Landrace

Regionally-adapted agricultural variety

"Landrace breed" redirects here. For specific standardized breeds with "Landrace" in their names, see Landrace (disambiguation).

Aerial roots of a maize landrace grown in nitrogen-depleted soils in the Sierra Mixe. Known for extensive aerial roots with a bacterial gel supplying 29%–82% of the plant's nitrogen supply.^[1]

A landrace is a

cultivars and from standard breeds.^[6]

A significant proportion of farmers around the world grow landrace

cultivars that are bred to be uniform has led to a reduction in biodiversity,^[8][9][10] because most of the genetic diversity of domesticated plant species lies in landraces and other traditionally used varieties.^[9] Some farmers using scientifically improved varieties also continue to raise landraces for agronomic reasons that include better adaptation to the local environment, lower fertilizer requirements, lower cost, and better disease resistance. Cultural and market preferences for landraces include culinary uses and product attributes such as texture, color, or ease of use.^[8][9]

Domestic shorthair

Plant landraces have been the subject of more academic research, and the majority of academic literature about landraces is focused on botany in agriculture, not animal husbandry. Animal landraces are distinct from ancestral wild species of modern animal stock, and are also distinct from separate species or subspecies derived from the same ancestor as modern domestic stock. Not all landraces derive from wild or ancient animal stock; in some cases, notably dogs and horses, domestic animals have escaped in sufficient numbers in an area to breed feral populations that form new landraces through evolutionary pressure.

Characteristics

There are differences between authoritative sources on the specific criteria which describe landraces, although there is broad consensus about the existence and utility of the classification. Individual criteria may be weighted differently depending on a given source's focus (e.g., governmental

A basket of landrace snap melons Cucumis melo subspecies agrestis, cultivar group Momordica from Pemba town, northern Mozambique. The landrace incorporates different colours and patterns of the fruit surface and is the only melon cultivar group in northern Mozambique.^{[citation needed}

]

• It is morphologically distinctive and identifiable (i.e., has particular and recognizable characteristics or properties),^[5][11] yet remains "dynamic".^[5]
• It is genetically adapted to,^[5][12] and has a reputation for being able to withstand,^[11] the conditions of the local environment, including climate, disease and pests, even cultural practices.^[11]
• It is not the product of formal (governmental, organizational, or private) breeding programs,^[12] and may lack systematic selection, development and improvement by breeders.^[4][2][5]
• It is maintained and fostered less deliberately than a standardized breed, with its genetic isolation principally a matter of geography acting upon whatever animals that happened to be brought by humans to a given area.^[2]
• It has a historical origin in a specific geographic area,^[5] will usually have its own local name(s),^[12][11] and will often be classified according to intended purpose.^[11]
• Where yield (e.g. of a grain or fruit crop) can be measured, a landrace will show high stability of yield, even under adverse conditions, but a moderate yield level, even under carefully managed conditions.^[7]
• At the level of genetic testing, its heredity will show a degree of integrity,^[11] but still some genetic heterogeneity^[12] (i.e. genetic diversity).^[5][13]

Terminology

Look up landrace in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Landrace literally means 'country-breed' (German: Landrasse)

The word landrace entered non-academic English in the early 1930s, by way of the Danish Landrace pig, a particular breed of lop-eared swine.^[14] Many other languages do not use separate terms, like landrace and breed, but instead rely on extended description to convey such distinctions. Spanish is one such language.^{[citation needed]}

Geneticist D. Phillip Sponenberg described animal breeds within these classes: the landrace, the standardized breed, modern "type" breeds, industrial strains, and feral populations. He describes landraces as an early stage of breed development, created by a combination of founder effect, isolation, and environmental pressures. Human selection for production goals is also typical of landraces.^[15]

As discussed in more detail in

In various domestic species (including pigs, goats, sheep and geese) some standardized breeds include "Landrace" in their names, but do not meet widely used definitions of landraces. For example, the British Landrace pig is a standardized breed, derived from earlier breeds with "Landrace" names.^[16]

