Lakshadweep

Coordinates: 10°34′N 72°38′E / 10.57°N 72.64°E / 10.57; 72.64
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
(Redirected from
Lakshadweep Islands
)
"Laccadives" redirects here. For the subgroup, see Laccadive Islands.

Lakshadweep
Union territory
Clockwise from top:
Laccadive sea;and Kalpeni Island
Formation
1 November 1956
Government of Lakshadweep
National ParliamentParliament of India
 • Lok Sabha1 seat
High CourtKerala High Court
Area
Bread fruit
List of Indian state and union territory symbols

Lakshadweep (Malayalam:

Amindivi Islands in the north separated roughly by the 11th parallel north and the atoll of Minicoy to the south separated by the Nine Degree Channel along the 9th parallel north. The islands are sandwiched between the Arabian Sea to the west and the Laccadive Sea to the east with the islands located about 220–440 km (140–270 mi) off the Malabar Coast
of mainland India.

The islands occupy a total land area of approximately 32.62 km2 (12.59 sq mi) with a population of 64,473 as per the

district with Kavaratti
as the capital.

Archaeological evidence from

Mysore kingdom in the late 18th century, which was annexed to the British empire, following the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War in 1799. The region became part of the Dominion of India following the Indian Independence
in 1947 and became a union territory in 1956.

The name Lakshadweep means "one

Malayalam and Sanskrit, though the islands are part of an archipelago of few islands. English is designated as the official language while Jeseri, a dialect of Malayalam, is the widely spoken native language in the territory with Dhivehi being the most spoken in Minicoy Island. The region comes under the judicial jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court. Fishing and agriculture
are the major occupations in the islands.

Etymology

The name Lakshadweep is derived from Lakṣadvīpa meaning "one hundred thousand islands" presumably from

Amindivi derives its name from the Amindivi people, who were earliest inhabitants of Amini Island.[8]

History

Early history

While it was presumed that Lakshadweep could have been part of the

Cheras in the Sangam period (300 BCE to 300CE), one of the three kingdoms of ancient Tamilakam in the Tamil Sangam literature Patiṟṟuppattu.[13]

The islands have long been known to sailors, first indicated by an anonymous reference in the

Androth.[15] Travelers and historians such as Ammianus Marcellinus (4th century CE), Faxian (5th century CE) and Cosmas (6th century CE) mention the islands.[15]

Middle ages

Local traditions attribute the first settlement on the islands to

Rajendra Chola I in 1018-19 CE.[18][19] In the late 11th century CE, it became part of a small Hindu kingdom before being passed on to the Kingdom of Kannur in early 12th century CE.[14] The islands are mentioned by travelers Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta in the 13th-14th century CE.[20][14]

European colonization

Map of the islands (1877)

In the late 15th century CE, the islands came under the control of the

Mysore Kingdom in 1787 which were later annexed to the British Raj in 1799 after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.[14] The rest of the islands remained under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family in return for a payment of annual tribute.[24] The British took over the administration of those islands in 1908 for nonpayment of arrears and attached it to the Madras Presidency.[25]

Post Independence

After the

shipping lanes to the Middle East.[30]

Geography

Satellite image showing the atolls of the Lakshadweep except Minicoy
Image of Maliku Atoll with Minicoy island

Lakshadweep is an

coastline with a lagoon area of 4,200 km2 (1,600 sq mi), territorial waters of 20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi) and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi).[32]

The islands are the northernmost of the Lakshadweep–Maldives–Chagos group of islands, which are the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, the

Chagos-Lakshadweep Ridge.[33] While there are no conclusive theories about the formation of the atolls, Charles Darwin proposed in 1842 that the subsidence of a volcanic island which resulted in the formation of a fringing reef with the continual subsidence allowing it to grow upwards.[8] The islands are small with none more than 1 mile in breadth with most inhabited islands situated on the eastern side of the islands away from the low-lying lagoons on the western side.[14] The soils are generally sandy, derived from the coral.[14] According to a 2017 report, the Parali I island of Bangaram atoll has eroded and inundated completely with the other four islands in the atoll also showing various degrees of erosion: Parali II (80%), Thinnakara (14.4%), Parali III (11.4%) and Bangaram (9.9%).[4]

Climate

The islands have a tropical monsoon climate, bordering on a tropical savanna climate. The weather is warm throughout the year with temperatures ranging from 20 to 32 degree Celsius. While tropical cyclones arising in the Arabian Sea rarely strike the islands due to its smaller size, winds and waves associated with them can alter the features of the islands considerably.[14]

