Land-grant university
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A land-grant university (also called land-grant college or land-grant institution) is an institution of higher education in the United States designated by a state to receive the benefits of the Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890.[1]
Signed by
Ultimately, most land-grant colleges became large public universities that today offer a full spectrum of educational opportunities. However, some land-grant colleges are private, including Cornell University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), and Tuskegee University.[5]
History
The history of land grant colleges and universities predates the Morrill Act of 1862 by almost sixty years. In early March of 1786, Manasseh Cutler, Rufus Putnam, Benjamin Tupper, and Samuel Parsons met with seven other men in Boston at the Bunch of Grapes Tavern; they were owed large sums of money for their service under George Washington in the American Revolutionary War. They formed the Ohio Company of Associates to petition the US government for a large grant of land in lieu of the money.
The Ohio Company was granted 1,500,000 acres of land in Southeastern Ohio on the condition that some of the land within two townships be dedicated to a university for the purpose of educating settlers who would help lead the settlement efforts of the new Northwest Territory frontier. Originally chartered as the American Western University, Ohio University was officially founded in Athens, Ohio, in 1804 and opened its doors for the first students in 1808. As such it became the first land grant university, long before the Morrill Act in 1862.
The concept of publicly funded agricultural and technical educational institutions first rose to national attention through the efforts of
Upon passage of the federal land-grant law in 1862, Iowa was the first state legislature to accept the provisions of the Morrill Act, on September 11, 1862.[11][12] Iowa subsequently designated the State Agricultural College (now Iowa State University) as the land-grant college on March 29, 1864.[12][13] The first land-grant institution actually created under the Act was Kansas State University, which was established on February 16, 1863, and opened on September 2, 1863.[14] The oldest school that currently holds land-grant status is Rutgers University, founded in 1766 and designated the land-grant college of New Jersey in 1864. The oldest school to ever hold land-grant status was Yale University (founded in 1701), which was named Connecticut's land-grant recipient in 1863. This designation was later stripped by the Connecticut legislature in 1893 under populist pressure and transferred to what would become the University of Connecticut.[15]
A second Morrill Act was passed in 1890, aimed at the former Confederate states. This act required each state to show that race was not an admissions criterion, or else to designate a separate land-grant institution for persons of color.[16] This latter clause had the effect of facilitating segregated education, although it also provided higher educational opportunities for persons of color who otherwise would not have had them.[17] Among the seventy colleges and universities which eventually evolved from the Morrill Acts are several of today's historically black colleges and universities. Though the 1890 Act granted cash instead of land, it granted colleges under that act the same legal standing as the 1862 Act colleges; hence the term "land-grant college" properly applies to both groups.
Later on, other colleges such as the University of the District of Columbia and the "1994 land-grant colleges" for Native Americans were also awarded cash by Congress in lieu of land to achieve "land-grant" status.
In imitation of the land-grant colleges' focus on agricultural and mechanical research, Congress later established programs of
West Virginia State University, a historically black university, is the only current land-grant university to have lost land-grant status (when desegregation cost it its state funding in 1957) and subsequently regain it, which happened in 2001.
The land-grant college system has been seen as a major contributor in the faster growth rate of the U.S. economy that led to its overtaking the United Kingdom as economic superpower, according to research by faculty from the State University of New York.[18]
The three-part mission of the land-grant university continues to evolve in the twenty-first century. What originally was described as "teaching, research, and service" was renamed "learning, discovery, and engagement" by the Kellogg Commission on the Future of State and Land-Grant Universities, and again recast as "talent, innovation, and place" by the Association of Public and Land-grant Universities (APLU).[19]
State law precedents
Prior to the enactment of the Morrill Act in 1862, individual states established institutions of higher education with grants of land. The first state to do so was Georgia, which set aside 40,000 acres for higher education in 1784 and incorporated the University of Georgia in 1785.[20]
Hatch Act and Smith–Lever Act
The mission of the land-grant universities was expanded by the
Expansion
While today's land-grant universities were initially known as land-grant colleges, only a few of the more than 70 institutions that developed from the Morrill Acts retain "College" in their official names; most are universities.
The
In 1994, 29 tribal colleges and universities became land-grant institutions under the Improving America's Schools Act of 1994. As of 2008, 32 tribal colleges and universities have land-grant status in the U.S. Most of these colleges grant two-year degrees. Six are four-year institutions, and two offer a master's degree.
