Lakes in Bangalore
Lakes and tanks in the metropolitan area of
The topography of the three main gentle natural valley systems allowed for the creation of interconnected tanks and wetlands where water flows downstream through a series of channels or drains. These tank cascades or chains have seen accelerated change and fragmentation caused by urbanisation in the past four decades.[1] Some lakes have been redefined as recreational spaces. Some have been built upon. Other lakes have reduced in size and are in various stages of deterioration. While associated pollution is rampant such as the case of Bellandur Lake which is used as a sewage tank, numerous public and private efforts have been undertaken to address sewage treatment, prevention of dumping and encroachment.
Terminology
Lakes are called keres (ಕೆರೆ) in Kannada language,[2] and are traditionally referred to as tanks.[3] Researcher Rohan D'Souza has suggested that the concept of 'kere' and 'lake' differ; for example the former also refers to the wetland and bund while the latter focuses more on a body of water surrounded by land.[4] When the forest department started to have a larger role in the administration of these waterbodies in the 1980s the word 'lake' started to be used as compared to 'kere' or 'tank'.[3][5] In accordance with this terminology, communication and practices related to these waterbodies were impacted.[3] Anthropologist Smriti Srinivas writes that tank is also a simplification that incorporates both natural and manmade waterbodies into its context since identification of bodies of water in the region that were historically natural is a task.[6] A 1986 report classifies some tanks as 'disused' tanks.[7]
There is no specific definition for what a lake is in India.
History
Rainwater has been stored in reservoirs or
The dependence on tanks and other sources of water such as wells reduced with the implementation of schemes that brought water from
Sampangi lake supported both the
Lakes or tanks, including dry ones, have been converted to commercial areas, industries, government buildings, bus stands, sports facilities, playgrounds and residential colonies, a few tanks were breached under a malaria eradication programme.[45][46] When Bangalore Golf Course was formed in 1876, it was located in the center of the city, and then land was relatively easily obtained.[47] In 1973 the Karnataka Golf Association was formed and the members started looking for a location to set up a golf course. Among the several locations Challaghatta lake or tank was suggested, then located on the outskirts of the city.[47] At the time there were ample lakes in the city and not much fuss was made related to the lake itself.[48] After a number of administrative processes involving multiple departments of the local administration and multiple Chief Ministers, and conversion of the area into a golf course designed by an Australian architectural firm, the first 9 holes were inaugurated in 1986. Multiple national and international golf tournaments have been held at the course.[49]
In 1986 the Lakshman Rau committee (under a retired administrative officer; see N. Madhava Rao)[relevant? ] came out with a report highlighting the failure to maintain various tanks and made comments covering lake boundaries, water quality, the construction of tree parks in areas breached, to monitoring and conducting further study for new tanks.[50][51] The committee identified 127 lakes and transferred 90 to the forest department.[52] Since the 1980s custody of the lakes in the city has seen numerous changes.[53][54] The former Lake Development Authority experimented with public–private participation which included leasing out of four lakes.[55] Government administration of the lakes in the city mainly fall under a few urban local and state regulatory bodies.[56][57] Outside the city management is under the village and district Panchayats, and the Minor Irrigations department depending on the size of the lake.[5] Others forms of participation in the form of corporate social responsibility, general public involvement, including coordination with government efforts, and formation of lake groups, has resulted in some lakes seeing successful attempts at conservation and rejuvenation.[58][59] There are numerous measures undertaken, debated and contested by stakeholders in relation to the rejuvenation (restoration, revival, rehabilitation, conservation) of lakes. [60] Failure of these processes has been observed.[61] Urbanization has impacted the lakes in various ways, some lakes have completely disappeared, others have been reduced to pools, some have been encroached upon, some are in various stages of deterioration, some have dried up, and some have been leased.[62] The Koliwad committee, set up by the Karnataka legislature in 2014,[63][64] reported thousands of acres of encroachment of lake land.[65]
Topography and hydrology
The topographic setting of the city has radial slopes towards east and west with a smooth ridge running north to south; rainfall over the ridge area gets divided and flows east or west into the three gentle slopes and valleys of Koramangala–Challagatta, Hebbal and Vrishabavathi. The average elevation is roughly 900 m (2,952.8 ft). These naturally undulating terrain of hills and valleys lends itself to the development of tanks that can capture and store rainwater. Small streams are formed by each valley starting with the ridge at the top. A series of shallow tanks varying in size are developed by the construction of bunds.[66][67] A tank generally consists of a shallow inflow area and a relatively deeper outflow area where the bund is.[68] The tank can further be zoned into a flooded area and a waterlogged zone.[69] Monsoons recharge the tanks and the outflow can be regulated for irrigation of monsoon crops during the last six months of the year. Most tanks are dry a couple of months before the onset of the new monsoon. A second crop can be considered on the basis of water levels. Other seasonal changes affect the water level. Urban sewage inflow allows some lakes to retain their water spread for a longer period.[70] Initially serving as a water source, these tanks over time also developed features of closed water lentic ecosystem habitats.[71] The catchments on the east and west of the ridge belong to the Ponnaiyar River and Arkavathi River respectively. Both these rivers flow into the Kaveri.[72]
The tank-canal linkages or rajakaluves (large canals or stormwater canals) were redefined by the colonial administration once they became the location for the sewerage network.
