Lal Bahadur Shastri
Lal Bahadur Shastri | |
---|---|
Minister of Home Affairs | |
In office 4 April 1961 – 29 August 1963 | |
Prime Minister | Jawaharlal Nehru |
Preceded by | Govind Ballabh Pant |
Succeeded by | Gulzarilal Nanda |
3rd Minister of Railways | |
In office 13 May 1952 – 7 December 1956 | |
Prime Minister | Jawaharlal Nehru |
Preceded by | N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar |
Succeeded by | Jagjivan Ram |
Personal details | |
Born | Lal Bahadur Srivastava 2 October 1904 ) |
Monuments | |
Political party | Indian National Congress |
Spouse | |
Children | 6; including Anil, Hari Krishna and Sunil |
Alma mater | Mahatma Gandhi Kashi Vidyapith |
Profession | Politician |
Awards | Bharat Ratna (1966) (posthumous) |
Nickname | Nanhe |
| ||
---|---|---|
(1964-1966) Events
Gallery: Picture, Sound, Video |
||
Lal Bahadur Shastri (pronounced [lɑːl bəˈhɑːd̪ʊɾ ˈʃɑːst̪ɾi] ⓘ; born as Lal Bahadur Srivastava; 2 October 1904 – 11 January 1966) was an Indian politician and statesman who served as the second prime minister of India from 1964 to 1966. He previously served as the sixth home minister of India from 1961 to 1963.
Shastri was born to Sharad Prasad Srivastava and Ramdulari Devi in
As prime minister, Shastri promoted the
Early years (1904–1920)
Shastri was born on 2 October 1904 at the home of his maternal grandparents in a North-Indian Kayastha family.[1] Shastri's paternal ancestors were in the service of the zamindar of Ramnagar near Banaras, and Shastri lived there for the first year of his life. Shastri's father, Sharad Prasad Srivastava, was a school teacher who later became a clerk in the revenue office at Prayagraj, while his mother, Ramdulari Devi, was the daughter of Munshi Hazari Lal, the headmaster and English teacher at a railway school in Mughalsarai. Shastri was the second child and eldest son of his parents; he had an elder sister, Kailashi Devi (b. 1900).[2][3]
In April 1906, when Shastri was hardly 18 months old, his father, who had only recently been promoted to the post of deputy tahsildar, died in an epidemic of bubonic plague. Ramdulari Devi, then only 23 years old and pregnant with her third child, took her two children and moved from Ramnagar to her father's house in Mughalsarai and settled there for good. She gave birth to a daughter, Sundari Devi, in July 1906.[4][5] Thus, Shastri and his sisters grew up in the household of his maternal grandfather, Hazari Lalji.[6] However, Hazari Lalji himself died from a stroke in mid-1908. Thereafter, the family was looked after by his brother (Shastri's great-uncle) Darbari Lal, who was the head clerk in the opium regulation department at Ghazipur, and later by his son (Ramdulari Devi's cousin) Bindeshwari Prasad, a school teacher in Mughalsarai.[7]
This situation was fairly standard for the time, where the Indian
In 1917, Bindeshwari Prasad was transferred to Varanasi, and the entire family moved there, including Ramdulari Devi and her three children. In Varanasi, Shastri joining the seventh standard at Harish Chandra High School.