Land acknowledgment statements and criticism
In the early 21st century, a growing number of land-grant universities have placed
These lands were the traditional birthright of indigenous peoples who were forcibly removed and who have faced two centuries of struggle for survival and identity in the wake of dispossession. We hereby acknowledge the ground on which we stand so that all who come here know that we recognize our responsibilities to the peoples of that land and that we strive to address that history so that it guides our work in the present and the future.[26]
Another example comes from the
The University of Nebraska is a public, land-grant institution with campuses and programs across the State that reside on the past, present, and future homelands of the Pawnee, Ponca, Oto-Missouria, Omaha, Dakota, Lakota, Arapaho, Cheyenne, and Kaw Peoples, as well as the relocated Ho Chunk (Winnebago), Iowa, and Sac and Fox Peoples.[27]
In an article in High Country News, Robert Lee and Tristan Ahtone criticized such statements for failing to acknowledge the true breadth of the benefits derived by European Americans from formerly Native American land. They pointed out that land grants were used not only for campus sites but also included many other parcels that universities rented or sold to generate funds that formed the basis of their endowments.[10] Lee and Ahtone also pointed out that only a few land-grant universities have undertaken significant efforts at reconciliation with respect to the latter types of parcels. For instance, they could identify what portions of their current resources are traceable to Native American lands and reallocate some of those resources to help Native Americans.[10]
Nomenclature
Land-grant universities are not to be confused with
Relevant legislation
- The Morrill Act of 1862
- The Hatch Act of 1887
- The second Morrill Act of 1890
- The Adams Act – 1906
- The Nelson Act– 1907
- The Smith–Lever Act of 1914
- Chapter 79 – May 8, 1914
- The Smith–Hughes Act – 1917
- The Parnell Act – 1925
- The Capper–Ketcham Act – 1928
- The Bankhead–Jones Act of 1935
- The Bankhead–Flanagan Act – 1945
- The Research Marketing Act – 1946
- Amendment to Smith–Lever Act– 1953, 1955, 1961, 1962, 1968
- Amended Hatch Act – 1955
- The McIntire–Stennis Act– 1962
- The Research Facilities Act – 1965
- Public Law 89-106 – 1965
- The National Sea Grant College Program – 1966
- The Rural Development Act – 1972
- The Food and Agriculture Act of 1977
- The National Agricultural Research, Extension, and Teaching Policy Act of 1977 – Title XIV
- The Resource Extension Act – 1978
- Amendment to Title XIV – 1981
- The Agriculture and Food Act of 1981
- Amendment to Title XIV of Food Security Act – 1985
- Improving America's Schools Act of 1994—extended land-grant status to tribal colleges and universities
See also
- Association of Public and Land-grant Universities
- List of land-grant universities
- Manual labor college
- State university
References
- ISBN 0-89774-860-3.
- ^ 7 U.S.C. § 304
- ^ What Is A Land-Grant College? (PDF), Washington State University, archived (PDF) from the original on November 6, 2020, retrieved July 12, 2011
- ^ Greenwood Dictionary of Education. 2003. p. 235.
- ^ Brunner, Henry Sherman (1962). Land-grant Colleges and Universities, 1862-1962. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. Archived from the original on September 4, 2022. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ a b c The Land-Grant Tradition, NASULGC, 2008, p. 3, archived from the original on December 4, 2010, retrieved July 28, 2010
- ISBN 0-87013-508-2.
- ^ Martin, Michael V. (February 18, 2018). "A Time for Substance: Confronting Funding Inequities at Land-Grant Institutions". Tribal College Journal. 29 (3). Archived from the original on August 1, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
- .
- ^ a b c Lee, Robert; Ahtone, Tristan (March 30, 2020). "Land-Grab Universities". High Country News. Archived from the original on April 19, 2020. Retrieved April 20, 2020.
- ^ "History of Iowa State: Time Line, 1858–1874". Iowa State University. 2006. Archived from the original on May 13, 2009. Retrieved July 9, 2009.
- ^ a b "Sesquicentennial Message from President". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on January 11, 2012. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- ^ "Iowa State: 150 Points of Pride". Iowa State University. Archived from the original on June 21, 2015. Retrieved July 8, 2011.
- ^ "The National Schools of Science", The Nation: 409, November 21, 1867, archived from the original on April 7, 2022, retrieved November 14, 2020
- Roger L. Geiger& Nathan M. Sorber, The Land-Grant Colleges and the Reshaping of American Higher Education (Transaction Press, 2013)
- ^ 7 U.S.C. § 323
- ^ Debra Reid, "People's Colleges for Other Citizens: Black Land-Grant Institutions and the Politics of Educational Expansion in the Post-Civil War Era", in Science as Service: Establishing and Reformulating American Land-Grant Universities, 1865-1930 p. 144 (2015).
- S2CID 158105754.
- ^ Gavazzi, S. M.; Gee, E. G. (2018). Land-grant universities for the future: Higher education for the public good. Johns Hopkins University Press.
- ^ "History of UGA". University of Georgia. University of Georgia. Archived from the original on October 30, 2019. Retrieved December 4, 2019.
- ^ Widder, Keith R. (2005). Michigan Agricultural College: The Evolution of a Land-grant Philosophy, 1855-1925. Michigan State University Press.
- ^ Peter L. Moran; Roger L. Williams. "Saving the Land Grant for the Agricultural College of Pennsylvania". In Geiger, Roger L.; Sorber, Nathan M. (eds.). Land Grant Colleges and the Reshaping of American Higher Education. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers. pp. 105–130.
- ^ United States. Office of Special Assistant to the Postmaster General (1966). Postage Stamps of the United States. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 149.
- .
- ^ Nash, Margaret A. (November 8, 2019). "The Dark History of Land-Grant Universities". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ "Land Acknowledgement". University of Illinois System. Archived from the original on December 3, 2019. Retrieved December 3, 2019.
- ^ "Recognizing the Land". University of Nebraska Lincoln. Archived from the original on November 5, 2021. Retrieved April 4, 2022.
External links
- Land-Grant Colleges and Universities information by the National Institute of Food and Agriculture.
- "Land-Grab Universities" in High Country News. Includes maps of land parcels.
- "The Land-Grant Campus" in SAH Archipedia. Discusses architecture and land use.