Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Lancaster County | |
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UTC−4 (EDT) | |
Congressional district | 11th |
Website | www |
Lancaster County (
Lancaster County is a tourist destination with its
Contrary to popular belief, the word "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch" is not a mistranslation, but rather a corruption of the Pennsylvania German
History
The area that became Lancaster County was part of William Penn's 1681 charter.[15] John Kennerly received the first recorded deed from Penn in 1691.[16] Although Matthias Kreider was said to have been in the area as early as 1691, there is no evidence that any Europeans settled in Lancaster County before 1710.[17]
Lancaster County was part of Chester County, Pennsylvania, until May 10, 1729, when it was organized as the colony's fourth county.[18] It was named after the city of Lancaster in the county of Lancashire in England, the native home of John Wright, an early settler.[19] As settlement increased, six other counties were subsequently formed from territory directly taken, in all or in part, from Lancaster County: Berks (1752), Cumberland (1750), Dauphin (1785), Lebanon (1813), Northumberland (1772), and York (1749).[18] Many other counties were in turn formed from these six.
Indigenous peoples
Indigenous peoples had occupied the areas along the waterways for thousands of years, and established varying cultures. Historic Native American tribes in the area at the time of European encounter included the
Among the earliest recorded inhabitants of the Susquehanna River valley were the Iroquoian-speaking Susquehannock, whose name was derived from the Lenape term for "Oyster River People". (The Lenape spoke an Algonquian language.)[21] The English called them the Conestoga, after the name of their principal village, Gan'ochs'a'go'jat'ga ("Roof-place" or "town"), anglicized as "Conestoga."[22] Other places occupied by the Susquehannock were Ka'ot'sch'ie'ra ("Place-crawfish"), where present-day Chickisalunga developed, and Gasch'guch'sa ("Great-fall-in-river"), now called Conewago Falls, Lancaster County.[23]
Other Native tribes, as well as early European settlers, considered the Susquehannock a mighty nation, experts in war and trade. They were beaten only by the combined power of the Five Nation
The outbreak of Pontiac's War in the summer of 1763, coupled with the ineffective policies of the provincial government, aroused widespread settler suspicion and hatred against all Indians in the frontier counties, without distinguishing among hostile and friendly peoples. On December 14, 1763, the Paxton Boys, led by Matthew Smith and Capt. Lazarus Stewart, attacked Conestoga, killing the six Indians present, and burning all the houses. Officials sheltered the tribe's fourteen survivors in protective custody in the county jail, but the Paxton Boys returned on December 27, broke into the jail, and massacred the remaining natives. The lack of effective government control and widespread sympathy in the frontier counties for the murderers meant they were never discovered or brought to justice.[25]
Maryland-Pennsylvania boundary dispute
New settlers began to cross the Susquehanna. In 1730, the Wright's Ferry services were licensed and officially begun. Starting in mid-1730, Thomas Cresap, acting as an agent of Lord Baltimore, began confiscating the newly settled farms near present-day Peach Bottom and Columbia, Pennsylvania, which at the time this was not named but was later called Wright's Ferry. Believing he controlled this land under his grant, Lord Baltimore wanted the income from the lands. He believed he had a defensible claim established on the west bank of the Susquehanna River since 1721, and that his demesne and grant extended to forty degrees north. If he allowed Pennsylvanians to settle his lands without reacting, he believed, their squatting would constitute a counter claim.
Cresap established a second ferry in the upper Conejohela downriver from John Wright's, near Peach Bottom. He demanded that settlers either move out or pay Maryland for the right-bank lands. Settlers believed they already had rights to these under Pennsylvania grants. Cresap drove off settlers by vandalizing farms and killing livestock; he pushed out settlers from southern York and Lancaster counties. He gave the abandoned lands to his followers. If a follower was arrested by Lancaster authorities, the Marylanders would break him out of the lockup.