Gandhi's disciple (1921–1945)
While his family had no links to the independence movement then taking shape, among his teachers at Harish Chandra High School was an intensely patriotic and highly respected teacher named Nishkameshwar Prasad Mishra, who gave Shastri much-needed financial support by allowing him to tutor his children. Inspired by Mishra's patriotism, Shastri took a deep interest in the freedom struggle, and began to study its history and the works of several of its noted personalities, including those of Swami Vivekananda, Mahatma Gandhi and Annie Besant.[
Shastri's immediate supervisor was a former
Shastri enrolled himself as a life member of the
Independence Activism of Lal Bahadur Shastri
In 1928 Shastri became an active and mature member of the Indian National Congress at the call of Mahatma Gandhi. He was imprisoned for two and a half years.[19] Later, he worked as the Organizing Secretary of the Parliamentary Board of U.P. in 1937.[20] In 1940, he was sent to prison for one year, for offering individual Satyagraha support to the independence movement.[21]
On 8 August 1942, Mahatma Gandhi issued the
Political Career (1947–1964)
State minister
Following India's independence, Shastri was appointed Parliamentary Secretary in his home state,
Cabinet minister
In 1951, Shastri was made the General Secretary of the
In September 1956 he wanted to take political and moral responsibility for the 1956 Mahbubnagar train accident and offered his resignation as the Minister of Railways to prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru, but he refused. After the 1956 Ariyalur train accident, a similar accident about 2.5 months later, Shastri again offered his resignation and was accepted this time.[28][29] He resigned as Railway minister on 7 December 1956.[30]
He served as the
Prime minister (1964–1966)
Jawaharlal Nehru died in office on 27 May 1964. Then Congress Party president
In his first broadcast as prime minister, on 11 June 1964, Shastri stated:[33]
There comes a time in the life of every nation when it stands at the cross-roads of history and must choose which way to go. But for us, there need be no difficulty or hesitation, no looking to right or left. Our way is straight and clear—the building up of a socialist democracy at home with freedom and prosperity for all, and the maintenance of world peace and friendship with all nations.
Domestic policies
Shastri retained many members of Nehru's
Lal Bahadur Shastri's tenure witnessed the Madras anti-Hindi agitation of 1965. The government of India had for a long time made an effort to establish Hindi as the sole national language of India. This was resisted by the non-Hindi speaking states particularly Madras State.[35] To calm the situation, Shastri gave assurances that English would continue to be used as the official language as long the non-Hindi speaking states wanted. The riots subsided after Shastri's assurance, as did the student agitation.[36]
Economic policies
Shastri continued Nehru's socialist economic policies with central planning.
While speaking on the chronic food shortages across the country, Shastri urged people to voluntarily give up one meal so that the food saved could be distributed to the affected populace. However, he ensured that he first implemented the system in his own family before appealing to the country. He went on air to appeal to his countrymen to skip a meal a week. The response to his appeal was overwhelming. Even restaurants and eateries downed the shutters on Monday evenings. Many parts of the country observed the "Shastri Vrat". He motivated the country to maximize the cultivation of food grains by ploughing the lawn himself, at his official residence in New Delhi. During the 22-day war with Pakistan in 1965, On 19 October 1965, Shastri gave the seminal 'Jai Jawan Jai Kishan' ("Hail the soldier, Hail the farmer") slogan at Urwa in Allahabad that became a national slogan. Underlining the need to boost India's food production, Shastri also promoted the Green Revolution in India in 1965.[40][41][42] This led to an increase in food grain production, especially in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. Major milestones in this undertaking were the development of high-yielding varieties of wheat,[43] and rust resistant strains of wheat.[44][45]
Though he was a socialist, Shastri stated that India cannot have a regimented type of economy. His government passed the National Agricultural Products Board Act and was responsible for setting up the Food Corporation of India under the Food Corporation's Act 1964.[46]
Jai Jawan Jai Kisan
For the outstanding slogan given by him during the Indo-Pak war of 1965, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (India) commemorated Shastri 47 years after his death on his 48th martyr's day:[47]
Former Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri was one of those great Indians who has left an indelible impression on our collective life. Lal Bahadur Shastri's contribution to our public life were unique in that they were made in the closest proximity to the life of the common man in India. Lal Bahadur Shastri was looked upon by Indians as one of their own, one who shared their ideals, hopes and aspirations. His achievements were looked upon not as the isolated achievements of an individual but of our society collectively. Under Shastri's leadership India faced and repulsed the Pakistani invasion of 1965. It is not only a matter of pride for the Indian Army but also for every citizen of the country. His slogan Jai Jawan! Jai Kisan!! reverberates even today through the length and breadth of the country. Underlying this is the inner-most sentiments 'Jai Hind'. The war of 1965 was fought and won for our self-respect and our national prestige. For using our Defence Forces with such admirable skill, the nation remains beholden to Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri. He will be remembered for all times to come for his large heartedness and public service.[48]
Foreign policies
Shastri continued Nehru's policy of non-alignment but also built closer relations with the Soviet Union. In the aftermath of the Sino-Indian War of 1962 and the formation of military ties between China and Pakistan, Shastri's government decided to expand the country's defence budget.[49] In 1964, Shastri signed an accorresponsibilities of local governments to provide adequate facilities to shelter the repatriates upon disembarkation on Indian soil. Particularly in the Madras State the Chief Minister during that time, Minjur K. Bhaktavatsalam, showed care in rehabilitation of the returnees. In December 1965, Shastri made an official visit with his family to Rangoon, Burma and re-established cordial relations with the country's military government of General Ne Win.[50]
War with Pakistan
Laying claim to half the
In the utilization of our limited resources, we have always given primacy to plans and projects for economic development. It would, therefore, be obvious for anyone who is prepared to look at things objectively that India can have no possible interest in provoking border incidents or in building up an atmosphere of strife... In these circumstances, the duty of Government is quite clear and this duty will be discharged fully and effectively... We would prefer to live in poverty for as long as necessary but we shall not allow our freedom to be subverted.
