Laevistrombus canarium

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Laevistrombus canarium
Five different views of a shell of an adult L. canarium: abapertural (upper left), right lateral (center), apertural (upper right), apical (lower left) and basal (lower right)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Mollusca
Class: Gastropoda
Subclass: Caenogastropoda
Order: Littorinimorpha
Family: Strombidae
Genus: Laevistrombus
Species:
L. canarium
Binomial name
Laevistrombus canarium
The shaded area indicates the distribution of Laevistrombus canarium within the Western Central Pacific, according to Poutiers, 1998.[1]
Synonyms[1][4][5][6]

Laevistrombus canarium (

mollusc in the family Strombidae (true conches). Known from illustrations in books dating from the late 17th century, L. canarium is an Indo-Pacific species occurring from India and Sri Lanka to Melanesia, Australia and southern Japan. The shell of adult individuals is coloured from light yellowish-brown to golden to grey. It has a characteristic inflated body whorl, a flared, thick outer lip, and a shallow stromboid notch. The shell is valued as an ornament, and because it is heavy and compact, it is also often used as a sinker for fishing nets
.

The external anatomy of the soft parts of this species is similar to that of other strombid snails. The animal has an elongated

closely related
species. The dog conch exhibits behaviours common among the Strombidae, including burrowing and a characteristic leaping form of locomotion. The former behaviour, however, involves movement sequences unique to this species.

L. canarium lives on muddy and sandy bottoms, grazing on

macaques
, and also humans, who consume the soft parts in a wide variety of dishes.

The dog conch is an economically important species in the

organotin pollution monitoring near Malaysian ports
.

Name

The English common name of L. canarium, "dog conch", is a calque of the Malay. In the Malay Peninsula, the species is known by the Malay name siput gonggong, where siput means "snail" and gonggong is an onomatopoetic word for a dog's bark.[4][7][8]

Taxonomy

Drawings of two upright dog conch shells
A 1742 illustration from Index Testarum Conchyliorum, showing abapertural (left) and apertural (right) views of an adult dog conch shell

The first published depictions of the shell of this species appeared in 1681 in the earliest book solely about

malacologist Niccolò Gualtieri. In both books, the morphology of an adult shell was shown from different perspectives.[10]

In 1758, the dog conch was formally

taxonomist Carl Linnaeus, who originated the system of binomial nomenclature. The specific name of this taxon, canarium, is derived from the Latin canis (dog).[11] The original description given by Linnaeus in his book, Systema Naturae
, is in Latin: "S. testae labro rotundato brevi retuso, spiraque laevi." This can be translated as "Strombus with a shell having a retuse, short, rounded
Eastern Asia as the area in which the species is found.[2]

The taxon Laevistrombus was introduced in the literature as a

palaeontological data.[15]

The

morphotype, and therefore a synonym of L. canarium.[4] In 2019, Maxwell et al. examined the early teleoconch (upper post-larval shell spiral) morphology of specimens of Laevistrombus species; they treated L. turturella as a valid species, and elevated L. guidoi, L. taeniata, and L. vanikorensis to full species status.[6]

Anatomy

Shell description

Manual of Conchology (1885)[16]

Laevistrombus canarium has a heavy shell with a rounded outline. The shell length of adult specimens is from 29 mm (1.1 in) to 71 mm (2.8 in).

dextral shell of this species is viewed ventrally (with the anterior end pointing downwards), the stromboid notch can be observed to the right of the siphonal canal as a shallow, secondary anterior indentation in the lip. The siphonal canal itself is straight, short, and ample; the columella is smooth, without any folds.[1]
Adult specimens have a moderately flared, posteriorly protruding outer lip,[5][7] which is considerably thickened and completely devoid of marginal spikes or plicae. The body whorl is roundly swollen at the shoulder, with a few anterior spiral grooves. The shell has a medium-to-high cone-shaped spire, with at least five delicately furrowed whorls.[4]

Shell colour is variable, from golden yellow to light yellowish-brown to grey. The underside of the shell is rarely dark; more frequently it is paler than the top, or totally white. In all cases, the shell

suture.[4] The corneous operculum is dark brown, and its shape is fairly typical of the family Strombidae: a slightly bent sickle, with seven or eight weak lateral serrations.[4]

Soft parts

Females of L. canarium are generally larger (both shell and soft parts) than males, which is also the case in other

ommatophores), with well-developed lens eyes at the tips. Each eyestalk has a small sensory tentacle branching off near the end. The large foot of the animal is narrow and strong, able to perform the leaping form of locomotion that is also found in other species of the Strombidae (such as the queen conch).[17]

