Lake Karachay

Coordinates: 55°40′42″N 60°47′59″E / 55.67833°N 60.79972°E / 55.67833; 60.79972
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Lake Karachay
Карача́й (Russian)
Location of the lake in Russia
Location of the lake in Russia
Lake Karachay
Coordinates55°40′42″N 60°47′59″E / 55.67833°N 60.79972°E / 55.67833; 60.79972
TypeReservoir
Basin countriesRussia
SettlementsOzyorsk

Lake Karachay (

Ural mountains in central Russia. Starting in 1951, the Soviet Union used Karachay as a dumping site for radioactive waste from Mayak, the nearby nuclear waste storage and reprocessing facility, located near the town of Ozyorsk (then called Chelyabinsk-40). Today the lake is completely infilled, acting as "a near-surface permanent and dry nuclear waste storage facility."[1]

Satellite image/map of Lake Karachay

The radioactivity of the lake is comparable to the Chernobyl disaster, the worst nuclear accident of all time.

Background

The name

karachay means "black water" or "black creek" in several Northwestern Turkic languages, including Tatar
.

Built in total secrecy between 1946 and 1948, the Mayak plant was the first reactor used to create

Lavrenti Beria, it was the utmost priority to produce enough weapons-grade material to match the U.S. nuclear superiority following the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Little to no consideration was paid to worker safety or responsible disposal of waste materials, and the reactors all were optimized for plutonium production, producing many tons of contaminated materials and utilizing open-cycle cooling systems which directly contaminated the thousands of liters of cooling water the reactors used every day.[2][3]

Lake Kyzyltash was the largest natural lake capable of providing cooling water to the reactors; it was rapidly contaminated because of the use of the open-cycle system. Lake Karachay was even closer; however the lake was too small to provide sufficient cooling water. Lake Karachay was then designated a close-by and convenient dumping ground for large quantities of high-level radioactive waste too "hot" to store in the facility's underground storage vats. The original plan was to use the lake to store highly radioactive material until it could be returned to the Mayak facility's underground concrete storage vats, however it later became impossible due to the lethal levels of radioactivity. The lake was used for this purpose until the

Techa River, along which many villages lay).[3]

In the 1960s, the lake began to dry out; its area dropped from 0.5 km2 in 1951[4] to 0.15 km2 by the end of 1993.[5] In 1968, following a drought in the region, the wind carried 185 PBq (5 MCi) of radioactive dust away from the dried area of the lake, irradiating half a million people.[6]

Between 1978 and 1986, the lake was filled with almost 10,000 hollow concrete blocks to prevent sediments from shifting.[7] Conservation of the affected area continued into the 2000s via the federal target program "Nuclear and Radiation Safety in 2008 and for the period up to 2015", with the rest of the lake finally being backfilled in November 2015.[1] Conservation work was completed in December 2016 with the final layer of rock and soil being added, effectively making the former lake "a near-surface permanent and dry nuclear waste storage facility."[1]

Current status

According to a report by the

high-level radioactive waste
deposits to a depth of roughly 3.4 metres (11 ft).

In 1990, the radiation level in the region near where radioactive effluent was discharged into the lake was 600 röntgens per hour (approximately 6 Sv/h) according to the Natural Resources Defense Council,[9][10] sufficient to give a lethal dose to a human within less than an hour.

As of December 2016, the lake's status is completely infilled, using special concrete blocks, rock, and dirt. It had been completely backfilled in November 2015, then monitored before placing the final layer of rock and dirt. Monitoring data showed "clear reduction of the deposition of radionuclides on the surface" after 10 months.[1] A decades-long monitoring program for underground water was expected to be implemented shortly after.[1]

See also

  • Church Rock uranium mill spill, the largest environmental release of radiological material in the United States
  • Hanford Site, the United States' worst nuclear industry polluted site
  • Blacksmith Institute
    's 2007 list of the ten most polluted places on Earth

References

  1. ^ a b c d e "Russia's Mayak continues clean-up of Lake Karachai". Nuclear Engineering International Magazine. Global Trade Media. 30 November 2016. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  2. ^ "Nuclear History - The Forgotten Disasters". Nuclear-News. 2016. Archived from the original on 3 August 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  3. ^ a b James Martin Center for Nonproliferation Studies (6 March 2013). "Mayak Production Association". Nuclear Threat Initiative. Archived from the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  4. ^ a b "Lake Karachay". Nuclear Encyclopedia. Kose Parish, Estonia. Archived from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  5. ^ "Russia's Plutonium". Battelle Seattle Research Center. 20 May 2005. Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  6. ^ a b Pike, J. "Chelyabinsk-65 / Ozersk". WMD Information - GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2010. Retrieved 18 August 2017.
  7. PMID 11335195
    . To help prevent such lethal airborne contamination, Russian engineers have been gradually covering Lake Karachay with stones and concrete blocks, a controversial remediation method.
  8. ^ Lenssen, "Nuclear Waste: The Problem that Won't Go Away", Worldwatch Institute, Washington, D.C., 1991: 15.
  9. ^ Thomas B. Cochran; Robert Standish Norris; Kristen L. Sukko. "Radioactive Contamination at Chelyabinsk-65, Russia" (PDF). Natural Resources Defense Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 9, 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2015.
  10. ^ "Soviet weapons plant pollution". WISE International. 2 November 1990. Archived from the original on 18 August 2017. Retrieved 18 August 2017.

External links