Lakshmi
Lakshmi | |
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Mother Goddess Goddess of Prosperity, Fortune, Wealth, Power, Abundance, Beauty[1][2] and Maya Supreme Goddess in Vaishnavism[3] Adi Shakti | |
Abode | Vaikuntha, Manidvipa |
Mantra |
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Personal information | |
Siblings | Alakshmi |
Consort | Vishnu[8] |
Children | • Bala and Utsaha (Vayu Purana)[6]
• Kardama, Chiklita, and 16 other sons (according to Valli (daughters, according to South Indian tradition)[citation needed ] |
Translations of लक्ष्मी (Lakṣmī) | |
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Bhojpuri | 𑂪𑂍𑂹𑂭𑂹𑂧𑂲 (Lakṣmī) |
Hindi | लक्ष्मी (Lakṣmī) |
Kannada | ಲಕ್ಷ್ಮೀ (Lakṣmī) |
Marathi | लक्ष्मी (Lakṣmī) |
Odia | ଲକ୍ଷ୍ମୀ (Lakṣmī) |
Tamil | லக்ஷ்மீ (Lakṣmī) |
Telugu | లక్ష్మీ (Lakṣmī) |
Gujarati | લક્ષ્મી (Lakṣmī) |
Glossary of Hinduism terms |
Lakshmi (
Within the goddess-oriented
Lakshmi is depicted in Indian art as an elegantly dressed, prosperity-showering golden-coloured woman standing or sitting in the
Archaeological discoveries and ancient coins suggest the recognition and reverence for Lakshmi existing by the 1st millennium BCE.[30][31] Lakshmi's iconography and statues have also been found in Hindu temples throughout Southeast Asia, estimated to be from the second half of the 1st millennium CE.[32][33] The day of Lakshmi Puja during Navaratri, and the festivals of Deepavali and Sharad Purnima (Kojagiri Purnima) are celebrated in her honour.[34]
Etymology and epithets
Lakshmi in Sanskrit is derived from the root word lakṣ (लक्ष्) and lakṣa (लक्ष), meaning 'to perceive, observe, know, understand' and 'goal, aim, objective', respectively.[35] These roots give Lakshmi the symbolism: know and understand your goal.[36] A related term is lakṣaṇa, which means 'sign, target, aim, symbol, attribute, quality, lucky mark, auspicious opportunity'.[37]
Lakshmi has numerous epithets and numerous ancient
Lakshmi Sahasranama of
Her other names include:[38][44] Aishwarya, Akhila, Anagha, Anapagamini, Anumati, Apara, Aruna, Atibha, Avashya, Bala, Bhargavi, Bhudevi, Chakrika, Chanchala, Chandravadana, Chandrasahodari, Chandraroopa, Devi, Deepta, Dhruti, Haripriya, Harini, Harivallabha, Hemamalini, Hiranyavarna, Indira, Jalaja, Jambhavati, Janaki, Janamodini, Jyoti, Jyotsna, Kalyani, Kamalika, Ketaki, Kriyalakshmi, Kshirsha, Kuhu, Lalima, Madhavi, Madhu, Malti, Manushri, Nandika, Nandini, Nikhila, Nila Devi, Nimeshika, Padmavati, Parama, Prachi, Purnima, Radha, Ramaa, Rukmini, Samruddhi, Samudra Tanaya, Satyabhama, Shraddha, Shreeya, Sita, Smriti, Sridevi, Sudha, Sujata, Swarna Kamala, Taruni, Tilottama, Tulasi, Vasuda, Vasudhara, Vasundhara, Varada, Varalakshmi, Vedavati, Vidya, Vimala, and Viroopa.