Lord Baltimore negotiated a compromise in 1733, but Cresap ignored it and continued his raids. A deputy was sent to arrest him in 1734, and Cresap killed him at the door. The Pennsylvania governor demanded that Maryland arrest Cresap for murder; the Maryland governor instead commissioned him as a captain in the
Diversity of settlers
The names of the original Lancaster County townships reflect the diverse national origins of settlers in the new county:[28] two had Welsh names (Caernarvon and Lampeter), three had Native American names (Cocalico, Conestoga and Peshtank or Paxton), six were English (Warwick, Lancaster, Martic, Sadsbury, Salisbury and Hempfield); four were Irish (Donegal, Drumore, Derry, and Leacock), reflecting mostly Scots-Irish (or Ulster Scots) from Ulster, a province in the north of Ireland; Manheim was German, Lebanon came from the Bible, a basis of all the European cultures; and Earl was a translation of the German surname of Graf or Groff.[29]
19th-century statesmen
Lancaster County's native son
Thaddeus Stevens, the noted Radical Republican, represented Lancaster County in the United States House of Representatives from 1849 to 1853 and from 1859 until his death in 1868.[32] Stevens left a $50,000 (~$1,000,000 in 2023) bequest to establish an orphanage.[33] This property eventually was developed as the state-owned Thaddeus Stevens College of Technology. Stevens and Buchanan were both buried in Lancaster.[34]
Slavery and the Christiana incident
Pennsylvania passed its
Lying just north of the
As a wealthy Maryland wheat farmer, Edward Gorsuch had manumitted several slaves in their 20s. He allowed his slaves to work for cash elsewhere during the slow season. Upon finding some of his wheat missing, he thought his slaves had sold it to a local farmer. His slaves Noah Buley, Nelson Ford, George Ford, and Joshua Hammond, fearing his bad temper, fled across the Mason–Dixon line to the farm of William Parker, a mulatto free man and abolitionist who lived in Christiana, Pennsylvania. Parker, 29, was a member of the Lancaster Black Self-Protection Society and known to use violence to defend himself and the fugitive slaves who sought refuge in the area.[citation needed]
Gorsuch obtained four warrants and organized four parties, which set out separately with federal marshals to recover his property—the four slaves. He was killed and others were wounded. While Gorsuch was legally entitled to recover his slaves under the
The event frightened slaveholders, as black men not only fought back but prevailed. Some feared this would inspire enslaved blacks and encourage rebelliousness. The case was prosecuted in U.S. District Court in Philadelphia under the Fugitive Slave Act, which required citizens to cooperate in the capture and return of fugitive slaves. The disturbance increased regional and racial tensions. In the North, it added to the push to abolish slavery.[39]
In September 1851, the grand jury returned a "true bill" (indictment) against 38 suspects, who were held at Moyamensing Prison in Philadelphia, awaiting trial. U.S. District Judge Robert Cooper Grier ruled that the men could be tried for treason.[40]
The only person actually tried was Castner Hanway, a European-American man. On November 15, 1851, he was tried for liberating slaves taken into custody by U.S. Marshal Kline, as well as for resisting arrest, conspiracy, and treason. Hanway's responsibility for the violent events was unclear. He was reported as one of the first on the scene where Gorsuch and others of his party were attacked, and he and his horse provided cover for Dickerson Gorsuch and Dr. Pearce, who were wounded. The jury deliberated 15 minutes before returning a Not Guilty. Among the five defense lawyers, recruited by the Pennsylvania Anti-Slavery Society, was U.S. Congressman Thaddeus Stevens, who had practiced law in Lancaster County since at least 1838.[41]
Religious history
The oldest surviving dwelling of European settlers in the county
The town of
In addition to the
The first Jewish resident was Isaac Miranda [
As of 2010, Lancaster County is home to three synagogues: the Orthodox Degel Israel; the Conservative Beth El; and the Reform Shaarai Shomayim. In 2003
This area was also settled by
Inventions
- The first battery-powered watch, the Hamilton Electric 500, was released in 1957 by the Hamilton Watch Company.[52]
- The Pennsylvania Long Rifle,[53] otherwise known as the "Kentucky" (Long) Rifle.
- The Conestoga wagon,[54] which started the US practice of opposing vehicles passing each other to the right.
- The Stogie cigar[55]"Stogie" is shortened from "Conestoga".
- The Amish quilt, a highly utilitarian art form, dates from 1849 in Lancaster County.[56]
Geography
According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 984 square miles (2,550 km2), of which 944 square miles (2,440 km2) is land and 40 square miles (100 km2) (4.1%) is water.[57]
Climate
Most of the county has a hot-summer humid continental climate (Dfa) and the hardiness zones are 6b and 7a. The most recent temperature averages show areas along the Susquehanna River and in the lower Conestoga Valley to have a humid subtropical climate (Cfa.)
Climate data for Lancaster, Pennsylvania (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1949–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °F (°C) | 70 (21) |
82 (28) |
88 (31) |
93 (34) |
99 (37) |
97 (36) |
103 (39) |
101 (38) |
99 (37) |
93 (34) |
86 (30) |
76 (24) |
103 (39) |
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) | 39.9 (4.4) |
