Windsor Castle
Windsor Castle | |
---|---|
Bagshot Heath stone | |
Events | |
Official name | Windsor Castle |
Reference no. | 1006996 |
Listed Building – Grade I | |
Official name | Windsor Castle Including All The Buildings Within The Walls |
Designated | 2 October 1975 |
Reference no. | 1117776 |
National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens | |
Official name | The Royal Estate, Windsor: Windsor Castle and Home Park |
Designated | 31 August 1999 |
Reference no. | 1001434 |
Windsor Castle is a royal residence at Windsor in the English county of Berkshire. It is strongly associated with the English and succeeding British royal family, and embodies almost a millennium of architectural history.
The original castle was built in the 11th century, after the
Originally designed to project
Windsor Castle survived the tumultuous period of the
Architecture
Windsor Castle grounds cover 13 acres (5.3 hectares)[5] and combines the features of a fortification, a palace, and a small town.[6] The present-day castle was created during a sequence of phased building projects, culminating in the reconstruction work after a fire in 1992.[7] It is in essence a Georgian and Victorian design based on a medieval structure, with Gothic features reinvented in a modern style. Since the 14th century, architecture at the castle has attempted to produce a contemporary reinterpretation of older fashions and traditions, repeatedly imitating outmoded or even antiquated styles.[8] As a result, architect Sir William Whitfield has pointed to Windsor Castle's architecture as having "a certain fictive quality", the Picturesque and Gothic design generating "a sense that a theatrical performance is being put on here", despite late 20th century efforts to expose more of the older structures to increase the sense of authenticity.[9] Although there has been some criticism, the castle's architecture and history lends it a "place amongst the greatest European palaces".[10]
Middle Ward
At the heart of Windsor Castle is the Middle Ward, a bailey formed around the
The western entrance to the Middle Ward is now open, and a gateway leads north from the ward onto the North Terrace.[13] The eastern exit from the ward is guarded by the Norman Gatehouse.[13] This gatehouse, which, despite its name, dates from the 14th century, is heavily vaulted and decorated with carvings, including surviving medieval lion masks, traditional symbols of majesty, to form an impressive entrance to the Upper Ward.[14] Wyatville redesigned the exterior of the gatehouse, and the interior was later heavily converted in the 19th century for residential use.[15]
Upper Ward
The Upper Ward of Windsor Castle comprises a number of major buildings enclosed by the upper bailey wall, forming a central quadrangle. The State Apartments run along the north of the ward, with a range of buildings along the east wall, and the private royal apartments and the King George IV Gate to the south, with the Edward III Tower in the south-west corner. The motte and the Round Tower form the west edge of the ward. A bronze statue of Charles II on horseback sits beneath the Round Tower.[16] Inspired by Hubert Le Sueur's statue of Charles I in London, the statue was cast by Josias Ibach in 1679, with the marble plinth featuring carvings by Grinling Gibbons.[16] The Upper Ward adjoins the North Terrace, which overlooks the River Thames, and the East Terrace, which overlooks the Home Park; both of the current terraces were constructed by Hugh May in the 17th century.[17] The East Terrace has a private formal rose garden, first laid out by George IV in the 1820s. The present garden was updated by Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh, after it was used for victory garden production during World War II, tended in part by Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret. In 2020 it was announced that for a limited time the garden would be open to the public for the first time in 40 years.[18]
Traditionally the Upper Ward was judged to be "to all intents and purposes a nineteenth century creation ... the image of what the early nineteenth-century thought a castle should be", as a result of the extensive redesign of the castle by Wyatville under
State Apartments
The State Apartments form the major part of the Upper Ward and lie along the north side of the quadrangle. The modern building follows the medieval foundations laid down by Edward III, with the ground floor comprising service chambers and cellars, and the much grander first floor forming the main part of the palace. On the first floor, the layout of the western end of the State Apartments is primarily the work of architect Hugh May, whereas the structure on the eastern side represents Jeffry Wyatville's plans.[nb 1]
The interior of the State Apartments was mostly designed by Wyatville in the early 19th century. Wyatville intended each room to illustrate a particular architectural style and to display the matching furnishings and fine arts of the period.
