Lake Skadar

Coordinates: 42°10′N 19°19′E / 42.167°N 19.317°E / 42.167; 19.317
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Lake of Shkodër
)
Lake Shkodër
Lake Skadar, Lake Shkodra, Lake Scutari
Primary inflows
Morača
Primary outflowsBojana
Basin countriesAlbania, Montenegro
Max. length44 km (27 mi)
Max. width14 km (8.7 mi)
Surface area370–530 km2 (140–200 sq mi)
Average depth5.01 m (16.4 ft)
Max. depth8.3 m (27 ft)[1] 44 m (144 ft)[citation needed]
Water volume1,931.62×10^6 m3 (68.215×10^9 cu ft)
Shore length1207 km (129 mi) is total length of coastline (including islands).
Surface elevation6 m (20 ft)
References[1]
Official nameSkadarsko Jezero
Designated13 December 1995
Reference no.784[2]
Official nameLake Shkodra and River Buna
Designated2 February 2006
Reference no.1598[3]
1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure.

Lake Skadar (Montenegrin: Скадарско језеро, Skadarsko jezero, pronounced [skâdarskɔː jɛ̂zɛrɔ]; Albanian: Liqeni i Shkodrës, pronounced [liˈcɛni i ˈʃkɔdrəs]) – also called Lake Scutari, Lake Shkodër and Lake Shkodra – lies on the border of Albania and Montenegro, and is the largest lake in Southern Europe. It is named after the city of Shkodër which lies at its southeastern coast. It is a karst lake.

The Montenegrin section of the lake and surrounding land has been designated as a national park, while the Albanian section is a nature reserve and a Ramsar site.

Geography

Lake Skadar is the largest lake in the

Balkan Peninsula with a surface area that seasonally fluctuates between 370 km2 (140 sq mi) and 530 km2 (200 sq mi).[1]
Lake Shkodër itself is located in the western Balkan region.

The lake is located in the border area between Montenegro and Albania, the Montenegrin share of the area of the lake is larger than the Albanian one. The lake's water level also varies seasonally from 4.7 to 9.8 metres (15 to 32 ft) above sea level. The lake extends northwest to southeast, and it is approximately 44 km (27 miles) long.[1]

The Bojana River connects the lake with the Adriatic Sea, and the

Bojana (Albanian: Buna), which forms the international border on the lower half of its length. The largest inflow is from the Morača, which provides about 62% of the lake's water.[1] Total drainage area is 5,490 km2 (2,120 sq mi).[1]

Satellite image of the lake in 2020
Courtesy: NASA's Earth Observatory

There are additionally some fresh water sources at the lake bottom. A characteristic feature of Lake Skadar’s water balance is the high inflow from a number of temporary and permanent

karstic springs, some of which are sublacustrine in cryptodepressians (so-called ‘oko’).[1] The Southern and southwestern sides of the lake are rocky, barren and steep, having bays in which the sublacustrine springs, are usually to be found.[1] On the northern side there is an enormous inundated area, the boundaries of which change as water levels fluctuate.[1]

Some small islands like

Beška, with two churches on it and Grmožur
, a former fortress and prison can be found on the southwestern side of the lake.

The climate type is hot-summer Mediterranean climate with dry summers (Csa), under Köppen climate classification.[1]

The Montenegrin part of the lake and its surrounding area were declared a

Second World War.[5]

  • View of the lake, Albania
    View of the lake, Albania
  • Western part of the lake near Rijeka Crnojevića, Montenegro
    Western part of the lake near Rijeka Crnojevića, Montenegro
  • Horseshoe bend in the northwest corner
    Horseshoe bend in the northwest corner
  • Outflow at Shkodër in Albania
    Outflow at Shkodër in Albania
  • Fortress Grmožur in Lake Skadar, Montenegro
    Fortress Grmožur in Lake Skadar, Montenegro
  • Lake Skadar, Montenegro
    Lake Skadar, Montenegro

Geology

Lake Skadar is presumably an ancient lake, although it is a relatively young ancient lake.[1]

