butyrate, and the decrease in environmental pH caused by the organic acids reduce the growth of hyphae in C. albicans, which reduces its pathogenicity.[25] Lactobacilli also reduce the pathogenicity of C. albicans by reducing C. albicans biofilm formation.[25] Biofilm formation is reduced by both the competition from lactobacilli, and the formation of defective biofilms which is linked to the reduced hypha growth mentioned earlier.[25] On the other hand, following antibiotic therapy, certain Candida species can suppress the regrowth of lactobacilli at body sites where they cohabitate, such as in the gastrointestinal tract.[23][24]

In addition to its effects on C. albicans, Lactobacillus sp. also interact with other pathogens. For example, Limosilactobacillus reuteri (formerly Lactobacillus reuteri) can inhibit the growth of many different bacterial species by using glycerol to produce the antimicrobial substance called reuterin.[26] Another example is Ligilactobacillus salivarius (formerly Lactobacillus salivarius), which interacts with many pathogens through the production of salivaricin B, a bacteriocin.[27]

Probiotics

Fermenting bacteria like

Elie Metchnikoff won a Nobel prize in 1908 for his work on LAB.[28]

Lactobacilli administered in combination with other probiotics benefits cases of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), although the extent of efficacy is still uncertain.[29] The probiotics help treat IBS by returning homeostasis when the gut microbiota experiences unusually high levels of opportunistic bacteria.[9] In addition, lactobacilli can be administered as probiotics during cases of infection by the ulcer-causing bacterium Helicobacter pylori.[30] Helicobacter pylori is linked to cancer, and antibiotic resistance impedes the success of current antibiotic-based eradication treatments.[30] When probiotic lactobacilli are administered along with the treatment as an adjuvant, its efficacy is substantially increased and side effects may be lessened.[30]

Barrett’s esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma.[31]

Pap stain
. Normal vaginal flora (left) is predominantly rod-shaped Lactobacilli, whereas in bacterial vaginosis (right) there is an overgrowth of bacteria, which can be of various species.

Also, lactobacilli are used to help control urogenital and vaginal infections, such as

L. rhamnosus) are associated with a reduction of atopic eczema, also known as dermatitis, due to anti-inflammatory cytokines secreted by this probiotic bacteria.[9] In addition, lactobacilli with other probiotic[33]
organisms in ripened milk and yogurt aid development of immunity in the mucous intestine in humans by raising the number of LgA (+).

Oral health

Dental caries

Some lactobacilli have been associated with cases of

oral health is a new field and only a few studies and results have been published.[34][35] Some studies have provided evidence of certain Lactobacilli which can be a probiotic for oral health.[36] Some species, but not all, show evidence in defense to dental caries.[36] Due to these studies, there have been applications of incorporating such probiotics in chewing gum and lozenges.[36] There is also evidence of certain Lactobacilli that are beneficial in the defense of periodontal disease such as gingivitis and periodontitis.[36]

Food production

Lactobacilli comprise most food fermenting lactic acid bacteria

fermented foods, as well as animal feeds and the bokashi soil amendment. Lactobacillus species are dominant in yogurt, cheese, and sourdough fermentations.[37][38] The antibacterial and antifungal activity of lactobacilli relies on production of bacteriocins and low molecular weight compounds that inhibits these microorganisms.[39][40]

Sourdough bread is made either spontaneously, by taking advantage of the bacteria naturally present in flour, or by using a "starter culture", which is a symbiotic culture of yeast and lactic acid bacteria growing in a water and flour medium.[41] The bacteria metabolize sugars into lactic acid, which lowers the pH of their environment and creates the signature sourness associated with yogurt, sauerkraut, etc.

In many traditional

fungi, and the vegetables are thus preserved—remaining edible for long periods.[42]

Lactobacilli, especially pediococci and

L. brevis, are some of the most common beer spoilage organisms. They are, however, essential to the production of sour beers such as Belgian lambics and American wild ales, giving the beer a distinct tart flavor.[43]

See also

References

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    In vivo, C. albicans can suppress Lactobacillus sp. regeneration in the GI tract after antibiotic therapy63, 64
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    . Small intestinal fungal overgrowth (SIFO) is characterized by the presence of excessive number of fungal organisms in the small intestine associated with gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms. Candidiasis is known to cause GI symptoms particularly in immunocompromised patients or those receiving steroids or antibiotics. However, only recently, there is emerging literature that an overgrowth of fungus in the small intestine of non-immunocompromised subjects may cause unexplained GI symptoms. ... Fungal-bacterial interaction may act in different ways and may either be synergistic or antagonistic or symbiotic [29]. Some bacteria such as Lactobacillus species can interact and inhibit both the virulence and growth of Candida species in the gut by producing hydrogen peroxide [30]. Any damage to the mucosal barrier or disruption of GI microbiota with chemotherapy or antibiotic use, inflammatory processes, activation of immune molecules and disruption of epithelial repair may all cause fungal overgrowth [27].
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External links
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lactobacillus&oldid=1212966674"