Wyatville's most famous work are those rooms designed in a Rococo style. These rooms take the fluid, playful aspects of this mid-18th century artistic movement, including many original pieces of
Wyatville's design retains three rooms originally built by May in the 17th century in partnership with the painter Antonio Verrio and carver Grinling Gibbons. The Queen's Presence Chamber, the Queen's Audience Chamber and the King's Dining Room are designed in a Baroque, Franco-Italian style, characterised by "gilded interiors enriched with florid murals", first introduced to England between 1648 and 1650 at Wilton House.[34] Verrio's paintings are "drenched in medievalist allusion" and classical images.[35] These rooms were intended to show an innovative English "baroque fusion" of the hitherto separate arts of architecture, painting and carving.[36]
A handful of rooms in the modern State Apartments reflect either 18th-century or Victorian Gothic design. The State Dining Room, for example, whose current design originates from the 1850s but which was badly damaged during the 1992 fire, is restored to its appearance in the 1920s, before the removal of some of the gilded features on the pilasters.[37] Anthony Salvin's Grand Staircase is also of mid-Victorian design in the Gothic style, rising to a double-height hall lit by an older 18th-century Gothic vaulted lantern tower called the Grand Vestibule, designed by James Wyatt and executed by Francis Bernasconi.[38] The staircase has been criticised by historian John Robinson as being a distinctly inferior design to the earlier staircases built on the same site by both Wyatt and May.[39]
Some parts of the State Apartments were completely destroyed in the 1992 fire and this area was rebuilt in a style called "Downesian Gothic", named after the architect,
The ground floor of the State Apartments retains various famous medieval features. The 14th-century Great Undercroft still survives, some 193 feet (59 m) long by 31 feet (9.4 m) wide, divided into 13 bays.[49] At the time of the 1992 fire, the Undercroft had been divided into smaller rooms; the area is now opened up to form a single space in an effort to echo the undercrofts at Fountains and Rievaulx Abbeys, although the floor remains artificially raised for convenience of use.[50] The "beautifully vaulted" 14th-century Larderie passage runs alongside the Kitchen Courtyard and is decorated with carved royal roses, marking its construction by Edward III.[51][nb 4]
Lower Ward
The Lower Ward lies below and to the west of the Round Tower, reached through the Norman Gate. Originally largely of medieval design, most of the Lower Ward was renovated or reconstructed during the mid-Victorian period by
On the north side of the Lower Ward is St George's Chapel. This huge building is the spiritual home of the
At the east end of St George's Chapel is the Lady Chapel, originally built by
At the west end of the Lower Ward is the Horseshoe Cloister, originally built in 1480, near to the chapel to house its clergy. It houses the vicars-choral, or
Behind the Horseshoe Cloister is the Curfew Tower, one of the oldest surviving parts of the Lower Ward and dating from the 13th century.
On the opposite side of the chapel is a range of buildings including the lodgings of the
Park and landscape
Windsor Castle's position on top of steep ground has meant that the castle's gardens are limited in scale.[65] The castle gardens stretch east from the Upper Ward across a 19th-century terrace.[66] Windsor Castle is surrounded by extensive parkland. The immediate area stretching to the east of the castle is a 19th-century creation known as the Home Park.[67] The Home Park includes parkland and two working farms, along with many estate cottages mainly occupied by employees and the Frogmore estate. The Long Walk, a double lined avenue of trees, runs for 2.65 miles (4.26 km)[68] south of the castle, and is 240 ft (73 m) wide.[69] The original 17th century elms were replaced with alternating chestnut and plane trees. The impact of Dutch elm disease led to large-scale replanting after 1945.[70]
The Home Park adjoins the northern edge of the more extensive Windsor Great Park, occupying some 5,000 acres (2,020 ha)[71] and including some of the oldest broadleaved woodlands in Europe.[72] In the Home Park, to the north of the castle, stands a private school, St George's, which provides choristers to the chapel. Eton College is located about half a mile from the castle, across the River Thames, reflecting the fact that it was a royal foundation of Henry VI.
History
11th and 12th centuries
Windsor Castle was originally built by
Windsor was not initially used as a royal residence. The early Norman kings preferred to use the former palace of
13th century
King John undertook some building works at Windsor, but primarily to the accommodation rather than the defences.[84] The castle played a role during the revolt of the English barons: the castle was besieged in 1214, and John used the castle as his base during the negotiations before the signing of Magna Carta at nearby Runnymede in 1215.[84] In 1216 the castle was besieged again by baronial and French troops under the command of the Count of Nevers, but John's constable, Engelard de Cigogné, successfully defended it.[84]
The damage done to the castle during the second siege was immediately repaired in 1216 and 1221 by Cigogné on behalf of John's successor Henry III, who further strengthened the defences.[85] The walls of the Lower Ward were rebuilt in stone, complete with a gatehouse in the location of the future Henry VIII Gate, between 1224 and 1230.[76] Three new towers, the Curfew, Garter and the Salisbury towers, were constructed.[84] The Middle Ward was heavily reinforced with a southern stone wall, protected by the new Edward III and Henry III towers at each end.[76]
Windsor Castle was one of Henry III's three favourite residences and he invested heavily in the royal accommodation, spending more money at Windsor than in any other of his properties.
