Lament
A lament or lamentation is a passionate expression of grief, often in music, poetry, or song form. The grief is most often born of regret, or mourning. Laments can also be expressed in a verbal manner in which participants lament about something that they regret or someone that they have lost, and they are usually accompanied by wailing, moaning and/or crying.[1] Laments constitute some of the oldest forms of writing, and examples exist across human cultures.
History
Many of the oldest and most lasting poems in human
In many oral traditions, both early and modern, the lament has been a genre usually performed by women:[4] Batya Weinbaum made a case for the spontaneous lament of women chanters in the creation of the oral tradition that resulted in the Iliad[5] The material of lament, the "sound of trauma" is as much an element in the Book of Job as in the genre of pastoral elegy, such as Shelley's "Adonais" or Matthew Arnold's "Thyrsis".[6]
The
A lament in the Book of Lamentations or in the
The Lament of Edward II, if it is actually written by Edward II of England, is the sole surviving composition of his.
A heroine's lament is a conventional fixture of
Other examples include
In modernity, discourses about melancholia and trauma take the functional place ritual laments hold in premodern societies. This entails a shift from a focus on community and convention to individuality and authenticity.[13]
Scottish laments
The purely instrumental lament is a common form in
A well-known Gaelic lullaby is "Griogal Cridhe" ("Beloved Gregor"). It was composed in 1570 after the execution of Gregor MacGregor by the Campbells. The grief-stricken widow, Marion Campbell, describes what happened as she sings to her child.[15]
"Cumhadh na Cloinne" ("Lament for the Children") is a pìobaireachd composed by Padruig Mór MacCrimmon in the early 1650s. It is generally held to be based on the loss of seven of MacCrimmon's eight sons within a year to smallpox,[16][17] possibly brought to Skye by a Spanish trading vessel. Poet and writer Angus Peter Campbell, quoting poet Sorley MacLean, has called it "one of the great artistic glories of all Europe".[18] Author Bridget MacKenzie, in Piping Traditions of Argyll, suggests that it refers to the slaughter of the MacLeod's fighting Cromwell's forces at the Battle of Worcester. It may have been inspired by both.[19]
Other Scottish laments from outside of the piobaireachd tradition include "Lowlands Away"[citation needed], "MacPherson's Rant", and "Hector the Hero".
Musical form
There is a short, free musical form appearing in the Baroque and then again in the Romantic periods, called lament. It is typically a set of harmonic variations in homophonic texture, wherein the bass (Lament bass) descends through a tetrachord, usually one suggesting a minor mode.[citation needed]
See also
- Dirge
- Death poem
- Death wail
- Elegy
- Endecha – Galician lament, subgenre of the planto
- Keening
- Kinah (plural: kinnot) – Kinnot are traditional Hebrew poems recited on Tisha B'Av lamenting the destruction of the First and Second Temples and other historical catastrophes. (The term "kinah" also appears in the Bible, referring to lamentation).
- Kommós
- Lament bass
- Lithuanian laments
- Mawwal, Middle Eastern variant
- Threnody
Notes
- ^ Piotr Michalowski, trans., Lamentation over the Destruction of Sumer and Ur (Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns, 1989), 39–62; cited in Nancy Lee, Lyrics of Lament: From Tragedy to Transformation (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress, 2009)
- JSTOR 2903041, traces the literary rhetoric evoking a voice crying.
- ^ Margaret Alexiou, Ritual Lament in Greek Tradition (Cambridge University Press) 1974
- ^ Alexiou 1974; Angela Bourke, "More in anger than in sorrow: Irish women's lament poetry", in Joan Newlon Radnor, ed., Feminist Messages: Coding in Women's Folk Culture (Urbana: Illinois University Press) 1993:160–182.
- ^ Batya Weinbaum, "Lament Ritual Transformed into Literature: Positing Women's Prayer as Cornerstone in Western Classical Literature" Journal of American Folklore 114 No. 451 (Winter 2001:20–39).
- ^ Austin 1998, pp. 280f..
- ^ Luke 19:41–44: see sub-heading for this section in the Jerusalem Bible (1966)
- ^ Walter Brueggemann, An Unsettling God (Minneapolis: Fortress Press, 2009) 13
- ^ a b c Michael D. Coogan, A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009) 370
- ^ Ellen Rosand, 2007. Opera in Seventeenth-Century Venice (University of California Press), "The lament aria: variations on a theme". pp. 377ff.
- ^ "Negatemi respiri" and several others are noted by Rosand 2007:377f.
- ^ Jeremy Eichler (15 March 2005). "Lushly Lamenting the Wages of Time and a Lost Golden Age". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
the Marschallin's act 1 lament
- ISBN 9781501344190.
- ^ "MacCrimmon's Lament", Foghlam Alba Archived 2013-10-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Lullabies and Dandlings", Foghlam Alba Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Lament for the Children". The Piobaireachd Society.
- ^ MacLellan, Captain John. "The History of Piping – The Hereditary Pipers – The MacCrimmons" (PDF). piobaireachd.co.uk.
- ^ Campbell, Angus Peter (12 April 2009). "It moved me: Cumha na Cloinne (The Lament for the Children) by Pàdraig Mòr MacCrimmon". The Times.
- ^ "Pibroch songs and canntaireachd", Education Scotland Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine
Further reading
- Nora Kershaw Chadwick, The Growth of Literature (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1932–40), e.g. vol. 2 p. 229.
- Richard Church, The Lamendation of Military Campaigns. PDQ: Steve Ruling, 2000.
- ISBN 0-393-05788-7) pp. 141–143.
- Gail Holst-Warhaft, Dangerous Voices: Women's Laments and Greek Literature. London: Routledge, 1992. ISBN 0-415-12165-5.
- Nancy C. Lee, Lyrics of Lament: From Tragedy to Transformation. Minneapolis: Fortress, 2010.
- Marcello Sorce Keller, "Expressing, Communicating, Sharing and Representing Grief and Sorrow with Organised Sound (Musings in Eight Short Segments)", in Stephen Wild, Di Roy, Aaron Corn and Ruth Lee Martin (eds), One Common Thread – The Musical World of Lament – Thematic Issue of Humanities Research. Canberra, ANU University Press, vol. XIX, no. 3. 2013, 3–14
- Claus Westermann, Praise and Lament in the Psalms. Westminster: John Knox Press, 1981. ISBN 0-8042-1792-0.
External links
Greek laments (Thrênoi, Moirológia)
- Andrea Fishman, "Thrênoi to Moirológia: Female Voices of Solitude, Resistance, and Solidarity" Oral Tradition, 23/2 (2008): 267–295 Archived 2019-10-12 at the Wayback Machine
- Roderick Beaton, Folk Poetry of Modern Greece, Cambridge University Press, 2004
- Greek lament song (Mοιρολόϊ – Moiroloi) from Mani, performed in a funeral
- Greek lament song (Mοιρολόϊ – Moiroloi) from Epirus, instrumental