42.8 (6.0) |
52.0 (11.1) |
64.6 (18.1) |
74.5 (23.6) |
82.7 (28.2) |
87.0 (30.6) |
85.1 (29.5) |
78.2 (25.7) |
66.4 (19.1) |
54.8 (12.7) |
44.4 (6.9) |
64.4 (18.0) |
Daily mean °F (°C) | 31.0 (−0.6) |
33.2 (0.7) |
41.4 (5.2) |
52.6 (11.4) |
62.4 (16.9) |
71.2 (21.8) |
75.9 (24.4) |
74.1 (23.4) |
66.9 (19.4) |
55.1 (12.8) |
44.4 (6.9) |
35.7 (2.1) |
53.7 (12.1) |
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) | 22.2 (−5.4) |
23.6 (−4.7) |
30.9 (−0.6) |
40.5 (4.7) |
50.4 (10.2) |
59.7 (15.4) |
64.7 (18.2) |
63.0 (17.2) |
55.6 (13.1) |
43.7 (6.5) |
34.0 (1.1) |
27.1 (−2.7) |
42.9 (6.1) |
Record low °F (°C) | −16 (−27) |
−9 (−23) |
−2 (−19) |
16 (−9) |
21 (−6) |
33 (1) |
46 (8) |
37 (3) |
34 (1) |
23 (−5) |
11 (−12) |
−3 (−19) |
−16 (−27) |
Average precipitation inches (mm) | 3.01 (76) |
2.52 (64) |
3.50 (89) |
3.54 (90) |
3.65 (93) |
4.09 (104) |
4.51 (115) |
3.60 (91) |
4.82 (122) |
4.18 (106) |
3.26 (83) |
3.47 (88) |
44.15 (1,121) |
Average snowfall inches (cm) | 6.1 (15) |
7.4 (19) |
3.4 (8.6) |
0.2 (0.51) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.0 (0.0) |
0.3 (0.76) |
0.6 (1.5) |
3.4 (8.6) |
21.4 (54) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) | 10.0 | 8.8 | 10.5 | 10.9 | 12.7 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 9.5 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 10.9 | 123.9 |
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) | 2.7 | 2.7 | 1.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 1.1 | 8.1 |
Source: |
Watersheds
Almost all of Lancaster County is in the
Protected areas
Lancaster County is home to
There are six
The county's southern portion has some protected
Lancaster County leads the nation in farmland preservation. Organizations such as the Lancaster Farmland Trust, the Lancaster County Agricultural Preservation Board, and multiple municipalities work in partnership with landowners to preserve their farms and way of life for future generations by placing a conservation easement on their property. A conservation easement restricts real estate development, commercial and industrial uses, and certain other activities on the land that are mutually agreed upon by the grantees and the property owner. After ceding their development rights, landowners continue to manage and own their properties and may receive significant tax breaks. The conservation easement ensures that the land will remain available for agricultural use forever. Lancaster Farmland Trust is a private, non-profit organization that works closely with the vast Amish and Plain-Sect communities of Lancaster County to ensure their farms will retain their agricultural value. Together with the Lancaster County Agricultural Preserve Board, the county has preserved more than 100,000 acres (40,000 ha) of preserved farmland in the county—a first in the nation.[67]
Seismicity
Lancaster County lies on the general track of the Appalachian Mountains. As a result, residual seismic activity from ancient faulting occasionally produces minor earthquakes of magnitude 3 to 4. On December 27, 2008, a 3.3 magnitude earthquake was widely felt in the Susquehanna Valley but caused no damage to structures.[68]
Adjacent counties
- Lebanon County (North)
- Berks County (Northeast)
- Dauphin County (Northwest)
- Cecil County, Maryland (South)
- Harford County, Maryland (Southwest)
- Chester County (East)
- York County (West)
Flora and fauna
The
Demographics
Census | Pop. | Note | %± |
---|---|---|---|
1790 | 36,081 | — | |
1800 | 43,403 | 20.3% | |
1810 | 53,927 | 24.2% | |
1820 | 68,336 | 26.7% | |
1830 | 76,631 | 12.1% | |
1840 | 84,203 | 9.9% | |
1850 | 98,944 | 17.5% | |
1860 | 116,314 | 17.6% | |
1870 | 121,340 | 4.3% | |
1880 | 139,447 | 14.9% | |
1890 | 149,095 | 6.9% | |
1900 | 159,241 | 6.8% | |
1910 | 167,029 | 4.9% | |
1920 | 173,797 | 4.1% | |
1930 | 196,882 | 13.3% | |
1940 | 212,504 | 7.9% | |
1950 | 234,717 | 10.5% | |
1960 | 278,359 | 18.6% | |
1970 | 319,693 | 14.8% | |
1980 | 362,346 | 13.3% | |
1990 | 422,822 | 16.7% | |
2000 | 470,658 | 11.3% | |
2010 | 519,445 | 10.4% | |
2020 | 552,984 | 6.5% | |
2023 (est.) | 558,589 | 1.0% | |
U.S. Decennial Census[70] 1790–1960[71] 1900–1990[72] 1990–2000[73] 2010–2019[74] 2020[3] |
Lancaster County Demographics[75] | |||
---|---|---|---|
2013 | County | State | U.S. |
White
|
91.0% | 83.2% | 77.7% |
African American
|
4.7% | 11.5% | 13.2% |
Native American
|
0.4% | 0.3% | 1.2% |
Asian
|
2.1% | 3.1% | 5.3% |
Pacific Islander
|
0.1% | 0.1% | 0.2% |
Two or more races
|
1.8% | 1.8% | 2.4% |
Latino of any race
|
9.5% | 6.3% | 17.1% |
White alone, not Hispanic or Latino | 83.6% | 78.4% | 62.6% |
As of the 2010 census,[76] there were 519,445 people. The population density was 561 people per square mile (217 people/km2). There were 193,602 households. Of that number 135,401 (69.9%) were families. Of those families, 120,112 (88.7%) had children under the age of 18. There were 202,952 housing units at an average density of 215 per square mile (83/km2). The average household size was 2.62 and the average family size was 3.13.
In the county, the population was spread out, with 24.8% under the age of 18 and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38.2 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.60 males.
5.58% of the population and 8.37% of the children aged 5–17 reported speaking Pennsylvania Dutch, German, or Dutch at home, while a further 4.97% of the population spoke Spanish.[77] 39.8% were of German, 11.8% United States or American, 7.2% Irish and 5.7% English ancestry.
