Lake Malawi

Coordinates: 12°00′S 34°30′E / 12.000°S 34.500°E / -12.000; 34.500
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
For other uses, see Lake Malawi (disambiguation).

Lake Malawi (Lake Nyasa)
Primary inflows
Ruhuhu River[1]
Primary outflowsShire River[1]
Basin countriesMalawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania
Max. length560 km (350 mi)[1] to 580[2]
Max. width75 km (47 mi)[1]
Surface area29,600 km2 (11,400 sq mi)[1]
Average depth292 m (958 ft)[3]
Max. depth706 m (2,316 ft)[3]
Water volume8,640 km3 (2,070 cu mi)[3]
Surface elevation468 metres (1,535 ft) above sea level[4]
IslandsLikoma and Chizumulu islets, Mumbo Island
References[1][3]
Official nameLake Niassa and its Coastal Zone
Designated26 April 2011
Reference no.1964[5]

Lake Malawi, also known as Lake Nyasa in Tanzania and Lago Niassa in Mozambique, (Swahili: Ziwa Nyasa) is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the East African Rift system, located between Malawi, Mozambique and Tanzania.

It is the fourth largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, the ninth largest lake in the world by area and the third largest and second deepest lake in Africa. Lake Malawi is home to more species of fish than any other lake in the world,[6] including at least 700 species of cichlids.[7] The Mozambique portion of the lake was officially declared a reserve by the Government of Mozambique on June 10, 2011,[8] while in Malawi a portion of the lake is included in Lake Malawi National Park.[6]

Lake Malawi is a

thermal gradients.[9]

Geography

Lake Malawi is between 560 kilometres (350 mi)[1] and 580 kilometres (360 mi) long,[2] and about 75 kilometres (47 mi) wide at its widest point. The lake has a total surface area of about 29,600 square kilometres (11,400 sq mi).[1] The lake is 706 m (2,316 ft) at its deepest point, located in a major depression in the north-central part.[10] Another smaller depression in the far north reaches a depth of 528 m (1,732 ft).[10] The southern half of the lake is shallower; less than 400 m (1,300 ft) in the south-central part and less than 200 m (660 ft) in the far south.[10]

The lake has shorelines on western

Zambezi River in Mozambique.[2] Evaporation accounts for more than 80% of the water loss from the lake, considerably more than the outflowing Shire River.[11] The outflows from Lake Malawi into the Shire River are vital for the economy as the water resources support hydropower, irrigation and downstream biodiversity.[12]

Concerns have been raised over the future climate change impacts of Lake Malawi due to the recent decline in lake levels and the overall drying trend.[13] The climate in the lake region is already experiencing changes, with the temperatures predicted to increase throughout the country.[14]

The lake is about 350 kilometres (220 mi) southeast of Lake Tanganyika, another of the great lakes of the East African Rift. [15]

The Lake Malawi National Park is located at the southern end of the lake.[16]

  • Lake Malawi (1967)
    Lake Malawi (1967)
  • Mwaya Beach
    Mwaya Beach
  • Beach at Cape Maclear near Monkey Bay
    Beach at Cape Maclear near Monkey Bay

Geological history

rift shoulder
The East African Rift (red) with the Rift Valley lakes, Malawi being in the south

Malawi is one of the major Rift Valley lakes and an ancient lake. The lake lies in a valley formed by the opening of the East African Rift, where the African tectonic plate is being split into two pieces. This is called a divergent plate tectonics boundary. Malawi has typically been estimated to be 1–2 million years old (mya),[17][18] but more recent evidence points to a considerably older lake with a basin that started to form about 8.6 mya and deep-water condition first appeared 4.5 mya.[19][20]

The water levels have varied dramatically over time, ranging from almost 600 m (2,000 ft) below current level

AD, it may have been 120–150 m (390–490 ft) below current water levels.[18]

Water characteristics

The lake's water is alkaline (pH 7.7–8.6) and warm with a typical surface temperature between 24 and 29 °C (75–84 °F), while deep sections typically are about 22 °C (72 °F).[22] The thermocline is located at a depth of 40–100 m (130–330 ft).[11] The oxygen limit is at a depth of approximately 250 m (820 ft), effectively restricting fish and other aerobic organisms to the upper part.[23] The water is very clear for a lake and the visibility can be up to 20 m (66 ft), but slightly less than half this figure is more common and it is below 3 m (10 ft) in muddy bays.[10] However, during the rainy season months of January to March, the waters are more muddy due to muddy river inflows.[24]