14th century
Edward III was born at Windsor Castle and used it extensively throughout his reign.[91] In 1344 the king announced the foundation of the new Order of the Round Table at the castle.[3] Edward began to construct a new building in the castle to host this order, but it was never finished.[3] Chroniclers described it as a round building, 200 ft (61 m) across, and it was probably in the centre of the Upper Ward.[92] Shortly afterwards, Edward abandoned the new order for reasons that remain unclear, and instead established the Order of the Garter, again with Windsor Castle as its headquarters, complete with the attendant Poor Knights of Windsor.[3] As part of this process Edward decided to rebuild Windsor Castle, in particular Henry III's palace, in an attempt to construct a castle that would be symbolic of royal power and chivalry.[93] Edward was influenced both by the military successes of his grandfather, Edward I, and by the decline of royal authority under his father, Edward II, and aimed to produce an innovative, "self-consciously aesthetic, muscled, martial architecture".[94]
Edward placed
Edward's new palace consisted of three courts along the north side of the Upper Ward, called Little Cloister, King's Cloister and the Kitchen Court.[97] At the front of the palace lay the St George's Hall range, which combined a new hall and a new chapel. This range had two symmetrical gatehouses, the Spicerie Gatehouse and the Kitchen Gatehouse. The Spicerie Gatehouse was the main entrance into the palace, whilst the Kitchen Gatehouse simply led into the kitchen courtyard.[98] The great hall had numerous large windows looking out across the ward.[99] The range had an unusual, unified roof-line and, with a taller roof than the rest of the palace, would have been highly distinctive.[100] The Rose Tower, designed for the king's private use, set off the west corner of the range.[97] The result was a "great and apparently architecturally unified palace ... uniform in all sorts of ways, as to roof line, window heights, cornice line, floor and ceiling heights".[101] With the exception of the Hall, Chapel and the Great Chamber, the new interiors all shared a similar height and width.[102][nb 7] The defensive features, however, were primarily for show, possibly to provide a backdrop for jousting between the two-halves of the Order of the Garter.[94]
Edward built further luxurious, self-contained lodgings for his court around the east and south edges of the Upper Ward, creating the modern shape of the quadrangle.[8] The Norman gate was built to secure the west entrance to the Ward.[91] In the Lower Ward, the chapel was enlarged and remodelled with grand buildings for the canons built alongside.[91] The earliest weight-driven mechanical clock in England was installed by Edward III in the Round Tower in 1354.[103] William of Wykeham went on to build New College, Oxford and Winchester College, where the influence of Windsor Castle can easily be seen.[91]
The new castle was used to hold French prisoners taken at the
15th century
Windsor Castle continued to be favoured by monarchs in the 15th century, despite increasing political violence.[105] Henry IV seized the castle during his coup in 1399, although failing to catch Richard II, who had escaped to London.[105] Under Henry V, the castle hosted a visit from the Holy Roman Emperor in 1417, a massive diplomatic event that stretched the castle's accommodation to its limits.[106]
By the middle of the 15th century England was increasingly divided between the rival royal factions of the Lancastrians and the Yorkists. Castles such as Windsor did not play a decisive role during the resulting Wars of the Roses (1455–1485), which were fought primarily in the form of pitched battles between the rival factions.[107] Henry VI, born at Windsor Castle and known as Henry of Windsor, became king at the young age of nine months.[108] His long period of minority, coupled with the increasing tensions between Henry's Lancastrian supporters and the Yorkists, distracted attention from Windsor.[109] The Garter Feasts and other ceremonial activities at the castle became more infrequent and less well attended.[109]
Henry VII made more use of Windsor. In 1488, shortly after succeeding to the throne, he held a massive feast for the Order of the Garter at the castle.
16th century
Henry rebuilt the principal castle gateway in about 1510 and constructed a tennis court at the base of the motte in the Upper Ward.
By contrast, the young
17th century
James I used Windsor Castle primarily as a base for hunting, one of his favourite pursuits, and for socialising with his friends.[141] Many of these occasions involved extensive drinking sessions, including one with Christian IV of Denmark in 1606 that became infamous across Europe for the resulting drunken behaviour of the two kings.[142] The absence of space at Windsor continued to prove problematic, with James' English and Scottish retinues often quarrelling over rooms.[142]
Charles I was a connoisseur of art, and paid greater attention to the aesthetic aspects of Windsor Castle than his predecessors.[143] Charles had the castle completely surveyed by a team including Inigo Jones in 1629, but little of the recommended work was carried out.[137] Nonetheless, Charles employed Nicholas Stone to improve the chapel gallery in the Mannerist style and to construct a gateway in the North Terrace.[137] Christian van Vianen, a noted Dutch goldsmith, was employed to produce a baroque gold service for the St George's Chapel altar. In the final years of peace, Charles demolished the fountain in the Upper Ward, intending to replace it with a classical statue.[144]
In 1642 the
In 1647 Charles, then a prisoner of Parliament, was brought to the castle for a period under arrest, before being moved to
During the Interregnum, however, squatters had occupied Windsor Castle. As a result, the "King's house was a wreck; the fanatic, the pilferer, and the squatter, having been at work ... Paupers had squatted in many of the towers and cabinets".