2020 census
Race | Num. | Perc. |
---|---|---|
White (NH)
|
440,613 | 79.68% |
Black or African American (NH)
|
19,536 | 3.53% |
Native American (NH)
|
522 | 0.01% |
Asian (NH)
|
13,939 | 2.52% |
Pacific Islander (NH)
|
110 | 0.02% |
Other/Mixed (NH)
|
17,093 | 3.1% |
Latino
|
61,171 | 11.1% |
Plain Anabaptist (Amish) groups
Lancaster County Anabaptist community founded in c. 1760, has the world's largest Amish settlement, with 37,000 people in 220 church districts in 2017, or about 7% of the county's population.[79] By 2021 the Amish population increased to almost 42,000.[80][81] The Lancaster Amish affiliation is relatively liberal concerning the use of technologies compared to other Amish affiliations.
Historically speaking, the Amish population in 1970 numbered only about 7,000; that climbed to about 12,400 by 1990 and 16,900 by 2000.[82] It has doubled since then.
Lancaster also hosts other
-
An Amish family in a traditionalAmish buggyin the county
-
Amish children in the back of a buggy on the road
-
Amish farmers use only horse power to cultivate their land
-
Amish crops in the county
-
An Amish dairy farm
-
Persons speaking an Indo-European language at home other than English or Spanish (among adults 18+), a vast majority of them speak Pennsylvania German. (ACS 2019 5-year estimate).
Religion
- Black Protestant0.4%)
- Roman Catholic: 9.9%
- Eastern Orthodox Christian: 0.3%
- Other: 1.1%
- Unaffiliated: 50.9%
Dialect
Some County residents speak with a Pennsylvania Dutch-influenced dialect.[84] This is most common in the Lancaster, Lebanon, York, and Harrisburg areas, and incorporates influences from the Pennsylvania Dutch in dialect and in nomenclature.
Metropolitan statistical area
The
On a national level, the Lancaster, PA metropolitan area is the 102nd most populous metropolitan statistical area as of the 2020 census and the 102nd most populous primary statistical area in the United States as of the 2010 census.[86][87]
Government and politics
Political party affiliation
Year | Republican | Democratic | Third party | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. | % | No. | % | No. | % | |
2020 | 160,209 | 56.94% | 115,847 | 41.17% | 5,319 | 1.89% |
2016 | 137,914 | 56.33% | 91,093 | 37.21% | 15,825 | 6.46% |
2012 | 130,669 | 58.50% | 88,481 | 39.62% | 4,201 | 1.88% |
2008 | 126,568 | 55.21% | 99,586 | 43.44% | 3,095 | 1.35% |
2004 | 145,591 | 65.77% | 74,328 | 33.58% | 1,453 | 0.66% |
2000 | 115,900 | 66.09% | 54,968 | 31.34% | 4,499 | 2.57% |
1996 | 92,875 | 59.81% | 49,120 | 31.63% | 13,291 | 8.56% |
1992 | 88,447 | 55.22% | 44,255 | 27.63% | 27,478 | 17.15% |
1988 | 96,979 | 70.77% | 38,982 | 28.45% | 1,068 | 0.78% |
1984 | 99,090 | 75.63% | 31,308 | 23.90% | 618 | 0.47% |
1980 | 79,963 | 67.25% | 30,026 | 25.25% | 8,908 | 7.49% |
1976 | 72,106 | 65.74% | 35,533 | 32.40% | 2,037 | 1.86% |
1972 | 81,036 | 75.64% | 24,223 | 22.61% | 1,879 | 1.75% |
1968 | 69,953 | 64.59% | 29,870 | 27.58% | 8,484 | 7.83% |
1964 | 52,243 | 49.52% | 53,041 | 50.27% | 224 | 0.21% |
1960 | 78,390 | 70.06% | 33,233 | 29.70% | 266 | 0.24% |
1956 | 69,026 | 72.05% | 26,538 | 27.70% | 237 | 0.25% |
1952 | 64,193 | 69.23% | 28,146 | 30.36% | 382 | 0.41% |
1948 | 46,306 | 67.60% | 21,308 | 31.11% | 885 | 1.29% |
1944 | 44,888 | 61.77% | 27,353 | 37.64% | 432 | 0.59% |
1940 | 44,939 | 58.05% | 32,210 | 41.61% | 269 | 0.35% |
1936 | 42,272 | 51.38% | 38,454 | 46.74% | 1,547 | 1.88% |
1932 | 34,502 | 56.54% | 24,406 | 40.00% | 2,111 | 3.46% |
1928 | 55,530 | 81.43% | 12,146 | 17.81% | 516 | 0.76% |
1924 | 42,787 | 73.73% | 12,091 | 20.83% | 3,156 | 5.44% |
1920 | 29,549 | 72.88% | 9,521 | 23.48% | 1,472 | 3.63% |
1916 | 20,292 | 63.42% | 10,016 | 31.30% | 1,688 | 5.28% |
1912 | 12,668 | 36.95% | 8,574 | 25.01% | 13,040 | 38.04% |
1908 | 23,523 | 71.43% | 8,109 | 24.62% | 1,299 | 3.94% |
1904 | 26,083 | 76.54% | 7,092 | 20.81% | 902 | 2.65% |
1900 | 23,230 | 71.77% | 8,437 | 26.07% | 701 | 2.17% |
1896 | 24,337 | 72.67% | 8,145 | 24.32% | 1,008 | 3.01% |
1892 | 20,126 | 64.46% | 10,326 | 33.07% | 770 | 2.47% |
1888 | 21,976 | 66.56% | 10,495 | 31.79% | 545 | 1.65% |
1884 | 19,848 | 65.85% | 9,953 | 33.02% | 340 | 1.13% |
1880 | 19,489 | 64.11% | 10,789 | 35.49% | 120 | 0.39% |
For decades, Lancaster County has been a Republican stronghold. The GOP controls the vast majority of county and municipal elected offices in Lancaster County.[90] Specifically, the row offices and all but one county commission seat are held by Republicans, and the GOP holds all but two state legislative seats covering the county. Republicans also hold a majority of registered voters in the county.