Symbolism and iconography
Lakshmi is a member of the Tridevi, the triad of great goddesses. She represents the Rajas guna, and the Iccha-shakti.[46][47] The image, icons, and sculptures of Lakshmi are represented with symbolism. Her name is derived from Sanskrit root words for knowing the goal and understanding the objective.[36] Her four arms are symbolic of the four goals of humanity that are considered good in Hinduism: dharma (pursuit of ethical, moral life), artha (pursuit of wealth, means of life), kama (pursuit of love, emotional fulfillment), and moksha (pursuit of self-knowledge, liberation).[24][48]
In Lakshmi's iconography, she is either sitting or standing on a lotus and typically carrying a lotus in one or two hands. The lotus carries symbolic meanings in Hinduism and other Indian traditions. It symbolizes knowledge, self-realization, and liberation in the Vedic context, and represents reality, consciousness, and karma ('work, deed') in the Tantra (Sahasrara) context.[49] The lotus, a flower that blooms in clean or dirty water, also symbolises purity regardless of the good or bad circumstances in which it grows. It is a reminder that good and prosperity can bloom and not be affected by evil in one's surroundings.[50][51]
Lakshmi Sahasranama of Skanda Purana, Lakshmi Tantra, Markandeya Purana, Devi Mahatmya and Vedic scriptures describes Lakshmi as having eighteen hands and is described as holding rosary, axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, pitcher, rod, sakti, sword, shield, conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus in her eighteen hands.[25][26][27]
Below, behind, or on the sides, Lakshmi is very often shown with one or two elephants, known as
In some representations, wealth either symbolically pours out from one of her hands or she simply holds a jar of money. This symbolism has a dual meaning: wealth manifested through Lakshmi means both materials as well as spiritual wealth.[49] Her face and open hands are in a mudra that signifies compassion, giving or dāna ('charity').[48]
Lakshmi typically wears a red dress embroidered with golden threads, which symbolizes fortune and wealth. She, goddess of wealth and prosperity, is often represented with her husband Vishnu, the god who maintains human life filled with justice and peace. This symbolism implies wealth and prosperity are coupled with the maintenance of life, justice, and peace.[49] When Lakshmi and Vishnu appear together in images and statues, she is significantly smaller, which is often used to portray her devotional status as a wife. A frequently depicted scene of the pair illustrates Lakshmi massaging Vishnu's feet.[63]
In Japan, where Lakshmi is known as Kisshōten, she is commonly depicted with the Nyoihōju gem (如意宝珠) in her hand.[citation needed]
Literature
|
Vedas and Brahmanas
The meaning and significance of Lakshmi evolved in ancient Sanskrit texts.[64] Lakshmi is mentioned once in Rigveda, in which the name is used to mean 'kindred mark, sign of auspicious fortune'.
भद्रैषां लक्ष्मीर्निहिताधि वाचि |
"an auspicious fortune is attached to their words" |
—Rig Veda, x.71.2 | —translated by John Muir[64] |
In Atharva Veda, transcribed about 1000 BCE, Lakshmi evolves into a complex concept with plural manifestations. Book 7, Chapter 115 of Atharva Veda describes the plurality, asserting that a hundred Lakshmis are born with the body of a mortal at birth, some good, Punya ('virtuous') and auspicious, while others bad, paapi ('evil') and unfortunate. The good are welcomed, while the bad urged to leave.[64] The concept and spirit of Lakshmi and her association with fortune and the good is significant enough that Atharva Veda mentions it in multiple books: for example, in Book 12, Chapter 5 as Punya Lakshmi.[65] In some chapters of Atharva Veda, Lakshmi connotes the good, an auspicious sign, good luck, good fortune, prosperity, success, and happiness.[2]
Later, Lakshmi is referred to as the goddess of fortune, identified with Sri and regarded as the wife of Viṣṇu (Nārāyaṇa). The hymns of Shatapatha Brahmana thus describe Sri as a goddess born with and personifying a diverse range of talents and powers.