Farmers' variety, usually applied to local cultivars, or seen as intermediate between a landrace and a cultivar,^[17] may also include landraces when referring to plant varieties not subjected to formal breeding programs.^[12]

Autochthonous and allochthonous landraces

A landrace native to, or produced for a long time within the agricultural system in which it is found is referred to as an autochthonous landrace, while a more recently introduced one is termed an allochthonous landrace.^[7][5][18]

Within academic agronomy, the term autochthonous landrace is sometimes used with a more technical, productivity-related definition, synthesized by A. C. Zeven from previous definitions beginning with Mansholt's: "an autochthonous landrace is a variety with a high capacity to tolerate biotic and abiotic stress, resulting in a high yield stability and an intermediate yield level under a low input agricultural system."^[7]

The terms autochthonous and allochthonous are most often applied to plants, with animals more often being referred to as indigenous or native. Examples of references in sources to long-term local landraces of livestock include constructions such as "indigenous landraces of sheep",^[19] and "Leicester Longwool sheep were bred to the native landraces of the region".^[20] Some usage of autochthonous does occur in reference to livestock, e.g. "autochthonous races of cattle such as the Asturian mountain cattle – Ratina and Casina – and Tudanca cattle."^[21]

Biodiversity and conservation

A morphologically diverse group of fruit from the Zapallo Plomo landrace of Cucurbita maxima

squash

A significant proportion of farmers around the world grow landrace crops.^[4] However, as industrialized agriculture spreads, cultivars, which are selectively bred for high yield, rapid growth, disease and drought resistance, and other commercial production values, are supplanting landraces, putting more and more of them at risk of extinction.^{[citation needed]}

In 1927 at the International Agricultural Congress, organized by the predecessor of the FAO, an extensive discussion was held on the need to conserve landraces. A recommendation that members organize nation-by-nation landrace conservation did not succeed in leading to widespread conservation efforts.^[7]

Landraces are often free from many intellectual property and other regulatory encumbrances. However, in some jurisdictions, a focus on their production may result in missing out on some benefits afforded to producers of genetically selected and homogenous organisms, including breeders' rights legislation, easier availability of loans and other business services, even the right to share seed or stock with others, depending on how favorable the laws in the area are to high-yield agribusiness interests.^[9]

As Regine Andersen of the Fridtjof Nansen Institute (Norway) and the Farmers' Rights Project puts it, "Agricultural biodiversity is being eroded. This trend is putting at risk the ability of future generations to feed themselves. In order to reverse the trend, new policies must be implemented worldwide. The irony of the matter is that the poorest farmers are the stewards of genetic diversity."

Landraces played a basic role in the development of the standardized breeds but are today threatened by the market success of the standardized breeds. In developing countries, landraces still play an important role, especially in traditional production systems.[6] Specimens within an animal landrace tend to be genetically similar, though more diverse than members of a standardized or formal breed.^[2]

Carosello and Barattiere, Italian landraces of Cucumis melo

whose fruits are eaten unripe

Two approaches have been used to conserve plant landraces:[10]^[22]

• in situ where the landrace is grown and conserved by farmers on farms.
• ex situ where the landrace is conserved in an artificial environment such as a gene-bank, using controls such as laminated packets kept frozen at −18 °C (0 °F).

As the amount of agricultural land dedicated to growing landrace crops declines, such as in the example of wheat landraces in the Fertile Crescent, landraces can become extinct in cultivation. Therefore ex situ landrace conservation practices are considered a way to avoid losing the genetic diversity completely. Research published in 2020 suggested that existing ways of cataloging diversity within ex situ genebanks fall short of cataloging the appropriate information for landrace crops.^[22]

An in situ conservation effort to save the

An agricultural study published in 2008 showed that landrace

thatch, and traditional European cuisine and craft beer brewing.^[4]

Plants

This section needs expansion with: links to articles on specific botanical landraces. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