In September 2008, the Democratic Party reached the benchmark of 100,000 registered voters for the first time in the county's history.[90][91] The party had just 82,171 registered Democrats in 2004.[90] As of 2008[update], the ratio of Republicans to Democrats in Lancaster County now stands at 1.8 Republicans to 1 Democrat, down from a 3–1 advantage for the Republicans in the late 1990s.[90] Even with these gains, the county is still powerfully Republican downballot; the only real pockets of Democratic influence are in the city of Lancaster. Reflecting this, the only elected Democrats representing a significant portion of the county at the state or federal level hold state house seats anchored in Lancaster city and its closest-in suburbs.
As a measure of the county's strong Republican bent, it has only gone Democratic once since
According to the Secretary of State's office, Republicans hold a majority of the voters in Lancaster County.
Lancaster County Voter Registration Statistics as of March 4, 2024[93] | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Political Party | Total Voters | Percentage | |||
Republican | 177,399 | 51.07% | |||
Democratic | 111,780 | 32.18% | |||
No party affiliation | 40,751 | 11.73% | |||
Minor parties | 17,436 | 5.02% | |||
Total | 347,366 | 100.00% |
Elected officials
United States Senate
Senator | Party |
---|---|
Bob Casey |
Democratic |
John Fetterman | Democratic |
United States House of Representatives
District | Representative | Party |
---|---|---|
11 | Lloyd Smucker | Republican |
Pennsylvania State Senate[94]
District | Representative | Party |
---|---|---|
13 | Scott Martin | Republican |
36 | Ryan Aument | Republican |
Pennsylvania House of Representatives[95]
District | Representative | Party |
---|---|---|
37 | Mindy Fee | Republican |
41 | Brett Miller |
Republican |
43 | Keith Greiner | Republican |
49 | Ismail Smith-Wade-El | Democratic |
96 | Mike Sturla | Democratic |
97 | Steven Mentzer | Republican |
98 | Tom Jones | Republican |
99 | David Zimmerman |
Republican |
100 | Bryan Cutler | Republican |
Commissioners
Office | Holder | Party |
---|---|---|
Chairman | Joshua Parsons | Republican |
Vice-chairman | Ray D'Agostino | Republican |
County Commissioner | John Trescot | Democratic |
Source:[96]
Row officers
Office | Holder | Party |
---|---|---|
Clerk of Courts | Mary Anater | Republican |
Controller | Lisa Colon | Republican |
Coroner | Dr. Stephen Diamantoni, M.D. | Republican |
District Attorney | Heather Adams, Esq. | Republican |
Prothonotary | Andrew Spade | Republican |
Recorder of Deeds | Ann Hess | Republican |
Register of Wills | Ann Cooper | Republican |
Sheriff | Chris Leppler[97] | Republican |
Treasurer | Amber Green | Republican |
Sources:,[98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106]
Economy
In 2021, the county had a per capita personal income (PCPI) of $61,547, 96% of the national average. This reflects a growth of 5.7% from the prior year, versus a 7.3% growth for the nation as a whole.[107] The county poverty rate was 8.8% compared to a national rate of 11.6%.[75]
In 2005, Lancaster County was 10th of all counties in Pennsylvania with 17.7% of its workforce employed in manufacturing; the state averages 13.7%, and the leader, Crawford County, has only 25.1%.[108]
Lancaster County lags in information workers. It ranks 31st in the state with 1.3% of the workforce; the state as a whole employs 2.1% in information technology.[109]
The county ranks 11th in the state in managerial and financial workers, despite having 12.5% of the workforce in those occupations (versus the state average of 12.8%). The state leaders are Chester County with 20.5% and Montgomery County with 18.5%.[110]
With 17.3% working in the professions, Lancaster County is 31st in Pennsylvania, compared to a state average of 21.5%. Centre County leads with 31.8%, undoubtedly due to Penn State's giant footprint in an otherwise rural county, but the upscale Philadelphia suburbs of Montgomery County give them 27.2%.[111]
Lancaster County ranks even lower, 34th, in service workers, with 13.3% of the workforce, compared to a state average of 15.8%. Philadelphia County, leads with 20.5%.[112]
Lancaster County has an unemployment rate of 7.8% as of August 2010. This is a rise from a rate of 7.6% the previous year.[113]
There are 11,000 companies in Lancaster County.
Auntie Anne's, Clipper Magazine, Lancaster Farming, MapQuest, Turkey Hill Dairy, Clair Global, and Wilbur Chocolate Company are Lancaster County-based organizations with an economic footprint of regional or national significance.