Climate data for Lakshadweep 1981–2010, extremes 1996–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.3
(95.5) 		35.3
(95.5) 		38.0
(100.4) 		37.8
(100.0) 		37.0
(98.6) 		37.8
(100.0) 		32.7
(90.9) 		34.8
(94.6) 		33.3
(91.9) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.0
(95.0) 		36.3
(97.3) 		38.0
(100.4)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		31.5
(88.7) 		32.4
(90.3) 		33.2
(91.8) 		32.8
(91.0) 		31.1
(88.0) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		30.9
(87.6) 		31.4
(88.5) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.4
(88.5)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 25.8
(78.4) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.0
(80.6) 		28.1
(82.6) 		27.6
(81.7) 		25.9
(78.6) 		25.7
(78.3) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.8
(78.4) 		26.1
(79.0) 		26.1
(79.0) 		25.9
(78.6) 		26.3
(79.3)
Record low °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5) 		23.5
(74.3) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.2
(73.8) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.3
(72.1) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.5
(72.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		22.2
(72.0) 		22.1
(71.8) 		22.8
(73.0) 		22.1
(71.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 8.3
(0.33) 		2.0
(0.08) 		0.5
(0.02) 		5.6
(0.22) 		85.1
(3.35) 		260.5
(10.26) 		400.1
(15.75) 		395.5
(15.57) 		309.6
(12.19) 		99.1
(3.90) 		27.5
(1.08) 		9.1
(0.36) 		1,602.9
(63.11)
Average rainy days 2.1 0.9 0.1 0.4 6.5 16.0 16.1 12.5 10.0 9.3 5.5 2.4 79.5
Average
relative humidity (%) (at 17:30 IST
) 		69 68 67 67 72 79 80 78 78 77 75 70 73
Source: India Meteorological Department[34][35]
Bangaram Atoll, an uninhabited island showing vegetation consisting mostly of coconut trees
Laccadive sea
Domestic ducks in Kavaratti

Flora and fauna

The Lakshadweep archipelago is part of the

seaweeds such as sea lettuces, Codium and Hypena.[38][39]

There are over 600 recorded species of marine fishes, 78 species of

bivalves.[38][40] It is one of the four coral reef regions in India.[41]

pelagic birds including the brown noddy, lesser crested tern and greater crested tern.[45]

Symbols of Lakshadweep[46]
Animal Butterfly fish (Chaetodon falcula)
Bird Sooty tern (Sterna fuscata)
Tree
Bread fruit
(Artocarpus incisa)
Flower Neelakurinji (Strobilanthes kunthiana)

Administration and politics

Map of Lakshadweep
Bitra Island
Kadmat Island
Kavaratti Island
Viringili Island

The islands form a part of the union territory of Lakshadweep and is administered by a

Indian district.[48] The headquarters of the union territory remained at Kozhikode until 1964, when the seat of administrator of the islands was shifted to Kavaratti.[49]

For administration, the territory is divided into ten sub-divisions headed by sub-divisional officers except in Minicoy and Agatti, which are headed by deputy collectors.

police stationss.[50] The administration secretariat is based in Kavaratti.[50]

The territory elects one member to the

Scheduled Tribes.[53] The union territory falls under the judicial jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court at Kochi, and corresponds to a system of lower courts under it. There is a district and sessions court in Kavaratti since 1997 and two munsiff courts in Andrott and Amini.[54]

List of islands of Lakshadweep[32][55][56][57]
Name Sub-division Area
(km2) 		Population
(2011)
Aminidivi Islands
Bitra Bitra 0.10 271
Chetlat Chetlat 1.174 2,347
Kiltan Kiltan 1.7 3,946
Kadmat Kadmat 3.34 5,404
Amini Amini 2.67 7,661
Laccadive Islands
Andrott Andrott 4.9 11,191
Agatti
Agatti
 3.84 7,556
Kalpitti 0.085 –
Bangaram
 0.57 –[c]
Thinnakkara 0.522 –
Parali I 0.089 –
Parali II –
Parali III –
Kavaratti Kavaratti 4.22 11,221
Pitti (Bird Island) 0.001 –
Valiyakara 0.395 –
Cheriyakara 0.383 –
Kalpeni Kalpeni 2.79 4,419
Pitti I 0.028 –
Pitti II –
Cheriyam 0.537 –
Kodithala 0.0027 –
Thilakam I 0.055 –
Thilakam II –
Thilakam III –
Minicoy
Minicoy
Minicoy
 4.801 10,447
Viringili 0.025 –
Total 32.69[d] 64,473

Demographics

According to the

fertility rate was 1.4, significantly below the national average of 2.0.[61]

Religion and ethnicity

Religion in Lakshadweep (2011)[62]
Religion Percent
Islam
 
 96.58%
Hinduism
 
 2.77%
Christianity
 
 0.49%
Others
 
 0.16%

Mahls population also native to the Maldives
.