European colonisation

The Portuguese trader Candido José da Costa Cardoso was the first European to visit the lake in 1846.[25] David Livingstone reached the lake in 1859, and named it Lake Nyasa.[2] He also referred to it by a pair of nicknames: Lake of Stars and Lake of Storms.[26] The Lake of Stars nickname came after Livingstone observed lights from the lanterns of the fishermen in Malawi on their boats, that resemble, from a distance, stars in the sky.[27] Later, after experiencing the unpredictable and extremely violent gales that sweep through the area, he also referred to it as the Lake of Storms.[27]

On 16 August 1914, Lake Malawi was the scene of a brief naval battle during World War I. The British gunboat SS Gwendolen, commanded by a Captain Rhoades, received orders from the British Empire's high command to "sink, burn, or destroy" the German Empire's only gunboat on the lake, the Hermann von Wissmann, commanded by Captain Berndt. Rhoades's crew found the Hermann von Wissmann in a bay near Sphinxhaven, in German East African territorial waters. Gwendolen disabled the German boat with a single cannon shot from a range of about 1,800 metres (2,000 yd). This brief conflict was hailed by The Times in England as the British Empire's first naval victory of World War I.[28][29]

Borders

Dashed line: current Malawi border
Dotted line: Tanzanian claim

Tanzania–Malawi dispute

The partition of the lake's surface area between Malawi and Tanzania is under dispute. Tanzania claims that the international border runs through the middle of the lake.

Tanganyikan portion of the surface. Later in colonial times, two jurisdictions were established.[32]

The dispute came to a head in 1967 when Tanzania officially protested to Malawi; however nothing was settled.[33] Occasional flare-ups of conflict occurred during the 1990s and in the 21st century.[34] In 2012, Malawi's oil exploration initiative brought the issue to the fore, with Tanzania demanding that exploration cease until the dispute was settled.[35]

Malawi–Mozambique border

In 1954, an agreement was signed between the British and the Portuguese making the middle of the lake their boundary with the exception of Chizumulu Island and Likoma Island, which were kept by the British and are now part of Malawi.[32]

Transport

A jetty juts into the lake at Nkhata Bay

Tanzania Railway Corporation Marine Division until 1997, when it became the Marine Services Company Limited.[40] Songea plies weekly between Liuli and Nkhata Bay via Itungi and Mbamba Bay.[39] The worst Lake disaster was the sinking of the MV Vipya in 1946, which resulted in 145 deaths. [41]

Wildlife

An African fish eagle catching a fish in Lake Malawi

Wildlife found in and around Lake Malawi or Nyasa includes Nile crocodiles, hippopotamus, monkeys,[42] and a significant population of African fish eagles that feed off fish from the lake.[43]

Fish

Fishing

Lake Malawi sardines (Engraulicypris sardella) spread out to dry on the shore of the lake

Lake Malawi has for millennia provided a major food source to the residents of its shores since its waters are rich in fish. Among the most popular are the four species of chambo, consisting of any one of four species in the subgenus Nyasalapia (

IUCN recognises 117 species of Malawi cichlids as threatened; some of these have tiny ranges and may be restricted to rocky coastlines only a few hundred metres long.[51]

Malawi cichlids
Top to bottom:

1. Diplotaxodon, one of the very few cichlid genera that occurs offshore in relatively deep water.[23]
2.

piscivorous hap that is famous for playing dead to lure prey close.[10][52][53]

3. As typical of utaka, Copadichromis azureus has bright blue males (shown) and duller females that are silvery with dark spots.[54]
4.
peacock cichlids.[55]

5. Fossorochromis rostratus is an "aberrant" hap that often sifts mouthfuls of sand to extract small food organisms.[10][56]
6. Like many mbuna, Pseudotropheus saulosi is a small cichlid where both male (blue and black) and female (yellow) are colorful.[57]

7. Oreochromis squamipinnis is one of only six native tilapia species in the lake, but these are important to fisheries. Notice the white genital tassels, longer when fully extended and unique to male chambo.[10][44]

Cichlids

Lake Malawi is noted for being the site of

pelagic waters.[23]

The cichlids of the lake are divided into two groups and the vast majority of the species are

anal fin (a feature particularly prevalent in the mbuna, but not exclusive to this group).[10][53]

