Lamination
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Lamination is the technique/process of manufacturing a
equipment are used.Materials
There are different lamination processes, depending primarily on the type or types of materials to be laminated. The materials used in laminates can be identical or different, depending on the process and the object to be laminated.
Textile
Laminated fabric are widely used in different fields of human activity, including medical and military.[2]: 148 Woven fabrics (organic and inorganic based) are usually laminated by different chemical polymers to give them useful properties like chemical resistance, dust, grease, windproofness, photoluminescence (glowing and other light-effects e.g. in high-visibility clothing), tear strength, stiffness, thickness etc.[3][2]: 2, 16, 18 Coated fabrics may be considered as a subtype of laminated fabrics.[2]: 1 Nonwoven fabrics (e.g. fiberglass) are also often laminated. According to a 2002 source, the nonwovens fabric industry was the biggest single consumer of different polymer binding resins.[2]: 16
Materials used in production of coated and laminated fabrics are generally subjected to heat treatment.[2]: 32 Thermoplastics and thermosetting plastics (e.g. formaldehyde polymers) are equally used in laminating and coating textile industry.[2]: 32 In 2002 primary materials used included polyvinyl acetate, acrylics, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyurethanes, and natural and synthetic rubbers.[2]: 33 Copolymers and terpolymers were also in use.[2]: 33
Thin-films of plastics were in wide use as well. Materials varied from polyethylene and PVC to kapton depending on application. In automotive industry for example the PVC/acrylonitrilebutadiene-styrene (ABS) mixtures were often applied for interiors by laminating onto a polyurethane foam to give a soft-touch properties.[2]: 42 Specialty films were used in protective clothing, .e.g. polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), polyurethane etc.[2]: 42
Glass
Plastic film can be used to laminate either side of a sheet of glass. Vehicle windshields are commonly made as composites created by laminating a tough plastic film between two layers of glass. This is to prevent shards of glass detaching from the windshield in case it breaks.
Wood
Plywood is a common example of a laminate using the same material in each layer combined with epoxy. Glued and laminated dimensional timber is used in the construction industry to make beams (glued laminated timber, or Glulam), in sizes larger and stronger than those that can be obtained from single pieces of wood. Another reason to laminate wooden strips into beams is quality control, as with this method each and every strip can be inspected before it becomes part of a highly stressed component.
Examples of laminate materials include
Paper
Corrugated fiberboard boxes are examples of laminated structures, where an inner core provides rigidity and strength, and the outer layers provide a smooth surface. A starch based adhesive is usually used.
Laminating paper products, such as
Lamination is also used in sculpture using wood or resin. An example of an artist who used lamination in his work is the American Floyd Shaman.
Laminates can be used to add properties to a surface, usually printed paper, that would not have them otherwise, such as with the use of
Paper is normally laminated on
Paper laminations are also used in
The base is most often
The decor paper can also be processed under heat and low/high pressure to create a melamine laminated sheet, that has several applications. The absorbent kraft paper is a normal
Metal
Electrical equipment such as transformers and motors usually use an electrical steel laminate coatings to form the core of the coils used to produce magnetic fields. The thin lamination reduces the power loss due to eddy currents. Fiber metal laminate is an example of thin metal laminated by, a glass fiber-reinforced and epoxy-glued sheets.
Microelectronics
Lamination is widely used in production of electronic components such as PV solar cells.[9]
Film types
Laminate plastic film is generally categorized into these five categories:
- Standard thermal laminating films
- Low-temperature thermal laminating films
- Heat set (or heat-assisted) laminating films
- Pressure-sensitive films
- Liquid laminate
See also
- Laminated bow – Type of archery bow
- Laminator – Device used to laminate paper or card stock
- Converting– Specialist in combining raw materials to create new products
- Cladding (metalworking) – bonding together of dissimilar metals
- Composite laminates– Assembly of layers of fibrous composite materials
- Composite material – Material made from a combination of two or more unlike substances
- Carbon-fibre reinforced plastic– Light, strong and rigid composite material
- Glass-reinforced plastic– Type of plastic reinforced by glass fibre
- Delamination – Mode of failure for which a material fractures into layers
- Void (composites) – Empty space in mixed materials
References
- ^ Carter, Richard. "Method of laminating multiple layers". Google Patents. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ OCLC 57250766.
- ISBN 9781855735767. Retrieved 2021-11-26.
- ISBN 9781444146073.
- ^ "What Is Post-Formed Plastic Laminate?". Delorie Countertops and Doors. 21 January 2015. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
- ^ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Architecture & Construction
- ^ McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
- ^ ISBN 952-5216-18-7.
- S2CID 119779721.