According to another legend, she emerges during the creation of universe, floating over the water on the expanded petals of a lotus flower; she is also variously regarded as wife of
Epics
In the Epics of Hinduism, such as in Mahabharata, Lakshmi personifies wealth, riches, happiness, loveliness, grace, charm, and splendor.[2] In another Hindu legend about the creation of the universe as described in Ramayana,[68] Lakshmi springs with other precious things from the foam of the ocean of milk when it is churned by the gods and demons for the recovery of Amṛta. She appeared with a lotus in her hand and so she is also called Padmā.[2][67]: 108–11
Sita, the female protagonist of the Ramayana and her husband, the god-king Rama are considered as avatars of Lakshmi and Vishnu, respectively. In the Mahabharata, Draupadi is described as a partial incarnation of Sri (Lakshmi).[69] However, other chapter of the epic states that Lakshmi took the incarnation of Rukmini, the chief-wife of the Hindu god Krishna.[nb 2]
Upanishads
Shakta
Stotram and sutras
Numerous ancient
Part of a series on |
Vaishnavism |
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Every woman is an embodiment of you.
You exist as little girls in their childhood,
As young women in their youth
And as elderly women in their old age.— Sri Kamala Stotram
Every woman is an emanation of you.
— Sri Daivakrta Laksmi Stotram
Ancient prayers dedicated to Lakshmi seek both material and spiritual wealth in prayers.[38]
Through illusion,
A person can become disconnected,
From his higher self,
Wandering about from place to place,
Bereft of clear thought,
Lost in destructive behavior.
It matters not how much truth,
May shine forth in the world,
Illuminating the entire creation,
For one cannot acquire wisdom,
Unless it is experienced,
Through the opening on the heart....
Puranas
Lakshmi features prominently in
Sri, loyal to Vishnu, is the mother of the world. Vishnu is the meaning, Sri is the speech. She is the conduct, he the behavior. Vishnu is knowledge, she the insight. He is dharma, she the virtuous action. She is the earth, the earth's upholder. She is contentment, he the satisfaction. She wishes, he is the desire. Sri is the sky, Vishnu the Self of everything. He is the Sun, she the light of the Sun. He is the ocean, she is the shore.
Subhasita, genomic and didactic literature
Lakshmi, along with Parvati and Saraswati, is a subject of extensive Subhashita, genomic and didactic literature of India.[76] Composed in the 1st millennium BCE through the 16th century CE, they are short poems, proverbs, couplets, or aphorisms in Sanskrit written in a precise meter. They sometimes take the form of a dialogue between Lakshmi and Vishnu or highlight the spiritual message in Vedas and ethical maxims from Hindu Epics through Lakshmi.[76] An example Subhashita is Puranartha Samgraha, compiled by Vekataraya in South India, where Lakshmi and Vishnu discuss niti ('right, moral conduct') and rajaniti ('statesmanship' or 'right governance')—covering in 30 chapters and ethical and moral questions about personal, social and political life.[76]: 22
Manifestations and aspects
Inside temples, Lakshmi is often shown together with
According to form represents the power to fight, conquer and punish the demons and anti-gods.