The second group, the

macrophytes.[10][67] The remaining are five mouthbrooding species of Oreochromis; four chambo in the subgenus Nyasalapia (O. karongae, O. lidole, O. saka and O. squamipinnis) that are endemic to the Lake Malawi system, as well as the closely related O. shiranus, which also is found in Lake Chilwa.[10][44][60] The Malawi Oreochromis mainly feed on phytoplankton, reach lengths up to 26–42 cm (10–17 in) depending on the exact species, and are mostly black or silvery-gray with relatively indistinct dark bars.[10][60][68] Male chambo have unique genital tassels when breeding, which aid in egg fertilisation in a manner comparable to the egg-spots on the anal fin of haplochromines.[10][44]

Non-cichlids

The kampango (Bagrus meridionalis), one of the largest catfish, reaching up to 1.5 m (4.9 ft) in length[69]

The vast majority of the fish species in the lake are cichlids. Among the non-cichlid native fish are several species of

mottled eel (Anguilla nebulosa).[10]

At a genus level, most of these are widespread in Africa, but Bathyclarias is entirely restricted to the lake.[70]

Invertebrates

Molluscs

Lake Malawi is home to 28 species of

bivalves (2 endemics, Aspatharia subreniformis and the unionid Nyassunio nyassaensis).[71][72] The endemic freshwater snails are all members of the genera Bellamya, Bulinus, Gabbiella, Lanistes and Melanoides.[73]

Lake Malawi is home to a total of four snail species in the genus Bulinus, which is a known

British Museum of Natural History was unable to infect the two species endemic to the lake with the parasites. The field workers, who spent many hours on and in the lake, did not find either B. globosus or B. forskalli in the lake itself.[74] More recently, the disease has become a problem in the lake itself as the endemic B. nyassanus has become an intermediate host. This change, first noticed in the mid-1980s, is possibly related to a decline in snail-eating cichlids (for example, Trematocranus placodon) due to overfishing and/or a new strain of the bilharzia parasite.[22]

Crustaceans

Unlike Lake Tanganyika with its many endemic

undescribed species).[79]

Lake flies

Huge swarms of lake flies (Chaoborus edulis), resembling distant plumes of smoke over the water

Lake Malawi is famous for the huge swarms of tiny, harmless lake flies,

pupate they float to the surface and transform into adult flies.[82] The adults are very short-lived and the swarms, which can be several hundred metres tall and often have a spiraling shape, are part of their mating behaviour.[80][83] They lay their eggs at the water's surface and the adults die.[83] The larvae are an important food source for fish,[78][80][84] and the adult flies are important both to birds and local people, who collect them to make kungu cakes/burgers, a local delicacy with a very high protein content.[81][82]

2015 mine leak

In January 2015, a sediment control tank collapsed at the Paladin Energy-owned uranium mine in Northern Malawi after a high intensity rain storm hit the area. It was revealed that approximately 50 litres of non radioactive material leaked into a local creek. Despite reports in local media of radioactive contamination the government conducted independent scientific tests on the local river system and found that there was no effect on the environment.[85][86]

Swimming

The 25 km solo swim across Lake Malawi between Cape Ngomba and Senga Bay has been accomplished on 5 occasions by 16 swimmers

1992: Lewis Pugh 9hrs 52 minutes (UK/South Africa)[87] and Otto Thanning (South Africa) 10hrs 5 minutes

2010: Abigail Brown (UK) 9hrs 45 minutes[88]

2013: Milko van Gool (Netherlands) 8hrs 46 minutes[89] and Kaitlin Harthoorn (US) 9hrs 17 minutes

2016: (current record) Jean Craven (South Africa), Robert Dunford (Kenya), Michiel Le Roux (South Africa), Samantha Whelpton (South Africa), Greig Bannatyne (South Africa), Haydn Von Maltitz (South Africa), Douglas Livingstone-Blevins (South Africa) 7hrs 53 mins [90]

2019: Chris Stapley (Eswatini) and Jay Azran (South Africa) 8hrs 40 minutes, Andrew Stevens (Australia) 10hrs 50 minutes, and Ruth Azran (South Africa) 11hrs 8 minutes.[91][92] That same year, Martin Hobbs (South Africa), became the first person to swim the full length of Lake Malawi (54 days), as well as setting the world record for longest solo swim in a lake[93]

See also

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Further reading

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