Herley Industries is a local producer of microwave and millimeter wave products for the defense and aerospace industries.
Agriculture
With some of the most fertile non-irrigated soil in the U.S., Lancaster County has a strong farming industry.[116][117] Lancaster County's 5293 farms, generating $800 million in food, feed and fiber, are responsible for nearly a fifth of the state's agricultural output.[118] Chester County, with its high-value mushroom farms, is second, with $375 million.[119]
Livestock-raising is responsible for $710 million of that $800 million, with dairy accounting for $266 million,
Agriculture is likely to remain an important part of Lancaster County: almost exactly half of Lancaster County's land – 320,000 acres (130,000 ha) – is zoned for agriculture, and of those, 276,000 acres (112,000 ha) are "effective agricultural zoning", requiring at least 20 acres (8.1 ha) per residence.[120]
Tourism
Tourism is a significant industry in Lancaster County, employing approximately 20,000. In the 1860s, articles in the
A
Local tourism officials viewed it as deus ex machina when Hollywood stepped in to rescue their industry. Harrison Ford, in the 1985 movie Witness, portrayed a Philadelphia detective who journeys to the Amish community to protect an Amish boy who has witnessed a murder in Philadelphia. The detective is attracted to the boy's widowed mother; the movie is less a thriller than a romance about the difficulties faced by an outsider in love with a widow from The Community.[122] The film was nominated for eight Oscars, and won two.[123] However, the real winner was Lancaster County tourism.
Once again, especially after the
In four years of working here on the Strasburg Rail Road, I've only had one complaint, she said that the ride is too short. People love Lancaster County. They'll keep coming back.
— Betty McCormack[121]
The county promotes tourist visits to the county's numerous historic and picturesque
The Lancaster County Convention Center Authority [15] constructed the $170 million[126] Lancaster County Convention Center in downtown Lancaster on the site of the former Watt & Shand building.[127]
Other tourist attractions include the American Music Theatre,
Education
Lancaster County's colleges include
There are 16 public school districts in the county:[130]
There is also one charter school, the La Academia Charter School. Lancaster Country Day School, an independent day school, is located on the west end of Lancaster City. Linden Hall, an independent boarding and day school for girls, is located in Lititz.
Lancaster County has a federated library system with 14 member libraries, three branches and a bookmobile. The Library System of Lancaster County was established in April 1987 to provide countywide services and cooperative programs for its member libraries. The Board of Lancaster County Commissioners appoints the Library System of Lancaster County's seven-member board of directors. The System is an agent of the Commonwealth.
Sports
Before the Barnstormers, Lancaster was the home of the
The Women's Premier Soccer League expanded to Lancaster for the 2008 season, with the Lancaster Inferno. The WPSL is a FIFA-recognized women's league. The Inferno is owned by the Pennsylvania Classics organization and play their home games at the Hempfield High School stadium in Landisville. The Inferno's colors are orange, black, and white.
Amateur teams
In 2004, the amateur Lancaster Lightning football team of the North American Football League played at Pequea Valley High School's football stadium in Kinzers.[133]
Lancaster is home to the Dutchland Derby Rollers (DDR), a member of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA.) Founded in 2006, The Dutchland Rollers have two travel teams, the All-Stars and the Blitz. Both rosters play teams from neighboring leagues, though it is the Dutchland All-Stars that compete for national ranking. Their home rink is Overlook Activities Center, and their colors are orange and black.
Former teams
From 1946 to 1980, a professional basketball team, as the Lancaster Red Roses, (as well as the Lancaster Rockets and the Lancaster Lightning) played in the Continental Basketball Association.[134]
Transportation
Lying on the natural route from Philadelphia to the western part of Pennsylvania, Lancaster County has given rise to many improvements in transportation, such as the Philadelphia and Lancaster Turnpike, later part of the Lincoln Highway, in 1794,[135] a canal in 1820, and the Philadelphia and Columbia Railroad in 1834.[136]
Major roads and highways
Current railroads
As of 2006[update], passenger service in Lancaster County is provided by Amtrak, whose Keystone Corridor passes through the county, with stops at Lancaster, Mount Joy and Elizabethtown. A station is planned at Paradise to provide connecting service with the Strasburg Railroad, which runs passenger excursions from nearby Leaman Place to Strasburg.
The principal freight operator in the county is
Several short lines also operate in the county. With the exception of the Strasburg Railroad, all are freight railroads. The East Penn Railroad (ESPN) operates on a spur off the NS branch to Manheim, and on a longer line in the northeast corner of Lancaster County into Berks County. Landisville Terminal and Transfer Company (LNTV) operates on a spur off the Amtrak line at Landisville. The Tyburn Railroad operates some trackage around Dillerville. The Columbia and Reading Railway (CORY) began operating on 2.5 miles (4.0 km) of track in Columbia in January 2010.[137]
Airport
There are two public airports in Lancaster County. Lancaster Airport has scheduled passenger service, and Smoketown Airport serves general aviation users.
Communities
The following cities, boroughs, and townships are located in Lancaster County:
City
Boroughs
Christiana is the least populated borough in Lancaster County, as of 2010[update].[138] Columbia is the most populous.