Part of a series on |
Shaktism |
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Hinduism portal |
In the
Lakshmi, Saraswati, and Parvati are typically conceptualized as distinct in most of India, but in states such as West Bengal and Odisha, they are regionally believed to be forms of Durga.[85] In Hindu Bengali culture, Lakshmi, along with Saraswati, are seen as the daughters of Durga. They are worshipped during Durga Puja.[86]
In South India, Lakshmi is seen in two forms, Sridevi and
Adi Lakshmi | The First manifestation of Lakshmi |
Dhanya Lakshmi | Granary Wealth |
Veera Lakshmi | Wealth of Courage |
Gaja Lakshmi | Elephants spraying water, the wealth of fertility, rains, and food.[96] |
Santana Lakshmi | Wealth of Continuity, Progeny |
Vidya Lakshmi | Wealth of Knowledge and Wisdom |
Vijaya Lakshmi | Wealth of Victory |
Dhana / Aishwarya Lakshmi | Wealth of prosperity and fortune |
Creation and legends
In
Worship
Many Hindus worship Lakshmi on Deepavali (Diwali), the festival of lights.[98] It is celebrated in autumn, typically October or November every year.[99] The festival spiritually signifies the victory of light over darkness, knowledge over ignorance, good over evil and hope over despair.[100]
Before
A very sacred day for the worship of Goddess Lakshmi falls on Chaitra Shukla Panchami, also called, Lakshmi Panchami, Shri Panchami, Kalpadi and Shri Vrata. As this worship is in the first week of the Hindu new year, by Hindu calendar, it is considered very auspicious.[106] Varalakshmi Vratam is celebrated by married Hindu women to pray for the well-being of their husbands.[107]
Temples
Some temples dedicated to Goddess Lakshmi are:
- Agroha Dham
- Ashtalakshmi Temple, Chennai
- Azhagiya Manavala Perumal Temple
- Bhagyalakshmi Temple, Hyderabad
- Chottanikkara Temple, Kerala
- 108 Divya Desams
- Golden Temple, Sripuram
- Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Temple[110]
- Lakshmi Devi Temple, Doddagaddavalli
- Lakshmi Narasimha Temple, Nuggehalli
- Lakshminarayana Temple, Hosaholalu
- Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho
- Laxminarayan Temple, Delhi
- Mahalakshmi Kollapuradamma Temple,Ratnagiri[111]
- Mahalakshmi Temple, Dahanu
- Mahalakshmi Temple, Kolhapur
- Mahalakshmi Temple, Mumbai
- Mookambika Temple, Kollur
- Nachiyar Koil [As Vanchulavalli thayar]
- Thirunarayur Nambi Temple
- Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal
- Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal [As Nammagiri Thayar]
- Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple
- Sri Kanaka Maha Lakshmi Temple, Andhra Pradesh
- Mahalakshmi Temple Kallur [Second Kolhapur]
- Goravanahalli Mahalakshmi Temple
- Sri Lakshmi Kuberar Temple,Rathinamangalam
- Mahalaksmi temple Bandora, Panaji
- Mahalakshmi temple Ucchila
- Mahalakshmi Mandir, Pune
- Kanakadhara Mahalakshmi Temple,Punnorkode, Pazhamthottam
- Pundarikakshan Perumal Temple
- Narasimhaswamy Temple, Namakkal
- Lakshmi Temple, Khajuraho
- Mahalakshmi Kollapuradamma Temple,Ratnagiri
- Shree Lakshmi Chandrala Parameshwari Temple, Karnataka
- Mahalakshmi temple Sulebhavi Belgaum
- Sweta Lakshmi Varahi Temple, Telanagana
- Astabhuja mahalakshmi temple Haldwani
- Shri Kollapuradamma Sri Mahalakshmi temple, Chitradurga
- London Sri Mahalakshmi Temple
- Mahalakshmi temple Delaware, United States
Numerous hymns, prayers,
- Sri Mahalakshmi Ashtakam
- Sri Lakshmi Sahasaranama Stotra (by Sanat Kumara)
- Sri Stuti (by Vedanta Desika)
- Lakshmi Stuti (by Indra)
- Kanakadhara Stotram (by Adi Shankara)
- Chatuh Shloki (by Yamunacharya)
- Sri Lakshmi Sloka (by Bhagavan Hari Swamiji)
- Sri Sukta, which is contained in the Vedas and includes the Lakshmi Gayatri Mantra(Om Sri Mahalakshmyai ca vidmahe Vishnu patnyai ca dhimahi tanno Lakshmi prachodayat, Om)