Phylogeny

Strombus maculatus

Strombus mutabilis

Strombus microurceus

Strombus labiatus

Strombus fragilis

Strombus urceus

Strombus dentatus

Strombus canarium

Strombus vittatus

Strombus epidromis

Strombus fusiformis

Strombus haemastoma

Strombus wilsoni

Part of the
phylogeny and relationships of Strombus species, according to Latiolais and colleagues (2006)[18]

In 2006, Latiolais and colleagues proposed a

common ancestor.[18]

Distribution

L. canarium is native to the coastal waters of the Indo-Pacific region.

Cebu Island, Polillo Islands, Palawan). It is also found further east in Melanesia, including Yos Sudarso Bay in New Guinea, Papua New Guinea, Malaita and Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands, New Caledonia, Kioa Island in Fiji, and New Hebrides. The species is known to occur in Queensland, Australia, and north to Vietnam, Taiwan, and southern Japan.[1][5]

Detailed information is available about its distribution in the

Cape Rachado.[citation needed
]

Behaviour

Compared to most other gastropods, L. canarium has an unusual means of locomotion that is common only among the Strombidae. This curious series of maneuvers was originally described by American zoologist George Howard Parker in 1922. The animal initially fixes the posterior end of the foot by thrusting the point of its sickle-shaped operculum into the substrate. Then, it extends its foot forward, lifting the shell and throws it ahead in a motion that has been described as "leaping".[17][23]

Burrowing behaviour, in which an individual sinks itself entirely (or partially) into the substrate, is frequent among strombid gastropods.[24] The burrowing behaviour of L. canarium consists of a series of movements characteristic of the species. There are three consecutive movements: first is probing, where the animal pushes the anterior portion of the foot into the substrate to gain a hold; next is shovelling, where it pushes the substrate with its long, extensible proboscis. Retraction is the final movement, where it moves the shell along an anterior-posterior axis to settle the substrate around it. Once burrowed, part of the dorsal shell is usually still visible (although the ventral surface and the animal's soft parts are buried).[24]

The

chemoreception or vision (a well-developed sense in strombid gastropods).[25][27] The presence of a predator can significantly alter the movement pattern of L. canarium, inducing an increase in the frequency of leaps.[25]

Ecology

The dog conch lives on muddy sand bottoms among

sublittoral zones, from shallow water to a depth of 55 m (180 ft).[1] It is normally found in large colonies,[17] and is usually abundant wherever it occurs.[31]

Red-and-white snail resting on substrate
One known predator of the dog conch is the cloth-of-gold cone snail, Conus textile.

During the 19th century, strombid gastropods were believed to be

herbivorous animals.[32] In common with other Strombidae, Laevistrombus canarium is known to be a herbivore,[31] feeding on algae and occasionally detritus.[1]

Many

intertidal environments.[33] Humans are one of the dog conch's main predators, subjecting the species to intensive fishing and exploitation.[1][21] Empty shells of L. canarium are often occupied by the land hermit crab Coenobita violascens.[34]

L. canarium is often

digestive gland.[35]

Life cycle

L. canarium is

true conches.[17]

A study from 2008 indicates that

maximum lifespan of the dog conch differs between sexes; it is estimated at 2.0 and 2.5 years for females and males, respectively.[citation needed
]

Human uses and conservation measures

Chemical diagram
Structural diagram of a tributyltin (TBT) compound. Organic tin compounds such as TBT can cause imposex in gastropods.

The flesh of the dog conch is edible. It is a

Phuket intend to increase depleted natural stocks of L. canarium by reintroducing cultured animals in local seagrass beds. Fishermen are encouraged not to collect younger, smaller individuals that have not yet reproduced.[40]

organotin compounds, but the phenomenon does not cause sterility in this species. The ability of the dog conch to survive despite imposex makes this species a suitable local bioindicator for organotin pollution.[41]

  • L. canarium is a local delicacy in the Malay Peninsula. Dog conchs are boiled with lemongrass and can be eaten with white rice.
    L. canarium is a local delicacy in the Malay Peninsula. Dog conchs are boiled with lemongrass and can be eaten with white rice.
  • Dog conchs served in a seafood restaurant near Johor Bahru, Malaysia
    Dog conchs served in a seafood restaurant near Johor Bahru, Malaysia

References

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External links

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