Townships
- Bart
- Brecknock
- Caernarvon
- Clay
- Colerain
- Conestoga
- Conoy
- Drumore
- Earl
- East Cocalico
- East Donegal
- East Drumore
- East Earl
- East Hempfield
- East Lampeter
- Eden
- Elizabeth
- Ephrata
- Fulton
- Lancaster
- Leacock
- Little Britain
- Manheim
- Manor
- Martic
- Mount Joy
- Paradise
- Penn
- Pequea
- Providence
- Rapho
- Sadsbury
- Salisbury
- Strasburg
- Upper Leacock
- Warwick
- West Cocalico
- West Donegal
- West Earl
- West Hempfield
- West Lampeter
Census-designated places
Census-designated places are geographical areas designated by the U.S. CensusBureau for the purposes of compiling demographic data. They are not actual jurisdictions under Pennsylvania law.
- Bainbridge
- Bareville
- Bird-in-Hand
- Blue Ball
- Bowmansville
- Brickerville
- Brownstown
- Churchtown
- Clay
- Conestoga
- East Earl
- Falmouth
- Farmersville
- Fivepointville
- Gap
- Georgetown
- Goodville
- Gordonville
- Hopeland
- Intercourse
- Kirkwood
- Lampeter
- Landisville
- Leola
- Little Britain
- Maytown
- Morgantown (mostly in Berks County)
- Paradise
- Penryn
- Reamstown
- Refton
- Reinholds
- Rheems
- Ronks
- Rothsville
- Salunga
- Schoeneck
- Smoketown
- Soudersburg
- Stevens
- Swartzville
- Wakefield
- Washington Boro
- Willow Street
- Witmer
Unincorporated communities
Many communities are neither incorporated nor treated as census-designated places.
- Aberdeen[139]
- Anchor[140]
- Bamford[141]
- Bausman
- Bellaire[142]
- Bellemont
- Blainsport
- Buck
- Centerville
- Central Manor
- Cocalico
- Conewago
- Creswell
- Dillerville
- Donerville
- Elm
- Farmersville
- Fertility
- Georgetown
- Gordonville
- Hempfield
- Hinkletown
- Holtwood
- Kinzers
- Kissel Hill
- Lyndon
- Martindale
- Mastersonville
- Mechanics Grove
- Mechanicsville
- Narvon
- Neffsville
- New Danville
- New Milltown
- New Providence
- Nickel Mines
- Ninepoints
- Peach Bottom
- Pequea
- Rohrerstown
- Safe Harbor
- Silver Spring
- Smoketown
- Talmage
- Vintage
- White Horse
Population ranking
The population ranking of the following table is based on the 2010 census of Lancaster County.[143]
† county seat:
Rank | City/Town/etc. | Municipal type | Population (2010 Census) |
---|---|---|---|
1 | † Lancaster | City | 59,322 |
2 | Ephrata | Borough | 13,394 |
3 | Elizabethtown | Borough | 11,545 |
4 | Columbia | Borough | 10,400 |
5 | Lititz | Borough | 9,369 |
6 | Millersville | Borough | 8,168 |
7 | Willow Street | CDP | 7,578 |
8 | Mount Joy | Borough | 7,410 |
9 | Leola | CDP | 7,214 |
10 | New Holland | Borough | 5,378 |
11 | Manheim | Borough | 4,858 |
12 | East Petersburg | Borough | 4,506 |
13 | Akron | Borough | 3,876 |
14 | Denver | Borough | 3,861 |
15 | Maytown | CDP | 3,824 |
16 | Reamstown | CDP | 3,361 |
17 | Rothsville | CDP | 3,044 |
18 | Brownstown | CDP | 2,816 |
19 | Strasburg | Borough | 2,809 |
20 | Mountville | Borough | 2,802 |
21 | Salunga | CDP | 2,695 |
22 | Marietta | Borough | 2,588 |
23 | Quarryville | Borough | 2,576 |
24 | Swartzville | CDP | 2,283 |
25 | Bowmansville | CDP | 2,077 |
26 | Gap | CDP | 1,931 |
27 | Landisville | CDP | 1,893 |
28 | Reinholds | CDP | 1,803 |
29 | Adamstown (partially in Berks County) | Borough | 1,789 |
30 | Lampeter | CDP | 1,669 |
31 | Rheems | CDP | 1,598 |
32 | Clay | CDP | 1,559 |
33 | Bainbridge | CDP | 1,355 |
34 | Brickerville | CDP | 1,309 |
35 | Terre Hill | Borough | 1,295 |
36 | Intercourse | CDP | 1,274 |
37 | Conestoga | CDP | 1,258 |
38 | Christiana | Borough | 1,168 |
39 | Fivepointville | CDP | 1,156 |
40 | East Earl | CDP | 1,144 |
41 | Paradise | CDP | 1,129 |
42 | Schoeneck | CDP | 1,056 |
43 | Blue Ball | CDP | 1,031 |
44 | Penryn | CDP | 1,024 |
45 | Georgetown | CDP | 1,022 |
46 | Farmersville | CDP | 991 |
47 | Morgantown (mostly in Berks County) | CDP | 826 |
48 | Hopeland | CDP | 738 |
49 | Washington Boro | CDP | 729 |
50 | Stevens | CDP | 612 |
51 | Wakefield | CDP | 609 |
52 | Soudersburg | CDP | 540 |
53 | Gordonville | CDP | 508 |
54 | Witmer | CDP | 492 |
55 | Goodville | CDP | 482 |
56 | Churchtown | CDP | 470 |
57 | Falmouth | CDP | 420 |
58 | Bird-in-Hand | CDP | 402 |
59 | Kirkwood | CDP | 396 |
60 | Little Britain | CDP | 372 |
61 | Ronks | CDP | 362 |
62 | Smoketown | CDP | 357 |
63 | Refton | CDP | 298 |
In popular culture
- The 1985 film Witness took place partially in Lancaster County, where a Philadelphia police officer protects an Amish boy who witnessed a murder while in the City of Brotherly Love.[144]
- The 1997 film For Richer or Poorer involved a wealthy NYC couple, who take refuge in Lancaster County after being framed for tax fraud.[145]
- The 2010 TV movie Amish Grace was a dramatization of the 2006 murders of Amish school children in Nickel Mines.[146]
- Amish Mafia was a reality TV show on the Discovery Channel about a group of Amish men in Lancaster County who protect and keep the peace after the 2006 Nickel Mines murders. The series ran from 2012-2015.[147]