On 1 August 1965, major incursions of militants and Pakistani soldiers began, hoping not only to break down the government but incite a sympathetic revolt. The revolt did not happen, and India sent its forces across the Ceasefire Line (now
The Indo-Pak war ended on 23 September 1965 with a United Nations-mandated ceasefire. In a broadcast to the nation on the day of the ceasefire, Shastri stated:[33]
While the conflict between the armed forces of the two countries has come to an end, the more important thing for the United Nations and all those who stand for peace is to bring to an end the deeper conflict.... How can this be brought about? In our view, the only answer lies in peaceful coexistence. India has stood for the principle of coexistence and championed it all over the world. Peaceful coexistence is possible among nations no matter how deep the differences between them, how far apart they are in their political and economic systems, no matter how intense the issues that divide them.
During his tenure as prime minister, Shastri visited many countries including the
After the ceasefire with Pakistan in 1965, Shastri and Ayub Khan attended a summit in
Family and personal life
Shastri was 5 ft 2 inches tall
Death
Shastri died of a heart attack in Tashkent, Uzbekistan (then in the Soviet Union) on 11 January 1966, one day after signing a peace treaty to end the 1965
After Shastri's death, his wife
The Indian Government released no information about his death and the media then was kept silent. The possible existence of a conspiracy was covered in India by the
The PMO answered only two questions of the RTI application, saying it has only one classified document pertaining to the death of Shastri, which is exempted from disclosure under the RTI Act. It sent the rest of the questions to the Ministry of External Affairs and Home Ministry to answer. The MEA said the only document from the erstwhile Soviet Government is "the report of the Joint Medical Investigation conducted by a team comprising R. N. Chugh, Doctor in-Attendance to the PM and some Russian doctors" and added no post-mortem was conducted in the
State honours
Decoration | Country | Date | Note | Ref. | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bharat Ratna | India | 1966 | The highest civilian honour of India. |
Legacy
Shastri is now regarded as one of the most respected prime ministers of India. He was a secularist who refused to mix religion with politics. In a public meeting held at the Ram Lila grounds in Delhi, a few days after the ceasefire, he complained about a BBC report which claimed that Shastri's identity as a Hindu meant that he was ready for a war with Pakistan. He stated:[80]
While I am a Hindu, Mir Mushtaq who is presiding over this meeting is a Muslim. Mr. Frank Anthony who has addressed you is a Christian. There are also Sikhs and Parsis here. The unique thing about our country is that we have Hindus, Muslims, Christians, Sikhs, Parsis, and people of all other religions. We have temples and mosques, gurdwaras and churches. But we do not bring all this into politics. This is the difference between India and Pakistan. Whereas Pakistan proclaims herself to be an Islamic State and uses religion as a political factor, we Indians have the freedom to follow whatever religion we may choose, and worship in any way we please. So far as politics is concerned, each of us is as much an Indian as the other.