- Lakshmi Gayatri mantra mentioned in the Linga Purana (48.13) - (Samudratayai vidmahe Vishnunaikena dhimahi tanno Radha prachodayat)[113]
- Ashtalakshmi Stotram (by U.V. Srinivasa Varadachariyar)[114]
Archaeology
A representation of the goddess as Gaja Lakshmi or Lakshmi flanked by two elephants spraying her with water, is one of the most frequently found in archaeological sites.[30][31] An ancient sculpture of Gaja Lakshmi (from Sonkh site at Mathura) dates to the pre-Kushan Empire era.[30] Atranjikhera site in modern Uttar Pradesh has yielded terracotta plaque with images of Lakshmi dating to the 2nd century BCE. Other archaeological sites with ancient Lakshmi terracotta figurines from the 1st millennium BCE include Vaisali, Sravasti, Kausambi, Campa, and Candraketugadh.[31]
The goddess Lakshmi is frequently found in ancient coins of various Hindu kingdoms from Afghanistan to India. Gaja Lakshmi has been found on coins of Scytho-Parthian kings Azes II and Azilises; she also appears on Shunga Empire king Jyesthamitra era coins, both dating to 1st millennium BCE. Coins from 1st through 4th century CE found in various locations in India such as Ayodhya, Mathura, Ujjain, Sanchi, Bodh Gaya, Kanauj, all feature Lakshmi.[115] Similarly, ancient Greco-Indian gems and seals with images of Lakshmi have been found, estimated to be from 1st-millennium BCE.[116]
A 1400-year-old rare granite sculpture of Lakshmi has been recovered at the Waghama village along
The Pompeii Lakshmi, a statuette supposedly thought to be of Lakshmi found in Pompeii, Italy, dates to before the eruption of Vesuvius in 79 CE.[118]
Outside Hinduism
Jainism
Lakshmi is also an important deity in
Buddhism
In Buddhism, Lakshmi has been viewed as a goddess of abundance and fortune, and is represented on the oldest surviving stupas and cave temples of Buddhism.[123][124] In Buddhist sects of Tibet, Nepal, and Southeast Asia, Vasudhara mirrors the characteristics and attributes of the Hindu Goddess, with minor iconographic differences.[125]
In Chinese Buddhism, Lakshmi is referred to as either Gōngdétiān (功德天, lit "Meritorious god" ) or Jíxiáng Tiānnǚ (吉祥天女, lit "Auspicious goddess") and is the goddess of fortune and prosperity. She is regarded as the sister of Píshāméntiān (毗沙門天), or Vaiśravaṇa, one of the Four Heavenly Kings. She is also regarded as one of the twenty-four protective deities, and her image is frequently enshrined in the Mahavira Hall of most Chinese Buddhist monasteries together with the other deities. Her mantra, the Sri Devi Dharani (Chinese: 大吉祥天女咒; pinyin: Dà Jíxiáng Tiānnǚ Zhòu) is classified as one of the Ten Small Mantras (Chinese: 十小咒; pinyin: Shí xiǎo zhòu), which are a collection of dharanis that are commonly recited in Chinese Buddhist temples during morning liturgical services.[126]
The Dharani is as follows:
Namo buddhāya, Namo dharmāya, Namah samghāya, Namah Śrī Mahādevīye, Tadyathā Om paripūraņa cāre samanta darśane. Mahā vihāra gate samanta vidhamane. Mahā kārya pratişţhāpane, sarvārtha sādhane, supratipūri ayatna dharmatā. Mahā vikurvite, mahā maitrī upasamhite, mahārşi susamgŗhīte samantārtha anupālane svāhā.
In Japanese Buddhism, Lakshmi is known as Kishijoten (吉祥天, 'Auspicious Heavens') and is also the goddess of fortune and prosperity.[127] Like in China, Kishijoten is considered the sister of Bishamon (毘沙門, also known as Tamon or Bishamon-ten), who protects human life, fights evil, and brings good fortune. In ancient and medieval Japan, Kishijoten was the goddess worshiped for luck and prosperity, particularly on behalf of children. Kishijoten was also the guardian goddess of Geishas.