Charles was heavily influenced by
18th century
George I took little interest in Windsor Castle, preferring his other palaces at St James's, Hampton Court and Kensington.[164] George II rarely used Windsor either, preferring Hampton Court.[165] Many of the apartments in the Upper Ward were given out as "grace and favour" privileges for the use of prominent widows or other friends of the Crown.[166] The Duke of Cumberland made the most use of the property in his role as the Ranger of Windsor Great Park.[167] By the 1740s, Windsor Castle had become an early tourist attraction; wealthier visitors who could afford to pay the castle keeper could enter, see curiosities such as the castle's narwhal horn, and by the 1750s buy the first guidebooks to Windsor, produced by George Bickham in 1753 and Joseph Pote in 1755.[168] [nb 9] As the condition of the State Apartments continued to deteriorate, even the general public were able to regularly visit the property.[170]
George III reversed this trend when he came to the throne in 1760.[166] George disliked Hampton Court and was attracted by the park at Windsor Castle.[166] George wanted to move into the Ranger's House by the castle, but his brother, Henry was already living in it and refused to move out.[171] Instead, George had to move into the Upper Lodge, later called the Queen's Lodge, and started the long process of renovating the castle and the surrounding parks.[171] Initially the atmosphere at the castle remained very informal, with local children playing games inside the Upper and Lower Wards, and the royal family frequently seen as they walked around the grounds.[170] As time went by, however, access for visitors became more limited.[164]
George's architectural taste shifted over the years.[172] As a young man, he favoured Classical, in particular Palladian styles, but the king came to favour a more Gothic style, both as a consequence of the Palladian style becoming overused and poorly implemented, and because the Gothic form had come to be seen as a more honest, national style of English design in the light of the French Revolution.[173] Working with the architect James Wyatt, George attempted to "transform the exterior of the buildings in the Upper Ward into a Gothic palace, while retaining the character of the Hugh May state rooms".[174] The outside of the building was restyled with Gothic features, including new battlements and turrets.[174] Inside, conservation work was undertaken, and several new rooms constructed, including a new Gothic staircase to replace May's 17th-century version, complete with the Grand Vestibule ceiling above it.[175] New paintings were purchased for the castle, and collections from other royal palaces moved there by the king.[176] The cost of the work came to over £150,000 (£100 million in 2008 terms).[177][178] The king undertook extensive work in the castle's Great Park as well, laying out the new Norfolk and Flemish farms, creating two dairies and restoring Virginia Water Lake, and its grotto and follies.[179]
At the end of this period Windsor Castle became a place of royal confinement. In 1788 the king first became ill during a dinner at Windsor Castle; diagnosed as suffering from madness, he was removed for a period to the White House at Kew, where he temporarily recovered.[180] After relapses in 1801 and 1804, his condition became enduring from 1810 onwards and he was confined in the State Apartments of Windsor Castle, with building work on the castle ceasing the following year.[181]
19th century
George persuaded Parliament to vote him £300,000 for restoration (£245 million in 2008 terms).[95][178] Under the guidance of George's advisor, Charles Long, the architect Jeffry Wyatville was selected, and work commenced in 1824.[183][nb 10] Wyatville's own preference ran to Gothic architecture, but George, who had led the reintroduction of the French Rococo style to England at Carlton House, preferred a blend of periods and styles, and applied this taste to Windsor.[184] The terraces were closed off to visitors for greater privacy and the exterior of the Upper Ward was completely remodelled into its current appearance.[185] The Round Tower was raised in height to create a more dramatic appearance; many of the rooms in the State Apartments were rebuilt or remodelled; numerous new towers were created, much higher than the older versions.[186] The south range of the ward was rebuilt to provide private accommodation for the king, away from the state rooms.[187] The statue of Charles II was moved from the centre of the Upper Ward to the base of the motte.[187] Sir Walter Scott captured contemporary views when he noted that the work showed "a great deal of taste and feeling for the Gothic architecture"; many modern commentators, including Prince Charles, have criticised Wyatville's work as representing an act of vandalism of May's earlier designs.[188] The work was unfinished at the time of George IV's death in 1830, but was broadly completed by Wyatville's death in 1840. The total expenditure on the castle had soared to the colossal sum of over one million pounds (£817 million in 2008 terms) by the end of the project.[95][178]
Several minor alterations were made to the Upper Ward under Victoria. Anthony Salvin rebuilt Wyatville's grand staircase, with Edward Blore constructing a new private chapel within the State Apartments.[198] Salvin also rebuilt the State Dining Room following a serious fire in 1853.[199] Ludwig Gruner assisted in the design of the Queen's Private Audience Chamber in the south range.[200] Blore and Salvin also did extensive work in the Lower Ward, under the direction of Prince Albert, including the Hundred Steps leading down into Windsor town, rebuilding the Garter, Curfew and Salisbury towers, the houses of the Military Knights and creating a new Guardhouse.[201] George Gilbert Scott rebuilt the Horseshoe Cloister in the 1870s.[52] The Norman Gatehouse was turned into a private dwelling for Sir Henry Ponsonby.[202] Windsor Castle did not benefit from many of the minor improvements of the era, however, as Victoria disliked gaslight, preferring candles; electric lighting was only installed in limited parts of the castle at the end of her reign.[193] Indeed, the castle was famously cold and draughty in Victoria's reign,[202] but it was connected to a nearby reservoir, with water reliably piped into the interior for the first time.[203]