Bangalore has a mean annual rainfall of 859.6 mm (2.8 ft) with June to September seeing the majority of rainfall.[67][66][79] 2022 was the wettest year with over 1700mm of rainfall.[80][81] The city sees around 60 rainy days a year.[82] The minimum rainfall is 587.8 mm/year.[79] An estimate of the rain water potential is 45000 million litres.[79] The annual mean temperature is 24 °C (75.2 °F) with extremes ranging from 37 °C (98.6 °F) to 15 °C (59.0 °F).[36] The highest and lowest temperature ever recorded in Bangalore has been 38.9 °C and 7.8 °C. in 1931 and 1884 respectively.[83]
Quantity
There are various boundaries and methods that have been considered when counting lakes or tanks.[85] This includes the different jurisdictions of concerned government bodies such as BBMP, BDA, BMRDA; the different limits of Bangalore Metropolitan Area, Greater Bangalore, Bangalore Rural district, Bangalore Urban district; and counts mentioned in reports such as the N Lakshman Rao report of 1986.[86] Over time, the expansion of the limits of the city has resulted in a transfer of lakes in the rural district to the urban district.[87]
Bangalore has grown in area from 69 km2 (17,000 acres) in 1949 to over 700 km2 (170,000 acres) by 2007.[88][89][82] The area covered by water bodies in Greater Bangalore and Bangalore Urban has seen a sharp decline since the 1960s and 1970s.[90][91][92] Greater Bangalore has seen a reduction in water cover from 20.8 km2 in 1965 to 12.5 km2 in 2018.[91] A study published in 2008 found that in the heart of the city only 17 good lakes exist as against 51 healthy lakes in 1985.[90] A 2020 report listed 211 lakes within BBMP boundary limits.[93] There are six cascading lake series- Varthur, Puttenahalli, Hulimavu, Byramangala, Yellamallappa Chetty and Madavara.[89]
In 2015, a survey of all lakes in Bangalore Urban totaling 834 was completed.[94] BMRDA in 2001 identified 2789 lakes (2-50 hectares in size) within its limits.[95][96] In 2013, the jurisdiction of the minor irrigation department, BMRDA and BDA was 3578, 2789 and 596 tanks/lakes respectively.[97] The Koliwad committee (2014-2016) listed 1545 lakes.[63] A 2018 study by an autonomous institute under the Karnataka government counted 1521 water bodies in the Bangalore Metropolitan Area, out of which 837 were disused.[11]
Quality
The largest lake in the city Bellandur Lake is "severely polluted".[98] The lake receives 520 million litres per day of sewage and other waste that amounts to about 40% of the city's total.[98] Out of this roughly half is treated and diverted for irrigation. Otherwise the only inflow is rainwater.[98] When aquatic systems around the world are taken into consideration, Bellandur Lake has methane emissions that are among the highest in the world.[98] The lake has been in the news for its pollution, froth, and fire.[99] Post-2015 deliberations with regard to what the end-goal of a rejuvenation of Bellandur lake would entail were held.[20] The cause of the water quality situation in the lake was discussed.[20] No simple solutions were found.[20] Heavy metal contamination in Bellandur Lake impacts concentration of heavy metals in the soil and crop in areas irrigated using untreated lake water.[100] Despite the numerous shortcomings presented by Bellandur and downstream Varthur lakes, these aren't representative of the many more shortcomings of water management in the rest of Bangalore.[101] Byramangala Lake has also seen froth.[102][103] A number of factors impact measurements and interpretation of water quality and pollution.[104][105][further explanation needed]
India's National Water Quality Monitoring Programme is implemented in Bangalore by the Karnataka State Pollution Control Board through a network of over 100 monitoring stations located at lakes and tanks.[106] Monthly monitoring data is classified under pre-defined water quality criteria A-E.[106] In 2022, according to this data water in all the lakes in Bangalore were undrinkable with no lake falling under categories A-C.[107]
Urban flooding has been considered as a disaster by National Disaster Management Authority following major flooding events in cities in India in the 2000s including Bangalore.[121][122] While there are similarities between cities in the causes of the floods, Bangalore has some unique exacerbating features with regard to its lake ecosystem.[121]
Ecology
Birds
The Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore released their first list of birds in Bangalore in the 1970s. The revised list of 1994 also contains recorded sightings such as that of little grebe at Ulsoor tank in 1930 and data from the waterfowl census conducted since 1987.[123] The 1994 list records over 220 regularly sighted birds.[123] 109 birds are wetland birds and additional 30 species are favoured by the presence of water.[123] A study conducted by the same group in 1989 observed economic activities in and around the tanks which affected their ecology. Out of 97 tanks that were observed in a radius of 30 km, unregulated mudlifting and brickmaking were practiced in a large number of the lakes.[124] Micro-habitats for aquatic birds in Bangalore can be grouped into roughly five categories: open water birds, waders and shoreline birds, meadow and grassland birds, birds of reedbeds and other vegetation, birds of open airspace above wetlands.[125] Some birds frequent multiple micro-habitats. The ninth and tenth edition of the census of wetland and water birds in 1995 and 1996 conducted by the Birdwatchers' Field Club in coordination with the state forest department found 29 lakes which had twenty or more species such as Hebbal, Hosakote and Kalkere.[125] 25 lakes were found with over 500 birds.[125] The pond heron was found to be the most prevalent species among all the lakes, however no one species was present in all the lakes. Common waders include egret, sandpiper and brahminy kite.[125] Kingfisher was the most common open water bird.[125] The most common duck was Garganey.[125] Pintail and Coot were common reed and other vegetation birds.[125]
A study using
Fish
20 types of fish have been observed in the lakes.
Macrophytes
Imagery from the
Analysis of freely available Google Earth imagery between 2002 and 2019 for macrophytes and phytoplankton cover in Bellandur and Varthur lakes showed that macrophyte cover never fell below 29% of the total wetland cover with a perennial average of nearly 60%. Algae was about half that of the macrophyte cover.[37] Water hyacinth has favoured types of moorhen, heron, and egret, and has caused the loss of a type of wader.[123] Aquatic weed harvesters are used on Bellandur lake.[140]
Common emergent aquatic plants include
Plankton
The 1989 Birdwatchers' Field Club study recorded 113 forms of plankton; in terms of plankton diversity six out of the 72 lakes showed high diversity.
Other
An inventory of lakes in Bangalore conducted between 2016 and 2018 identified 142 types of flora 191 types of fauna,[146] belonging to nine categories of the biota (flora: trees, herbs and shrubs, aquatic flora; fauna: insects, macro benthic fauna, fish, herpetofauna, avifauna, mammals) in and around the water bodies.[147]
Various trees, herbs and shrubs are found in and around the lakes.[148] Aacia nilotica has been planted at various tanks.[149] Floral diversity of wetlands include types of flowering and fruiting plants.[150]
A 2016 study identified 116 butterfly species.
One of the, or the, most vital modern use of lakes is for the storage of freshwater and subsequent recharge of groundwater in Bangalore. This comes into question during efforts to enhance the biodiversity and aesthetics of the lakes through the creation of artificial islands and tree parks, and opposition to "soup bowl" structured restoration.[155][156] Naturalist Zafar Futehally suggests a balance by restricting soup bowl structure to select lakes, and allowing the others to develop with more concern for aquatic birds and recreation.[156] In 2023 The New York Times reported about conservationist Anand Malligavad who has restored 35 lakes in Bengaluru, with the help ancient Chola methods of water management, which don't need maintenance.[157]
List of lakes and tanks
Greater Bangalore
Larger than 100 acres
6 to 100 acres
Former reservoirs
Other lakes in Urban District
Name | Area (acres) | Coordinates |
---|---|---|
Greater than 100 acres | ||
Hesaraghatta | 1912[253] | 13°09′27″N 77°29′20″E / 13.1574°N 77.4888°E |
Byramangala | 12°45′55″N 77°25′28″E / 12.7654°N 77.4244°E | |
Varanasi Lake | 13°01′35″N 77°41′12″E / 13.026383°N 77.686585°E | |
Muthanallur | 600[254] | 12°49′20″N 77°43′42″E / 12.8221°N 77.7282°E |
Hennagara | 172[169] | 12°46′39″N 77°39′41″E / 12.7776°N 77.6614°E |
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- Works cited
- Chakrapani, B. K.; Desai, Milind; George, Joseph; Karthikeyan, S.; Krishna, M. B.; Kumar, U. Harish; Naveein, O. C.; Sridhar, S.; Srinivasa, T. S.; N., Srinivasan; S., Subramanya (1990). Survey of Irrigation Tanks as Wetland Bird Habitats in the Bangalore area, India, January 1989. Birdwatchers' Field Club of Bangalore.