Kuldip Nayar, Shastri's media advisor from 1960 to 1964, recalls that, during the Quit India Movement, his daughter was ill and he was released on parole from jail. However, he could not save her life because doctors had prescribed costly drugs. Later on in 1963, on the day when he was dropped from the cabinet, he was sitting in his home in the dark, without a light. When asked about the reason, he said as he no longer is a minister, all expenses will have to be paid by himself and that as an MP and minister he didn't earn enough to save for times of need.[81]
Although Shastri had been a cabinet minister for many years in the 1950s, he was poor when he died. All he owned at the end was an old car, which he had bought in installments from the government and for which he still owed money. He was a member of the Servants of India society (which included
The foundation stone of
Memorials
Shastri was known for his honesty and humility throughout his life. He was posthumously awarded the
In 2011, on Shastri's 45th death anniversary, the Uttar Pradesh Government announced the renovation of Shastri's ancestral house at
Some major roads in the cities of New Delhi, Mumbai, Pune, Puduchery, Lucknow, Warangal and Allahabad and Ernakulam are named after him, as is Sashtri Road, Kottayam, Kerala. There is a Lal Bahadur Shastri Medical College in Mandi, Himachal Pradesh and Shastri Bhavans in New Delhi, Chennai and Lucknow. In 2005, the Government of India created a chair in his honour in the field of democracy and governance at Delhi University.[5]
A portrait of Shastri hangs in the Central Hall of the Parliament House of India. The portrait, painted by Vidya Bhushan, was unveiled by the then President of India, Dr.
In popular culture
Shastri's life and death, in particular, have been a subject of Indian popular culture. Homage to Lal Bahadur Shastri is a 1967 short documentary film directed by S. Sukhdev and produced by the Films Division of India which pays tribute to the former prime minister.[96] Apne Shastri Ji (1986) was also made as a homage to him.[97]
Jai Jawaan Jai Kisaan is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language biographical drama film by Milan Ajmera, titled after the popular slogan by Shastri it portrays his entire life from birth to death where he is portrayed by Akhilesh Jain. Lal Bahadur Shastri's Death, a 2018 television documentary film by Jyoti Kapur Das reconstructs his death and covers various conspiracy theories around it, including interviews with his son Sunil Shastri.[98] A film titled The Tashkent Files (2019), directed by Vivek Agnihotri revolves around the mystery of the death of Lal Bahadur Shastri.[99]
Pradhanmantri (lit. 'Prime Minister'), a 2013 Indian documentary television series which aired on ABP News and covers the various policies and political tenures of Indian PMs, dedicated the entire seventh episode "Lal Bahadur Shastri" to his term as the country's leader with Akhil Mishra in the role of Shastri.[100]
The 1967 Bollywood film Upkar by Manoj Kumar, which is based on the 1965 war, was dedicated to Shastri.[101] It also eulogised him in the song Mere Desh Ki Dharti when the hero exclaims, Rang Lal hai Lal Bahadur se.[102] Lal Bahadur Shastri, a 2014 Indian Malayalam-language comedy film by Rejishh Midhila is titled after the prime minister but has no apparent connection with his life.[103]
See also
References
Footnotes
- ^ Gulzarilal Nanda served as acting prime minister in the interim for 13 days.
- ^ Gulzarilal Nanda served as acting prime minister in the interim for 13 days.
Citations
- ^ a b c "Lal Bahadur Shastri", britannica.com, 23 June 2023, archived from the original on 6 September 2015, retrieved 17 April 2020
- ^ Bakshi 1991, pp. 1, 2.
- ^ Dhawan 1991, p. 81.
- ^ C.P. Srivastava 1995, pp. 12–17.
- ^ Government Of India, archivedfrom the original on 17 June 2019, retrieved 19 May 2019
- ISBN 978-81-231-0193-4.
- ^ Chokkan 2020, p. 9.
- ^ C.P. Srivastava 1995.
- ^ "Contact Us – IndiaInfoline". www.indiainfoline.com. Archived from the original on 28 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri: The Young Satyagrahi". Free India. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ C.P. Srivastava 1995, pp. 20–22.