Many of the changes under Victoria were to the surrounding parklands and buildings. The Royal Dairy at Frogmore was rebuilt in a mock Tudor style in 1853; George III's Dairy rebuilt in a Renaissance style in 1859; the Georgian Flemish Farm rebuilt, and the Norfolk Farm renovated.[204] The Long Walk was planted with fresh trees to replace the diseased stock.[67] The Windsor Castle and Town Approaches Act, passed by Parliament in 1848, permitted the closing and re-routing of the old roads which previously ran through the park from Windsor to Datchet and Old Windsor.[205] These changes allowed the royal family to undertake the enclosure of a large area of parkland to form the private "Home Park" with no public roads passing through it.[203] The Queen granted additional rights for public access to the remainder of the park as part of this arrangement.[203]
20th century
Edward VII came to the throne in 1901 and immediately set about modernising Windsor Castle with "enthusiasm and zest".[206] Many of the rooms in the Upper Ward were de-cluttered and redecorated for the first time in many years, with Edward "peering into cabinets; ransacking drawers; clearing rooms formerly used by the Prince Consort and not touched since his death; dispatching case-loads of relics and ornaments to a special room in the Round Tower ... destroying statues and busts of John Brown ... throwing out hundreds of 'rubbishy old coloured photographs' ... [and] rearranging pictures".[207] Electric lighting was added to more rooms, along with central heating; telephone lines were installed, along with garages for the newly invented automobiles.[208] The marathon was run from Windsor Castle at the 1908 Olympics,[nb 11] and in 1911 the pioneering aviator Thomas Sopwith landed an aircraft at the castle for the first time.[209]
George V continued a process of more gradual modernisation, assisted by his wife, Mary of Teck, who had a strong interest in furniture and decoration.[210] Mary sought out and re-acquired items of furniture that had been lost or sold from the castle, including many dispersed by Edward VII, and also acquired many new works of art to furnish the state rooms.[211] Queen Mary was also a lover of all things miniature, and a famous dolls' house was created for her at Windsor Castle, designed by the architect Edwin Lutyens and furnished by leading craftsmen and designers of the 1930s.[212] George V was committed to maintaining a high standard of court life at Windsor Castle, adopting the motto that everything was to be "of the best".[213] A large staff was still kept at the castle, with around 660 servants working in the property during the period.[212] Meanwhile, during the First World War, anti-German feeling led the members of the royal family to change their dynastic name from the German House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha; George decided to take the new name from the castle, and the royal family became the House of Windsor in 1917.[214]
Edward VIII did not spend much of his reign at Windsor Castle.[214] He continued to spend most of his time at Fort Belvedere in the Great Park, where he had lived whilst Prince of Wales.[214] Edward created a small aerodrome at the castle on Smith's Lawn, now used as a golf-course.[214] Edward's reign was short-lived and he broadcast his abdication speech to the British Empire from the castle in December 1936, adopting the title of Duke of Windsor.[214] His successor, George VI also preferred his own original home, the Royal Lodge in the Great Park, but moved into Windsor Castle with his wife Elizabeth.[214] As king, George revived the annual Garter Service at Windsor, drawing on the accounts of the 17th-century ceremonies recorded by Elias Ashmole, but moving the event to Ascot Week in June.[215]
On the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 the castle was readied for war-time conditions. Many of the staff from Buckingham Palace were moved to Windsor for safety, security was tightened and windows were blacked-out.[216] There was significant concern that the castle might be damaged or destroyed during the war; the more important art works were removed from the castle for safe-keeping, the valuable chandeliers were lowered to the floor in case of bomb damage, and a sequence of paintings by John Piper were commissioned from 1942 to 1944 to record the castle's appearance.[217] The king and queen and their children Princesses Elizabeth and Margaret lived for safety in the castle, with the roof above their rooms specially strengthened in case of attack.[218] The king and queen drove daily to London, returning to Windsor to sleep, although at the time this was a well-kept secret, as for propaganda and morale purposes it was reported that the king was still residing full-time at Buckingham Palace.[218] The castle was also used as a storage facility; for example, the only purified heavy water at the time was rescued from France in the face of the imminent French defeat in 1940, and most of it was sent to the castle to be stored in the basement alongside the Crown Jewels.[219] After the war the king revived the "dine and sleep" events at Windsor, following comments that the castle had become "almost like a vast, empty museum"; nonetheless, it took many years to restore Windsor Castle to its pre-war condition.[220]
In February 1952, Elizabeth II came to the throne and decided to make Windsor her principal weekend retreat.[221] The private apartments which had not been properly occupied since the era of Queen Mary were renovated and further modernised, and the Queen, Prince Philip and their two children took up residence.[221] By the early 1990s, however, there had been a marked deterioration in the quality of the Upper Ward, in particular the State Apartments.[222] Generations of repairs and replacements had resulted in a "diminution of the richness with which they had first been decorated", a "gradual attrition of the original vibrancy of effect, as each change repeated a more faded version of the last".[223] A programme of repair work to replace the heating and the wiring of the Upper Ward began in 1988.[224] Work was also undertaken to underpin the motte of the Round Tower after fresh subsidence was detected in 1988, threatening the collapse of the tower.[225]