In Tibetan Buddhism, Lakshmi is an important deity, especially in the Gelug School. She has both peaceful and wrathful forms; the latter form is known as Palden Lhamo, Shri Devi Dudsol Dokam, or Kamadhatvishvari, and is the principal female protector of (Gelug) Tibetan Buddhism and of Lhasa, Tibet.[citation needed]
While Lakshmi and Vaiśravaṇa are found in ancient Chinese and Japanese Buddhist literature, their roots have been traced to deities in Hinduism.[127]
Lakshmi is closely linked to Dewi Sri, who is worshipped in Bali as the goddess of fertility and agriculture.
Incarnations
Lakshmi is attributed with various incarnations, including the following:
- Vedavati
- Bhumi (goddess)
- Sita
- Radha
- Gopis
- Rukmini
- Jambavati
- Satyabhama
- Kalindi
- Nagnajiti
- Mitravinda
- Lakshmana
- Bhadra
- Junior wives of Krishna
- Revati
- Padmavathi
- Andal
- Narasimhi[128]
- Vaishno Devi[129]
- Vaishnavi[128]
- Namagiri Thayar
- Kolhapur ambabai
- Chottanikkara bhagavathy
- Ranganayaki
- Kallur Mahalakshmi
Notes
- ^ This pronunciation has a closer approximation of the Hindustani pronunciation. Pronounced UK: /ˈlækʃmi/,[10] US: /ˈlɑːkʃmi/
- ^ Some scholars propose a theory that Sri and Lakshmi may have originally been different goddesses, who merged into one figure.[70] In contrasts, other scholars state that the association of Rukmini was a later interpolation in the epic.[71]
See also
- Deepalakshmi
- Doddagaddavalli
- Star of Lakshmi
References
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Lord Visnu is the refuge of the world and Goddess Lakshmi is the energy behind the Universe.
- Amulya Mohapatra; Bijaya Mohapatra (1 January 1993). Hinduism: Analytical Study. Mittal Publications. p. 26. ISBN 9788170993889.
Sri or Laxmi is the goddess of wealth and fortune , power and beauty.
- Bulbul Sharma (2010). The Book of Devi. Penguin Books India. p. 47. ISBN 9780143067665.
Sri or Lakshmi, as depicted in the sacred texts, is the goddess of wealth and fortune, royal power and beauty.
- Stephen Knapp (2012). Hindu Gods & Goddesses. Jaico Publishing House. p. 132. ISBN 9788184953664.
Goddess Lakshmi is the consort and shakti, or potency, of Lord Vishnu. Lakshmi, or Sri when she is especially known as the goddess of beauty (though sometimes considered to be separate entities), is the goddess of fortune, wealth, power, and loveliness.
- David Kinsley (1 January 1989). The Goddesses' Mirror: Visions of the Divine from East and West. SUNY Press. p. 55. ISBN 9780887068362.
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In Hindu mythology, Lakshmi is the goddess of wealth, power and beauty.
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Lakshmi, our Goddess of wealth, represents not only beauty and power but also the spirit of goodness.
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Padmaasanasthite Devi Parabrahma Svaroopini Paramesi Jaganmaata, Mahalakshmi Namostu Te.O Devi, You are seated on the lotus, You are the Supreme Brahman, You are the great Lord and Mother of the universe, O Mahaalakshmi, obeisance to Thee.
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Goddess Lakşmī is stated as the genetrix of the world; she maintains them as a mother ought to do . So she is often called as the Mātā.
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According to Sapta Sati the iconographical characteristics of Lakshmi are as follows: She is having 18 hands carrying rosary, axe, mace, arrow, thunderbolt, lotus, pitcher, rod, Sakti, Sword, Shield, Conch, bell, wine-cup, trident, noose and the discus
- ^ a b Saligrama Krishna Ramachandra Rao (1991). Pratima Kosha: Descriptive Glossary of Indian Iconography, Volume 5. IBH Prakashana. p. 65.
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The Bisvakarmasastra depicts her holding a pot, a club in her right hands, and a shield and a wood apple in the left. The Markandeya Purana describes the developed form of Laksmi having as many as 18 hands.