- ^ "मां ने कर्ज लेकर करवाई शास्त्री जी की पढ़ाई, पढ़ें कुछ दिलचस्प बातें". Dainik Bhaskar (in Hindi). 2 October 2017. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "'वर्मा' से 'शास्त्री' कैसे बने पूर्व प्रधानमंत्री लाल बहादुर?". News18 India. 2 October 2019. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ C.P. Srivastava 1995, pp. 23–28.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri: Tilak and Gandhi". Free India. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ a b "Lal Bahadur Shastri (1904–1966)". Research Reference and Training Division, Ministry Of Information And Broadcasting, Government Of India. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri: The Servants of the People Society". Free India. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ Grover 1993, pp. 547–.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri: Freedom's Soldier". Free India. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ WD. "लाल बहादुर शास्त्री पर हिन्दी निबंध". hindi.webdunia.com (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 2 December 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri: In Prison Again". Free India. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ Chopra, Swami Rajesh. "Lal Bahadur Shastri". Live India. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ "स्वाभिमान के लिए लाल बहादुर शास्त्री जब उफनाती गंगा नदी में तैरकर पहुंचे थे घर". NDTVIndia. Archived from the original on 13 September 2019. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ Rajeshwar Prasad 1991, p. 23.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri:The Responsibility of Freedom". Free India. Archived from the original on 19 January 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ISBN 8126901934.
- ^ "Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri". Indian National Congress. Archived from the original on 25 October 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "NN: Lal Bahadur Shastri. "I Am Responsible"". Free India. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2007..
- ^ "When Lal Bahadur Shastri sent Nehru his resignation & set a gold standard for politicians". The Print. 12 October 2019. Archived from the original on 17 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ P Thiruselvam (23 November 2022). "Six decades since Ariyalur train tragedy, residents ask for plaque". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 12 August 2023. Retrieved 17 August 2023.
- ^ Rajeshwar Prasad 1991, p. 11-12.
- ^ Rajeshwar Prasad 1991, p. 5.
- ^ a b c "Lal Bahadur Shastri: The Might of Peace". Press Information Bureau, Government Of India. 29 September 2006. Archived from the original on 22 September 2007. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ "LOK SABHA". legislativebodiesinindia.nic.in. Archived from the original on 21 May 2014. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- OCLC 15015416. Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 June 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ Guha 2008, p. 187-189.
- ^ Bakshi 1991, p. 49.
- ^ "Prime Minister Inaugurates Lal Bahadur Shastri Memorial: Text Of Dr Manmohan Singh's Speech". Press Information Bureau, Government Of India. 7 May 2005. Archived from the original on 7 May 2005. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
- ^ Shyam Benegal (16 September 2017). "White knight Verghese Kurien made India largest producer of milk". India Today. Archived from the original on 13 September 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "From Green to Ever-Green Revolution". The Financial Express. 10 August 2009. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ Biography, World Leaders (23 February 2017). "All About The Green Revolution By Indira : Impacts and Path Ahead". Medium. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ "The Stories of Ehrlich, Borlaug and the Green Revolution". thewire.in. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 16 April 2020.
- ^ "About IARI". IARI. Archived from the original on 16 March 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.
- ^ "Rust-resistant Wheat Varieties. Work at Pusa Institute". The Indian Express. 7 February 1950. Archived from the original on 12 June 2020. Retrieved 13 September 2013.
- ^ Newman, Bryan. "A Bitter Harvest: Farmer Suicide and the Unforeseen Social, Environmental and Economic Impacts of the Green Revolution in Punjab, India ." Development Report No. 15. Jan 2007". Food First: Institute for Food and Development Policy. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018 – via DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska – Lincoln.
- ^ "National Agricultural Products Board Act, 1964 [39 of 1964] | Tanzania Legal Information Institute". tanzlii.org. Retrieved 7 December 2020.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Rediff On The NeT: 'Jai jawan, jai kisan aur jai vigyan', Vajpayee coins new slogan". 27 April 2006. Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ Hindustan Times, New Delhi, 11 January 2013, p. 5
- ^ Bakshi 1991, p. 23-26.
- ISBN 9780210981962.
- from the original on 1 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.
A tiny, ascetic man 5 feet 2 inches tall and weighing 100 pounds, Mr. Shastri wears simple homespun cotton garments.
- ^ Rajeshwar Prasad 1991, p. 11.
- ^ "Lalita Shastri, wife of Lal Bahadur Shastri". Mirzapur.com. Archived from the original on 14 June 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Adarsh Shastri: Latest News & Videos, Photos about Adarsh Shastri | The Economic Times". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 29 August 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Grandson banks on Lal Bahadur Shastri's legacy to conquer Prayagraj". The Hindu. 6 May 2014. Archived from the original on 14 May 2014. Retrieved 13 May 2014.