1992 fire
On 20 November 1992, a major fire occurred at Windsor Castle, lasting for 15 hours and causing widespread damage to the Upper Ward.[226] The Private Chapel in the north-east corner of the State Apartments was being renovated as part of a long term programme of work within the castle, and it is believed that one of the spotlights being used in the work set fire to a curtain by the altar during the morning.[227] The fire spread quickly and destroyed nine of the principal state rooms and severely damaged more than 100 others.[227] Fire-fighters applied water to contain the blaze, whilst castle staff attempted to rescue the precious artworks from the castle.[228] Many of the rooms closest to the fire had been emptied as part of the renovation work, and this contributed to the successful evacuation of most of the collection.[227]
The fire spread through the roof voids and efforts continued through the night to contain the blaze, at great risk to the 200 fire-fighters involved.[229] It was not until late afternoon that the blaze began to come under control, although the fire continued during the night before being officially declared extinguished the next morning.[230] Along with the fire and smoke damage, one of the unintended effects of the fire-fighting was the considerable water damage to the castle; more than 1.5 million gallons of water were used to extinguish it, which in many ways caused more complex restoration problems than the fire.[231]
Two major issues for Windsor Castle emerged following the fire. The first was a political debate in Britain as to who should pay for the repairs.[232] Traditionally, as the property of the Crown, Windsor Castle was maintained, and if necessary repaired, by the British government in exchange for the profits made by the Crown Estate.[233] Furthermore, like other occupied royal palaces, it was not insured on grounds of economy.[234] At the time of the fire, however, the British press strongly argued in favour of the Queen herself being required to pay for the repairs from her private income.[232] A solution was found in which the restoration work would be paid for by opening Buckingham Palace to the public at selected times of the year, and by introducing new charges for public access to the parkland surrounding Windsor.[235] The second major issue concerned how to repair the castle. Some suggested that the damaged rooms should be restored to their original appearance, but others favoured repairing the castle so as to incorporate modern designs.[236] The decision was taken to largely follow the pre-fire architecture with some changes to reflect modern tastes and cost, but fresh questions emerged over whether the restoration should be undertaken to "authentic" or "equivalent" restoration standards.[25] Modern methods were used at Windsor to reproduce the equivalent pre-fire appearance, partially due to the cost.[237] The restoration programme was completed in 1997 at a total cost of £37 million (£67 million in 2015 terms).[178][238]
21st century
Windsor Castle, part of the
During Elizabeth II's reign much was done, not only to restore and maintain the fabric of the building, but also to transform it into a major British
On Christmas Day 2021, while Queen Elizabeth was staying at Windsor Castle, 19-year-old Jaswant Singh Chail broke into the gardens using a rope ladder and carrying a crossbow. Before he could enter any buildings Chail was arrested and later sectioned under the
On 7 May 2023, the lawn in the Home Park just beyond the East Terrace of the castle was the venue for the
The concert was attended by members of the royal family, alongside an audience of 20,000 members of the public.See also
- Constables and Governors of Windsor Castle
- The Society of the Friends of St George's and Descendants of the Knights of the Garter
- Windsor Festival International String Competition
Notes
- ^ The Queen's Drawing Room, Queen's Ballroom, Queen's Audience Chamber, Queen's Presence Chamber, Queen's Guard Chamber, King's Presence Chamber, King's Audience Room, King's Drawing Chamber and King's Dining Chamber residing in May's 17th-century structure; Wyatville transformed the layout of the eastern end of the State Apartments, forming the Grand Reception Room, White Drawing Room, Green Drawing Room, Crimson Drawing Room, the Waterloo Chamber, State Dining Room and Octagonal Dining Room.
- ^ "Authentic restoration" involves using original materials and methods; "equivalent restoration", as at Windsor, can integrate modern "fire compartmentation, service ducting, hygienic materials and strengthened floors", provided they cannot be seen.[25]
- ^ The rooms completely or largely destroyed in the fire were St George's Hall, the Lantern Lobby, the Octagonal Dining Room, the Private Chapel, and the Great Kitchen.
- ^ "Larderie" means "meat passage".
- ^ Tim Tatton-Brown argues that only the initial, middle bailey was built by William I, suggesting a later construction date for the two larger baileys.[77]
- ^ The other two residences favoured by Henry III were the Palace of Westminster and Clarendon Palace.[85]
- ^ The interiors were approximately 22 ft 11 in (7 m) in height, and 23 ft 7 in (7.2 m) wide.[102]
- Elizabeth I's court for his unwillingness, or inability, to pay his bills and his constant attempts to join the Order of the Garter. Various parts of the park surrounding Windsor are also represented in the play.[140]
- ^ The Windsor narwhal horn had been kept since medieval times, when it was first believed to be a unicorn's horn. It narrowly escaped being lost during the Interregnum after the Civil War.[169]
- ^ Jeffry Wyatville was the nephew of James Wyatt who had worked for George III; he changed his name to distinguish himself from his other relatives working in architecture.
- ^ This resulted in a change to the official distance to the race; the previous length of a marathon had been around 24 miles; since 1908, the distance has been set at 26 miles and 385 yards, the distance between Windsor Castle and the main stadium.
References
- ^ a b Hugh Roberts, Options Report for Windsor Castle, cited Nicolson, p. 79.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 27.
- ^ a b c d e Brindle and Kerr, p. 39.