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Obeisance to Sri. the mother of the worlds. Obeisance, obeisance to the mother of Brahma. Hail to you, to the lotuseyed one. Obeisance, obeisance to the lotus-faced one
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- ^ Damodar Dharmanand Kosambi (1977). D. D. Kosambi Commemoration Volume. Banaras Hindu University. p. 79.
- ^ Pal 1986, p. 79.
- ^ Journal, Volumes 6-7. Asiatic Society (Kolkata, India). 1964. p. 96.
From the occurrence of cornucopiae, lotus flower and lion mount the goddess has been described as Lakshmi - Ambikā — a composite icon combining the concepts of Śrī or Lakshmi, the goddess of prosperity, and Ambikā, the mother aspect of Durga.
- ISBN 9780734763969.
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Lion: It was a 'vahana' of Lakshmi, the Goddess of Prosperity, and Parvati, the wife of Siva.
- ISBN 9788170760153.
In some places Gazalakshmi also has been given Lion as her Vahana. In South India Veera Lakshmi, one of the forms of eight Lakshmis is having Lion as her Vahana. In Rameshwaram also for Veera Lakshmi Lion is Vahana. She carries Trisula, Sphere, Sankha, Chakra, and Abhaya and Varada mudras.
- ISBN 9788121504584.
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- ^ a b c d e Muir, John, ed. 1870. "Lakshmi and Shri." Pp. 348–49 in Original Sanskrit Texts on the Origin and History of the People of India – Their Religions and Institutions at Google Books, volume 5. London: Trubner & Co.
- ^ "अप क्रामति सूनृता वीर्यं पुन्या लक्ष्मीः"; अथर्ववेद: काण्डं 12 Archived 8 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine Atharva Veda Sanskrit Original Archive
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- ^ a b Williams, Monier. Religious Thought and Life in India, Part 1 (2nd ed.). Archived 16 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine.
- ^ Ramayana, i.45.40–43
- ^ "Svargarohanika parva". Sacred-texts.com. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
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- ^ a b Mahadeva, A. 1950. "Saubhagya-Lakshmi Upanishad." In The Shakta Upanishads with the Commentary of Sri Upanishad Brahma Yogin, Adyar Library Series 10. Madras.
- ^ Saubhagya Lakshmi Upanishad (Original text, in Sanskrit). Archived 8 November 2014 at the Wayback Machine.
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- ^ ISBN 978-0877221227. pp. 95–99
- ^ ISBN 978-3447015462.
- ^ Kinsley 1988, pp. 31–32.
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- ^ Pintchman 2001, p. 82.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 27.
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. [page needed].
- ^ Gupta 2000, p. 52.
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- ^ Edward Balfour (1873). Cyclopædia of India and of Eastern and Southern Asia. Adelphi Press. pp. 10–11. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
- ^ T. N. Srinivasan (1982). A Hand Book of South Indian Images: An Introduction to the Study of Hindu Iconography. Tirumalai-Tirupati Devasthanams. p. 96.
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- ^ Chitta Ranjan Prasad Sinha (2000). Proceedings of the 9th Session of Indian Art History Congress, Hyderabad, November 2000. Indian Art History Congress. p. 61.
Of the four Vedas : Rig, Yajur, Sāma and Atharva, Puruşa Sukta of Rig Veda identifies Lord Vişņu as the Cosmic God . Sri Suktam, Bhu Suktam and Nila Suktam of Rig Veda reveals the glory of Lakşmi and her forms Sri, Bhū and Nila.
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- ISBN 978-0674026919. pp. 11–27.
- ^ "Why Lakshmi goes to wrong people?". english.webdunia.com. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 24 August 2020.
- ISBN 978-1-4389-0020-9. Archivedfrom the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
First Diwali day called Dhanteras or wealth worship. We perform Laskshmi-Puja in evening when clay diyas lighted to drive away shadows of evil spirits.
- ^ "Diwali." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Archived 14 November 2012 at the Wayback Machine
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- ^ Om Lata Bahadur 2006, pp. 92–93.