- ^ "Adarsh Shastri(AAP):Constituency- DWARKA(SOUTH-WEST) – Affidavit Information of Candidate". myneta.info. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "The Shastri saga". The Hindu. 2 October 2004. Archived from the original on 10 August 2010. Retrieved 16 February 2007.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ "शास्त्री जी की मौत के रहस्य का पर्दा उठाया जाए: नीरा शास्त्री". Amar Ujala (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 16 April 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
{{cite web}}
: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ^ Sonal, Swapnal (2 October 2018). "शास्त्रीजी: 15 मिनट में तबीयत बिगड़ी और हमने प्रधानमंत्री खो दिया". वायरल अड्डा (in Hindi). Archived from the original on 21 August 2021. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "Was Mr Shastri murdered". bbc.co.uk. Archived from the original on 30 August 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2013.
- ^ Naqvi, Saba (16 July 2012). "Clear air on Lal Bahadur Shastri's death: Son". Hindustan Times. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
- ^ U.N. Gupta 2003, p. 121.
- ^ Krant M. L. Verma 1978.
- ^ Hindustan (Hindi daily) New Delhi 12 January 1978 (ललिता के आँसू का विमोचन)
- Panchjanya (newspaper)A literary review 24 February 1980
- ISBN 9781591482970. Archivedfrom the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.
- ^ Weber, Mark. "Not Quite the Hitler Diaries - Gestapo Chief (Review)". www.ihr.org. Archived from the original on 30 December 2022. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
- ^ Douglas, Gregory. "Conversations With The Crow". p. 56. Retrieved 28 January 2023.
- ISBN 9780991175208.
- ^ Unrevealed, Files (23 September 2021). "Homi Bhabha's Death: An Unfortunate Accident or the Hands of the Crow". Unrevealed Files. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 7 April 2022.
- ^ "Operative spoke of CIA hand in 1966 crash: Report". The Times of India. 30 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 May 2021. Retrieved 8 February 2023.
- ^ "Tashkent Whodunit: An Enduring Tale | Saba Naqvi". Outlookindia.com. Archived from the original on 29 May 2016. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ Dhawan, H. (11 July 2009) "45 years on, Shastri's death a mystery – PMO refuses to Entertain RTI Plea Seeking Declassification of Document". The Times of India, New Delhi, p. 11, cols. 1–5 (top left)
- ^ "43 years on, mystery shrouds post-mortem of Shastri". The Indian Express. 2 August 2009. Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2021.
- ^ "Post-mortem on Shastri could have been done". NDTV. 9 August 2009. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ Dhawan, Himanshi (11 July 2009). "45 yrs on, Shastri's death a mystery". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 1 April 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri's death is still one of the biggest mysteries of Indian politics". DNA India. 1 October 2020. Archived from the original on 5 October 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
- ^ "43 years on, mystery shrouds post-mortem of Lal Bahadur Shastri – India – DNA". Dnaindia.com. 2 August 2009. Archived from the original on 11 June 2012. Retrieved 5 December 2012.
- ^ Arunav Sinha (11 January 2016). "Lal Bahadur Shastri's wife blamed herself for his death, says ex-PM's son | India News – Times of India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 8 November 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ Guha 2008, pp. 400–401.
- ^ "The politician who made no money". Rediff.com. 6 October 2004. Archived from the original on 4 October 2010. Retrieved 2 October 2012.
- ^ Grover 1993, pp. 23–29, 34; Dhawan 1991, p. 98.
- ^ Dhawan 1991.
- .
- ^ "60.72 MB – VO Chidambaranar Port Trust" (PDF). Vocport.com. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 February 2021. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ Guha 2008, p. 67; C.P. Srivastava 1995, p. 48.
- ^ "Mission of the Shastri Institute". Archived from the original on 8 July 2009. Retrieved 13 July 2009.
- ^ Rajeshwar Prasad 1991, p. 16.
- ^ "Declassify documents on Lal Bahadur Shastri's death, says ex-PM's son". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri Hall of Residence". Archived from the original on 6 September 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2020.
- ^ "Lest we FORGET..." The Hindu. 2 October 2004. Archived from the original on 22 January 2005.
- ^ "Shastri memorial losing out to Sonia security". The Indian Express. 17 January 2011. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2011.
- ^ Varanasi Airport renamed Archived 3 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Press Information Bureau India (20 October 2005). Retrieved on 18 December 2018.