- ^ Gordon Rayner (26 December 2015). "Buckingham Palace could become Queen's 'third home' as she opts for more time at Windsor and Balmoral". The Telegraph.
The Queen spent 10 more nights at Windsor Castle than Buckingham Palace in 2011, 35 in 2012, 59 in 2013, 52 in 2014, and 71 in 2015
- ^ "Royal Collection Trust – Windsor Castle Fact Sheet" (PDF). Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 10 January 2021.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 7, 156.
- ^ Nicolson, pp. 3–4.
- ^ a b Nicolson, p. 123.
- ^ Nicolson, p.78; Brindle and Kerr, p. 61.
- ^ Robinson, p. 156.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 142.
- ^ Tatton-Brown, p. 14.
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- ^ Nicolson, p. 235.
- ^ a b "Private chapel for Archie's christening was rebuilt after Windsor Castle fire". ITV News. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2020.
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- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 81.
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- ^ Brown (1989), p. 230; Cantor, p. 105.
- ^ a b Mackworth-Young, p. 6.
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- ^ Emery, p. 193; Tatton-Brown, p. 18; Robinson, p. 11.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Emery, p. 193.
- ^ Tatton-Brown, p. 18.
- ^ Brown (1989), p. 227; Robinson, p. 11.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, p. 32.
- ^ South, p. 35.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, pp. 32–33.
- ^ a b c d Brindle and Kerr, p. 33.
- ^ Robinson, p. 14.
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- ^ Brindle and Kerr, p. 34; Robinson, p. 15.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 123; Emery, p. 193.
- ^ a b Tatton-Brown, p. 25.
- ^ Robinson, p. 15.
- ^ Robinson, p. 17.
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- ^ Nicolson, pp. 118–119.
- ^ a b Nicolson, p. 121.
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- ^ Brown (1984), p. 91; Nicolson, p. 122.
- ^ a b Emery, p.196.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 121; Emery, p. 196.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 124.
- ^ Nicolson, p.120; Brindle and Ward, p. 40.
- ^ Steven Brindle, cited Nicolson, p. 125.
- ^ a b Brindle and Kerr, p. 44.
- ^ Brown (1989), p. 230.
- ^ Ritchie, p. 100.
- ^ a b Rowse, p. 28.
- ^ Rowse, p. 29.
- ^ Pounds, p. 249.
- ^ Wolffe, pp. 27–28
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- ^ Rowse, p. 31.
- ^ Rowse, p. 39.
- ^ Rowse, p. 34.
- ^ Rowse, p. 41; Rubin, p. 284.
- ^ a b c Rowse, p. 43.
- ^ Rowse, p. 43; Knox and Leslie pp. 3–7, cited Hoak p. 72.
- ^ a b c d Brindle and Kerr, p. 46.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, p. 46; Rowse, p. 43.
- ^ Rowse, p. 46.
- ^ Rowse, p. 47.
- ^ Rowse, p. 48.
- ^ Rowse, pp. 52–53.
- ^ Rowse, p. 61.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, p. 46; Rowse, p. 47.
- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 25.
- ^ Rowse, p. 55.
- ^ Rowse, p. 55; Hoak, p. 101.
- ^ Rowse, p. 56.
- ^ a b Williams (1860), p. 69.
- ^ Rowse, p. 57.
- ^ Rowse, pp. 57–60.
- ^ Rowse, p. 60.
- ^ Williams (1971), p. 25.
- ^ Rowse, p. 67.
- ^ a b Rowse, p. 64.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, pp. 46–47.
- ^ Rowse, pp. 64, 66.
- ^ a b c Brindle and Kerr, p. 47.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, p. 47; Rowse, pp. 64–65.
- ^ Rowse, p. 66.
- ^ a b Rowse, p. 69.
- ^ Rowse, p. 74; MacGregor, p. 86.
- ^ a b Rowse, p. 74.
- ^ Rowse, p. 76.
- ^ Rowse, p. 77.
- ^ a b c d e Rowse, p. 79.
- ^ Rowse, pp. 56, 79; Hoak, p. 98.
- ^ a b c d e f Rowse, p. 80.
- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 36.
- ^ a b Rowse, p. 84.
- ^ Rowse, p. 85.
- ^ a b c Thurley, p. 214.
- ^ Dixon, p. 269.
- ^ Spencer, p. 326.
- ^ Spencer, pp. 327–329.
- ^ Spencer, p. 331.
- ^ a b Watkin, p. 335.
- ^ Barnard, p. 257.
- ^ a b c Brindle and Kerr, p. 50.
- ^ a b Thurley, p. 229.
- ^ Newman, p. 81.
- ^ Nicolson, pp. 128–129; Rowse, p. 95.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 55; Mackworth-Young, p. 45.
- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 45.
- ^ a b Tite, p. 110.
- ^ Tite, p. 24; Robinson, p. 57.
- ^ a b c Robinson, p. 57.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Tite, p. 110; Robinson, p. 60; Bickham; Pote.
- ^ Rowse, p. 86.
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- ^ Robinson, p. 71.
- ^ Robinson, p. 72.
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- ^ Robinson, pp. 74–75.
- ^ Robinson, p. 81.
- ^ Robinson, p. 75.
