Landing
Landing is the last part of a
Aircraft
Aircraft usually land at an
To land, the airspeed and the rate of descent are reduced such that the object descends at a low enough rate to allow for a gentle touch down. Landing is accomplished by slowing down and descending to the runway. This speed reduction is accomplished by reducing thrust and/or inducing a greater amount of drag using flaps,
Light aircraft
In a light aircraft, power is adjusted to control the descent rate, and pitch attitude is adjusted to control airspeed,[5] although theoretically they must be adjusted together.[6]
In a light aircraft, with little
Light aircraft landing situations, and the pilot skills required, can be divided into four types:
- Normal landings[4]
- Crosswind landings - where a significant wind not aligned with the landing area is a factor[4]
- Short field landings - where the length of the landing area is a limiting factor[4]
- Soft and unprepared field landings - where the landing area is wet, soft or has ground obstacles such as furrows or ruts to contend with[4]
Large aircraft
In large
Environmental factors
Factors such as
Other factors affecting a particular landing might include: the plane size,
and the overall situation.For example, landing a multi-engine
Parachutes
The term "landing" is also applied to people or objects descending to the ground using a
On the other hand, modern
Spacecraft
Sometimes, a safe landing is accomplished by using multiple forms of lift, thrust (propulsive landing
See also
- Arresting gear
- Hard landing
- Landing performance
- Visual approach
- Instrument approach
- Instrument landing system (ILS)
- Instrument flight rules (IFR)
- Visual flight rules (VFR)
Notes
References
- ^ Aviation Glossary (2011). "Flare (ICAO Definition)". Retrieved 26 January 2011.
- ^ International Civil Aviation Organization (June 2010). "Phase of Flight Definitions and Usage Notes" (PDF). Retrieved 26 January 2011.
- ISBN 1-56027-287-2
- ^ ISBN 0-7715-5115-0
- ^ Aircraft. 64. Royal Aeronautical Society Australian Division.: 50 1984 https://books.google.com/books?id=AkspAQAAIAAJ. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
{{cite journal}}
: Missing or empty|title=
(help) - ISBN 978-0-07-005699-2.
- ^ Jeffrey A., Roy (May–June 1990). "The Stabilized Approach". FAA Aviation News: A DOT/FAA Flight Standards Safety Publication. Flight Standards' Accident Prevention Program Branch, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Transportation: 4. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ NASA Technical Paper. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Scientific and Technical Information Office. 1981. p. 6. Retrieved 28 February 2023.
- ^ Aircraft Accident Report, United Airlines Flight 232, 19 July 1989. Appendix D: National Transportation Safety Board. p. 123.
- ^ "Required Navigation Performance | GE Aviation Systems". GE Aviation. Archived from the original on 29 July 2012. Retrieved 16 July 2012.
- ^ United States Parachute Association (2008). "Canopy piloting skills". Archived from the original on 15 October 2015. Retrieved 6 September 2011.
- ^ Samad Hayati, et al, Strategic Technology Development for Future Mars Missions (2013-2022) Archived 2013-02-21 at the Wayback Machine, NASA, September 15, 2009
- ^ "First Words of Safe Landing on Mars - Tango Delta Nominal". NASA. 21 August 2012.