- from the original on 30 October 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "Rajya Sabha". rajyasabha.nic.in. Archived from the original on 29 November 2020. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
- ^ "HOMAGE TO LAL BAHADUR SHASTRI | Films Division". filmsdivision.org. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- IMDb
- ^ "Lal Bahadur Shastri's Death – An Unfinished Story – Trailer". ZEE5. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
- Outlook India. Archivedfrom the original on 23 April 2019. Retrieved 23 April 2019.
- ^ "Pradhanmantri – Episode 7: Lal Bahadur Shastri". ABP News. 25 August 2013. Archived from the original on 11 December 2021.
- ^ "Upkar". ZEE5. Archived from the original on 29 April 2023. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- YouTube
- ^ G., Vijay (21 November 2014). "Jayasurya's Lal Bahadur Shastri releases today". Rediff.com. Archived from the original on 10 June 2021. Retrieved 10 June 2021.
Sources
- Bakshi, Shiri Ram (1991), Struggle for Independence: Lal Bahadur Shastri, Anmol Publications, ISBN 9788170411420, archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2024, retrieved 10 December 2020
- Dhawan, S. K. (1991), Bharat Ratnas, 1954-1991, Wave Publications
- Grover, Verinder (1993), Political Thinkers of Modern India: Lala Lajpat Rai, Deep & Deep Publications, ISBN 978-81-7100-426-3, archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2024, retrieved 15 November 2015
- ISBN 978-0-330-39611-0
- Gupta, U.N. (2003), Indian Parliamentary Democracy, Atlantic Publishers & Distributors, ISBN 978-8126901937
- Prasad, Rajeshwar (1991), Days with Lal Bahadur Shastri: Glimpses from The Last Seven Years, Allied Publishers, ISBN 978-81-7023-331-2, archivedfrom the original on 31 March 2024, retrieved 15 November 2015
- Srivastava, C.P. (1995), Lal Bahadur Shastri, Prime Minister of India; a life of truth in politics (1st ed.), Delhi: ISBN 978-0-19-563499-0
- Verma, Krant M. L. (1978), Lalita Ke Ansoo on worldcat, OCLC 60419441
- Chokkan, N. (2020). Lal Bahadur Shastri. Pustaka Digital Media. Archived from the original on 31 March 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2020.
- Ankit, Rakesh (26 April 2020). "Lal Bahadur Shastri, 1964–1966: Leader at a Glance". Studies in Indian Politics. 8: 39–57. S2CID 218999983.
Further reading
- Guha, Ramachandra. India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy (2007 ) pp 390–405.
- Mankekar, Dinker Rao. Lal Bahadur A Political Biography (Popular Prakashan; Bombay, 1965) online Archived 20 September 2018 at the Wayback Machine.
- Srivastava, C.P. Lal Bahadur Shastri: a life of truth in politics (New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1995) ISBN 0-19-563499-3
- Gujrati, Balwant Singh, ed. A Study of Lal Bahadur Shastri (Sterling Publishers, 1966).
- ISBN 9789380710365
- John Noyce. Lal Bahadur Shastri: an English-language bibliography. Lulu.com, 2002.
- Shastri, Lal Bahadur. "Selected Speeches of Lal Bahadur Shastri, June 11, 1964 to January 10, 1966." (1974).
- Lal Bahadur Shastri, 'Reflections on Indian politics', Indian Journal of Political Science, vol.23, 1962, pp1–7
- Lal Bahadur Shastri, The Fight For Peace The Long Road To Tashkent (1966) online
- L.P. Singh, Portrait of Lal Bahadur Shastri (Delhi: Ravi Dayal Publishers, 1996) ISBN 81-7530-006-X
- (Sir) C.P. Srivastava, Corruption: India's enemy within (New Delhi: Macmillan India, 2001) chapter 3 ISBN 0-333-93531-4
- India Unbound From Independence to Global Information Age by Shri Gurucharan Das chapter 11
- The spiritual master of Sri Lal Bahadur Shastri was Sri Sri Thakur Anukulchandra Chakravarty.
External links
- Works by Lal Bahadur Shastri at Open Library
- Lal Bahadur Shastri at IMDb
- Tears of Lalita. Krant M. L. Verma.