- ^ Kinsley 1988, pp. 33–34.
- ISBN 978-1-4357-1240-9. Archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
It is extremely important to keep the house spotlessly clean and pure on Diwali. Lamps are lit in the evening to welcome the goddess. They are believed to light up her path.
- ISBN 978-1-55035-849-0. Archivedfrom the original on 4 August 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
Fireworks and firecrackers are set off to chase away evil spirits, so it is a noisy holiday too.
- ^ India Journal: 'Tis the Season to be Shopping Devita Saraf, The Wall Street Journal (August 2010)
- ^ "Lakshmi Panchami 2021: Date, significance, time, puja". India Today.
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- ^ "Sharad Poornima". Archived from the original on 29 December 2012.
- ^ "Observe Vaibhav Laxmi fast on Friday for prosperity - Times of India". The Times of India. 26 July 2019. Archived from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2019.
- ^ "Sri Mahalakshmi Temple in Goravanahalli". www.karnataka.com. 6 June 2017.
- ^ "Ratnagiri Kollapuradamma Temple". templesinindiainfo.com. 5 October 2021.
- ^ Lakshmi Stotra. Sanskrit documents. Archived 12 September 2016 at the Wayback Machine
- JSTOR 601022.
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- ISBN 978-8131711200, Pearson Education, pages 438, 480 for image
- ^ Duffield Osborne (1914), A Graeco-Indian Engraved Gem Archived 1 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine, American Journal of Archaeology, Vol. 18, No. 1, pages 32–34
- ^ "The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Jammu & Kashmir". Tribuneindia.com. Archived from the original on 2 November 2012. Retrieved 9 November 2012.
- ^ "Casa della Statuetta Indiana or House of the Indian Statuette". Pompeii in Pictures. Archived from the original on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 10 February 2015.
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The Vishnu-Lakshmi imagery on the Jain temple speaks of the close links between various Indian belief systems and the overall acceptance by each of the values adopted by the other
- ISBN 978-1-4381-1038-7. Archivedfrom the original on 6 July 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
- ^ ISBN 978-0231140287. p. 151.
- ISBN 978-8183820141. p. 213.
- ISBN 9788170174165. Archived from the originalon 22 April 2019.
The Goddess Lakshmi in Buddhist Art: The goddess of abundance and good fortune, Lakshmi, reflected the accumulated wealth and financial independence of the Buddhist monasteries. Her image became one of the popular visual themes carved on their monuments.
- ISBN 978-1-4008-6684-7. Archivedfrom the original on 6 September 2017. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
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- ^ "Ten Small Mantras". www.buddhamountain.ca. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-135-96390-3. p. 102: "Kishijoten, a goddess of luck who corresponds to Lakshmi, the Indian goddess of fortune..."
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Bibliography
- Brooks, Douglas Renfrew (1992). Auspicious Wisdom: The Texts and Traditions of Srividya Sakta Tantrism in South India. SUNY Press. ISBN 9780791411469.
- Gupta, Sanjukta (2000). Laksmi Tantra. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-8120817357.
- Isaeva, N. V. (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. SUNY Press. ISBN 978-0791412817.
- Kinsley, David (1988). Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. University of California Press. ISBN 978-8-120-80394-7.
- Om Lata Bahadur (2006). John Stratton Hawley; Vasudha Narayanan (eds.). The Life of Hinduism. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-24914-1.
- Pal, Pratapaditya (1986), Indian Sculpture: Circa 500 B.C.-A.D. 700, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0520059917
Further reading
- Kododwala, Dilip (2004). Divali. Evans. p. 11. ISBN 978-0237528584.
- Saraswati, Swami Satyananda (March 2001). Lakshmi Puja and Thousand Names. Devi Mandir Publications. ISBN 1-887472-84-3.
- Venkatadhvari (1904). Sri Lakshmi Sahasram (in Sanskrit). Chowkhamba Sanskrit Depot, Benares.