Most authors agree that the Lake Skadar basin is of

faulting within north eastern wing of Old Montenegro anticlynorium (High Karst Zone).[1] These movements took place during the Cenozoic period. The Lake basin has been formed as the result of sinking of blocks in the Neogene period or even in Paleogene.[1] In the Miocene and the Pliocene marine conditions prevailed in the Zeta Plain, which was sunk at the beginning of the upper Miocene, and that the sea inundated this plain up to Podgorica during the Pliocene.[1] Radoman (1985)[6] pointed out that sea must have destroyed all the freshwater populations on this plane and in the Lake Skadar area.[1] The connection of Lake Skadar with the sea was interrupted during the younger Pliocene.[1] The question of the origin of its water is of particular interest for biologists as these waters may have provided its first species and been the basis for its present high degree of endemism.[1]

Fauna

The Lake Skadar system is a well-known hotspot of freshwater biodiversity and harbors a highly diverse mollusc fauna.[1]

Lake Skadar is one of the largest bird

birders. The lake also contains habitats of seagulls and herons
.

It is abundant in fish, especially in carp, bleak and eel. Of the 34 native fish species, 7 are endemic to Lake Skadar.[7]

At the scale of Lake Skadar, about 31% of freshwater snails (12 out of 39 species sampled in the lake) are endemic.[1] At the scale of the Lake Skadar basin, 38% (19 species) of the total freshwater gastropod fauna appear to be endemic.[1] There were reliably recorded 50 species of freshwater snails from the Lake Shkodër basin.[1] The index of freshwater gastropod endemism is 0.478.[1] With this relatively high value, Lake Shkodër exceeds such famous lakes as Lake Malawi and Lake Titicaca.[1] The Lake Skadar is inhabited by five species of Bithynia and it is a hot spot of Bithynia evolution.[1]

There are 17

amphipod species for the Lake Skadar watershed, 10 of them being endemic (mainly from the subterranean habitat).[1]

The small range of many endemic species living in the Lake Skadar system together with ever increasing human pressure make its fauna particularly vulnerable.[1] This becomes even more important in light of ongoing eutrophication, water pollution and sand and gravel exploration activities in the lake and its basin.[1] Research of the phytoplankton community and chlorophyll-based trophic state indices show that the lake is on a betamesosaprobic level of saprobity, which means moderately polluted with organic compounds.[1] Effects of human-induced environmental changes are especially evident for sublacustrine springs, with eutrophication and use for water supply (e.g., sublacustrine spring Karuč) being the most serious threats.[1]

The 2011

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species includes 21 endemic species from the Lake Skadar basin.[1]

Cultural impact

Radio Skadar, a radio station based in Podgorica, is named after Lake Skadar.

See also

  • Shaqari Island

References

  1. ^
  2. ^ "Skadarsko Jezero". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  3. ^ "Lake Shkodra and River Buna". Ramsar Sites Information Service. Retrieved 25 April 2018.
  4. ^ Ramsar (August 4, 2010). "The list of wetlands of international importance" (PDF) (in English and Spanish). Ramsar. p. 5. Retrieved 14 August 2010.
  5. ^ Vukotić, Jovan D. (1983). Borbena dejstva u savlađivanju vodenih prepreka u NOR-u: 1941-1945. Vojnoizdavački zavod. p. 14. Батаљон Ловћенског НОП одреда »Царев Лаз« је у садејству са деловима батаљона »13. јули« 12. фебруара 1942. извршио препад на италијански пароброд »Скендербег« на Скадарском језеру...
  6. ^ Radoman P. (1985). "Hydrobioidea a superfamily Prosobranchia (Gastropoda), II. Origin, Zoogeography, Evolution in the Balkans and Asia Minor". Monographs Institute of Zoology Belgrade 1: 1-173.
  7. ^ Talevski, Milošević, Marić, Petrović, Talevska and Talevska (2009). Biodiversity of Ichthyofauna from Lake Prespa, Lake Ohrid and Lake Skadar. Biotechnology & Biotechnological Equipment, 23(2). ISSN 1310-2818