- The 2013 film Are You Here was set in Lancaster County, where the protagonists grew up.[148]
See also
- List of Lancaster County covered bridges
- List of Pennsylvania films and television shows
- List of people from Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
- National Register of Historic Places listings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
- Red Rose Transit Authority
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- ^ 2010 Census
- ^ Nark, Jason. "On Saturday, 'Experience' the Lancaster County Farm Where Harrison Ford's Witness Was Filmed". inquirer.com (The Philadelphia Inquirer). Interstate General Media. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Ebert, Roger. "For Richer or Poorer Movie Review". RogerEbert.com. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ DeJesus, Ivey. "'Amish Grace' movie fictionalizes Nickel Mines tragedy, generates debate". pennlive.com. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ George, David. ""Amish Mafia": Is there really such a thing as an Amish thug?". Salon.com. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
- ^ Puig, Claudia. "You may not want to be there for 'Are You Here'". USAToday.com. Gannett Satellite Information Network. Retrieved January 9, 2024.
Further reading
- Daniels, Tom, and Lauren Payne-Riley. "Preserving large farming landscapes: The case of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania." Journal of Agriculture, Food Systems, and Community Development 7.3 (2017): 67-81. [16]
- Donnermeyer, Joseph F. "A Demographic Profile of the Greater Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, Amish." The Journal of Plain Anabaptist Communities 3.2 (2023): 1-34. online
- Ellis, Franklin, and Samuel Evans. History of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania: With biographical sketches of many of its pioneers and prominent men (Closson Press, 1883) online
- Henderson, Rodger C. "Demographic patterns and family structure in eighteenth-century Lancaster County, Pennsylvania." Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 114.3 (1990): 349-383. online
- HENDERSON, RODGER CRAIGE. "COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT AND THE REVOLUTIONARY TRANSITION IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA" (PhD dissertation, State University of New York at Binghamton; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1983. 8309094).
- Klein, Frederic Shriver. Lancaster County Since 1841 (Lancaster County National Bank, 1955).
- Kollmorgen, Walter M. "The agricultural stability of the old order Amish and old order Mennonites of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania." American Journal of Sociology 49.3 (1943): 233-241. online
- Kollmorgen, Walter Martin. Culture of a contemporary rural community: the Old Order Amish of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (US Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Agricultural Economics, 1942) online.
- Kriebel, Howard Wiegner. "Seeing Lancaster county from a trolley window." (1910). online
- Kurland, Nancy B., and Sara Jane McCaffrey. "Community socioemotional wealth: Preservation, succession, and farming in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania." Family Business Review 33.3 (2020): 244-264. online
- Lawrence, Adam B. "Perceptions of Quality of Life in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania May 2012." (2012). online
- Lord, Arthur C. The pre-revolutionary agriculture of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania (Lancaster County Historical Society, 1975) online.
- McMurry, Sally. Pennsylvania Farming: A History in Landscapes (University of Pittsburgh Press, 2017) see "Chapter 5 Transformations on the Lancaster Plain: The Rise of America’s 'Banner County'" pp.62–78.
- Magee, Erin. " 'Unbecoming and Unfemale a Part': Womanhood and Its Forgotten Role in Shaping the New Republic in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania" (PhD dissertation, Millersville University, 2021). online
- Mombert, Jacob Isidor. An Authentic History of Lancaster County (2020) [17].
- Schneider, David. Foundations in a Fertile Soil: Farming and Farm Buildings in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. (Historic Preservation Trust of Lancaster County, 1994)
- Walbert, David James. "Garden spot: Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, the Old Order Amish, and the selling of rural America" (PhD dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 2000. 9968690).
- WITTLINGER, CARLTON O. "EARLY MANUFACTURING IN LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, 1710-1840" (PhD dissertation, University of Pennsylvania ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. 0004959).
- Wokeck, Marianne. "Cultural Persistence and Adaptation: The Germans of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, 1729-76." Business and Economic History (1978): 113-127. online