- Srinivas, Smriti (2001). Landscapes of Urban Memory. The Sacred and the Civic in India's High-Tech City. Globalization and Community. Vol. 9. University of Minnesota Press. ISBN 0-8166-3616-8.
- Shah, Esha (2003). Social Designs: Tank Irrigation Technology and Agrarian Transformation in Karnataka, South India. Thesis published by Orient Longman as a part of Wageningen University Water Resources Series. ISBN 90-5808-827-8– via Wageningen University.
- Thippaiah, P (2009), Vanishing Lakes: A Study of Bangalore City (PDF), Social and Economic Change Monograph Series 17, Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore, ISBN 978-81-7791-116-9
- ISBN 978-0-19-908968-0.
- Final Report on Inventorisation of Water Bodies in Bengaluru Metropolitan Area (BMA), vol. 1, Karnataka Lake Conservation and Development Authority (KLCDA), Centre for Lake Conservation (CLC), Environmental Management and Policy Research Institute (EMPRI) (Department of Forest, Ecology and Environment, Government of Karnataka), March 2018
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: others (link). Accessed via Environment Support Group- Volume-II: Lake Database and Atlas (Part-2: Bengaluru East Taluk)
- Volume-II: Lake Database and Atlas (Part-4: Bengaluru South Taluk)
- Mani, A. (1985). "A Study of the Climate of Bangalore". Essays on Bangalore (PDF). Vol. 2. Convenors Vinod Vyasulu and Amulya Kumar N. Reddy. Karnataka State Council for Science and Technology.
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Further reading
- Nair, Janaki (2005). The Promise of the Metropolis: Bangalore's Twentieth Century. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-566725-7.
- Nath, Sanchayan (2021). "Managerial, clientelist or populist? Lake governance in the Indian city of Bangalore". Water International. 46 (4). Routledge, Taylor & Francis: 524–542. S2CID 235769625.
- Ramesh, Aditya (2021). "Flows and fixes: water, disease and housing in Bangalore, 1860–1915". Urban History: 1–23. S2CID 244003581.
- Gouri, R L; Srinivas, V V (2015). "Reliability Assessment of a Storm Water Drain Network". Aquatic Procedia. 4. Elsevier: 772–779. .
- K, Chandrakanth (March 2018). "Ecological Impact of Urban Development: Lakes of Bengaluru". Tekton. 5 (1): 22–45.
- Sundaresan, Jayaraj (2011). "Planning as Commoning: Transformation of a Bangalore Lake". Economic and Political Weekly. 46 (50): 71–79. JSTOR 41319486.
- Yashas, V; Aman, Bagrecha; Dhanush, S (1 March 2021). "Feasibility study of floating solar panels over lakes in Bengaluru City, India". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Smart Infrastructure and Construction. 174 (1): 1–10. ISSN 2397-8759.
- Paul, Jai M. (2014). "Modelling of Lake Water Balance and Ground Water Surface Water Interaction Using Remote Sensing Gis and Isotope Techniques". Bangalore University. hdl:10603/347116 – via Shodhganga.
- Preservation of Lakes in the City of Bangalore. Report of the Committee constituted by the Hon'ble High Court of Karnataka to examine the ground realities and prepare an action plan for preservation of lakes in the City of Bangalore. (PDF), karunadu.karnataka.gov.in Official Website of Government of Karnataka, 2011
{{citation}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Brownstein, Daniel (1 March 2021). "Bangalore's Disappearing Lakes". Guerrilla Cartography.
- Palanichamy, Raj Bhagat (7 September 2022). "Overpopulation, concrete jungle, altered landscape: Decoding Bengaluru's urban flood woes". India Today.
- Kulranjan, Rashmi; Palur, Shashank (7 March 2022). "Crowdmapping Bengaluru's Vanishing Lakes". IndiaSpend.
External links
- Geospatial Data for Bengaluru Urban/Rural via Karnataka State Remote Sensing Applications Centre
- 167 Lakes in BBMP Custody via official website of the Lakes Department of BBMP
- Rajakaluve Encroachment Finder www
.rajakaluve .org - Karnataka land records (Digital Maps of Lakes) (Survey Maps of Lakes)
- Once There Was a Lake
- topographic-map.com