Languages

Languages of Lakshadweep (2011)[65]
Language Percent
Malayalam (Jeseri)
 
 84.17%
Mahl
)
 
 14.44%
Others
 
 1.39%

Dhivehi spoken in Minicoy.[67] There are minor variations of the same dialect across islands.[68]

Malayalam written in the Malayalam script was introduced as the primary language of Lakshadweep during the British Raj, while previously a type of Arabic script, which is also known as Ponnani script or Arabi Malayalam script, was used for writing the language.[69] The policy is continued with Malayalam serving as a link language on the islands including Minicoy.[70]

Economy

Coconut trees
in the islands are commercially important

The economy is dependent on

Coconut fibre (coir) and fishes.[37] While the actual arable land is minimal at 2.58 hectares, major agriculture produce is coconuts.[37] There are five coir factories, five production demonstration centers and seven curling units run by the government which produce coir fiber, yarn and mattings.[71]

Laccadive sea
Bangaram Atoll is promoted as a tourist destination

With a vast lagoon area and an exclusive economic zone of 400,000 km2 (150,000 sq mi), fishery is a major industry.[72] The estimated annual production is 21,016 tonnes of which 60% is tuna and related fishes with 60% of the total converted to dried products with 40% allocated for local consumption.[72] Commercial fishing is concentrated around 11 islands with skipjack tuna and yellowfin tuna being the only commercial varieties fished.[72] Fishing is done using mechanized fishing boats, traditional country crafts and country crafts fitted with motors.[72] The government runs a tuna canning factory.[72]

The tourist industry in Lakshadweep traces to 1974, when the Bangaram atoll was opened for international tourism.

sportfishing, yachting and night sea voyages have been established to promote tourism.[74] Tourists need a permission to visit the islands and foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands.[76] According to the current alcohol laws of India, alcoholic beverage consumption is not permitted in the islands except on Bangaram island.[77] The government has proposed programmes to improve infrastructure and promote tourism.[78] The potential negative effects of tourism on the environment and ecosystem of the islands is a subject of debate.[79]

Infrastructure

BSNL in Kalpeni

There is no single power grid connecting the islands and independent power houses caters to the power requirements of individual islands.[80] Minicoy was the first island to be electrified in 1962 followed by Kavaratti in 1964 and others later, with Bitra being the last island to be electrified in 1982.[80] Two diesel generators were established in 1962, generating 51.6 Kilo Watt.[80] As of 2012, the installed capacity is 18.5 Mega Watt from 41 diesel generators and 12 solar photovoltaic systems.[80]

The world's first ever experimental low-temperature thermal desalination plant opened on Kavaratti in 2005, which uses the temperature difference between warm surface seawater and much colder seawater at 500 m (1,600 ft) depth to generate potable water as well as energy, was put in place to produce 100,000 litres/day of potable water from seawater.[81][82] The technology was developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology and government announced plans to build three further plants.[83]

fiber optic cable for high-speed mobile and internet connectivity between Kochi and 11 islands of Lakshadweep.[85] India Post operates nine post offices that provide mail service.[37] There are four hospitals with 200 beds, four primary health centers, and 14 sub-health centers operated by the government.[37]

Transportation

Amindivi

The islands are served by

helicopters are operated by Pawan Hans which serve for passenger transport and emergency medical evacuation across islands.[88]

As of 2019[update], there are 228 km (142 mi) of paved roads and no

lighthouses in the islands.[92] The Minicoy Island Lighthouse was the first modern light house, established in 1885.[93]

Indian Navy operates INS Dweeprakshak, a naval based under the Southern Naval Command, commissioned in 2012.[94] There are ten minor ports, one each on all inhabited islands.[95]

Education

The first

Calicut University in the territory.[98][99]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Though technically a fish, it is classified as the official animal of the union territory
  2. ^ Though one of the islands—Parali 1 island, part of Bangaram Atoll—has been completely inundated by 2017,[4] official sources maintain the count at 36.[5]
  3. ^ Bangaram island has a floating population
  4. banks
    which form part of the archipelago

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Further reading

External links

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