- ^ a b c d Financial comparison based on average earnings; using the Measuring Worth website. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 60–62.
- ^ Clarke and Ridley, p. 46.
- ^ Clarke and Ridley, p. 48; Robinson, p. 71.
- ^ a b c Robinson, p.85.
- ^ Robinson, p. 90.
- ^ Ireland, p. 92; Nicolson, p. 79, 172–173.
- ^ Robinson, p. 89.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 91, 93.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 96.
- ^ Robinson, p. 92; Prince Charles, quoted Nicolson, p. 126.
- ^ Robinson, p. 117; Rowse, p. 207; Mackworth-Young, p. 75.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 117, 126.
- ^ Rowse, p. 207.
- ^ Rowse, p. 209.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 126.
- ^ Rowse, p. 221.
- ^ Robinson, p. 129.
- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 75.
- ^ Rowse, p. 237; Mackworth-Young, p. 75.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 118–119.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, p. 56.
- ^ Robinson, p. 124.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 119–121.
- ^ a b Rowse, p. 234.
- ^ a b c Tighe and Davis, p. 656.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 122–123.
- ^ Tighe and Davis, p. 655.
- ^ Robinson, p. 135; Hibbert, p. 191.
- ^ Robinson, p. 135; Hibbert, pp. 191–192.
- ^ Robinson, p. 135; Hibbert, p. 192.
- ^ Senn, p. 24; Rowse, p. 247.
- ^ Robinson, p. 136.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 136–137; Rowse, p. 247.
- ^ a b Robinson, p. 138.
- ^ Robinson, p. 137.
- ^ a b c d e f Mackworth-Young, p. 85.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 139–140.
- ^ Shawcross, p. 487.
- ^ Robinson, pp. 138–139; Shawcross, p. 487.
- ^ a b Shawcross, p. 527.
- ^ Freeman, p. 145.
- ^ Shawcross, pp. 604–605, 594.
- ^ a b Mackworth-Young, p. 88.
- ^ Robinson, p. 151.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 183; Robinson, p. 151.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 4.
- ^ Emery, p. 193; Brindle and Kerr, p. 5.
- ^ Robinson, p. 143; Nicolson, p. 30.
- ^ a b c Robinson, p. 144.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 11.
- ^ Nicolson, pp. 23, 25.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 30.
- Royal Collection Trust. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
- ^ a b Nicolson, p. 55.
- ^ Bogdanor, p. 190; Sovereign Grant Act: Frequently Asked Questions Relating to the Act and on General Issues, HM Treasury. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
- ^ Windsor Castle, Hansard. Retrieved 22 May 2016.
- ^ Nicolson, p. 58.
- ^ Robinson, p. 145; Nicolson, p. 71.
- ^ Nicolson, pp. 78–79.
- ^ Nicholson, p. 260.
- ^ Royal Property. Hansard. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
- ^ a b House of Commons Public Accounts Committee, p. 3.
- ^ Robinson, p. 7; Mackworth-Young, p. 88.
- ^ Emery, p. 192.
- ^ Robinson, p. 7.
- ^ The Official Website of the British Monarchy. Retrieved 28 November 2010; President Obama touches down in Windsor, BBC News. Retrieved 2 June 2017.
- ^ Morton, Becky (13 June 2021). "Queen meets Joe Biden at Windsor Castle". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 92.
- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 90.
- ^ Mackworth-Young, p. 95.
- ^ Brindle and Kerr, p. 4.
- ^ ISPAL Information Hub Fact Sheet B24 p. 5, the Institute for Sport, Parks and Leisure. Retrieved 21 December 2010.
- ^ Windsor Castle water turbine installed on River Thames, BBC News. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
- ^ Queen's official residences to undergo £37m tourism revamp, BBC News. Retrieved 6 April 2016.
- ^ Windsor Castle's Inner Hall closed by Queen Victoria opens after revamp, BBC News, 16 October 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ^ "The Queen and Prince Philip: An enduring royal romance". BBC News. 10 April 2021. Retrieved 14 April 2021.
- ^ "Queen and Prince Philip to skip Christmas in Sandringham for first time in 33 years". Sky News. 2 December 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ "Prince Philip has died aged 99, Buckingham Palace announces". BBC News. 9 April 2021. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
- ^ Steve Bird (27 December 2021). "Windsor Castle: Video emerges of masked man threatening to 'assassinate the Queen'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 10 January 2022.
- ^ "Man admits treason after breaking into grounds of Windsor Castle with crossbow 'to kill Queen'". Sky News. 3 February 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.
- ^ Rackham, Annabel (14 April 2023). "Katy Perry and Lionel Richie to perform at Coronation concert". BBC News. Archived from the original on 14 April 2023. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
- ^ "BBC announces more world-famous names for Coronation Concert". BBC Media Centre. 28 April 2023. Archived from the original on 28 April 2023. Retrieved 28 April 2023.
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External links
- Windsor Castle at the Royal Family website
- Windsor Castle at the Royal Collection Trust
- College of St George, home to St George's Chapel
- Historic England. "Details from listed building database (1117776)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 5 December 2016.