Plant landrace development

See also: Plant breeding § Evolutionary plant breeding

The label landrace includes regional

heterogeneous, but with enough characteristics in common to permit their recognition as a group. These characteristics are used by farmers to manage diversity and purity within landraces.^[25]

In some cultures, development of new landraces is typically limited to members of specific social groups, such as women or shaman. Maintaining existing landraces, like developing new landraces, requires that farmers be able to identify crop-specific characteristics and that those characteristics are passed on to following generations.[25]

Over time, the process of identifying the distinguishing characteristic or characteristics of a new landrace is reinforced by cultivation processes; for example, descendants of a plant that is notably drought tolerant may become iteratively more so through selective breeding as farmers regard it as better for dry areas and prioritize planting it in those locations. This is one way in which farming systems can develop a portfolio of landraces over time that have specific ecological niches and uses.^[25]

Conversely, modern cultivars can also be developed into a landrace over time when farmers save seed and practice selective breeding.^[12]

Although landraces are often discussed once they have become endemic to a particular geographical region, landraces have always been moved over long and short distances. Some landraces can adapt to various environments, while others only thrive within specific conditions. Self-fertilizing and vegetatively populated species adapt by changing the frequencies of phenotypes. Outbreeding crops absorb new genotypes through intentional and unintentional hybridization, or through mutation.^[7]

Cultivars developed from landraces

Members of a landrace variety, selected for uniformity with regards to a unique feature over a period of time, can be developed into a farmers' variety or

Crop disease resistance genes from landraces can provide eternally-needed resistances to more widely-used, modern varieties.^[26]

Squash

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Lakota squash	Cucurbita maxima	Nebraska	Developed from a squash landrace grown by Native Americans living along the Missouri Valley along with germplasm from Hubbard squash or a similar cultivar[27]

Peas

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Maruti[disambiguation needed]	Cajanus cajan[17]

Examples of plant landraces

Beans

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Caparrona bean[28]	Phaseolus vulgaris	Monzón, Italy	Also known by the name of Caparrona de Monzón, characterized by highly productive plants with white beans that have a brown pattern around the hilum, medium brilliance, and oval shape. The Caparrona bean is usually used as a dry bean but can also be eaten as a green bean.[29]
Ganxet bean[28]

Carrots

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Carota di Polignano	Daucus carota	Polignano, Italy	Multicolored roots from yellow to purple[28][30]

Okra

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Khandahar Pendi	Abelmoschus esculentus	Afghanistan	Has green, red, pink, or white pods that have a variety of shapes and sizes.[31]

Physalis

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Acorazado, Acorazonado, Queen of Malinalco, Reina de Malinalco	Physalis ixocarpa	Malinalco	The name translates as "heart shaped", reflecting morphology which has also been described as "pointed or torpedo shaped", which is unusual for a tomatillo. The tomatillos taste fruity and sweet.[32]

Rice

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Jumli Marshi		Nepal	A cold-tolerant and popular rice landrace grown in mountain ecosystems. An evolutionary plant breeding program was used to increase its resistance to blast disease while maintaining landrace diversity.[33]
Kalanamak rice[28]

Squash

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Berrettina di Lungavilla	Cucurbita maxima	Po river floodplain, Italy	From the Po floodplain in Northern Italy that nearly went extinct[23]
Cappello da prete[28]
Plato kuum, cmejen kuum, calabacita kuum, xplato, ’kuum	Likely Cucurbita moschata	Yucatán, Mexico	Squash with 'pepita menuda' (Spanish) meaning 'thin seeds' Known as the 'little sister' to Cucurbita moschata Xnuk kuum. Xplato (Mayan-Spanish) literally translates to flat plate. Used for making a sweet called calabaza melada.[34]
Candy roaster[28]	Cucurbita maxima	Southern Appalachia	Developed by the Cherokee people. A United States Department of Agriculture accession in 1960 notes that Candy Roasters had been grown for more than 100 years as of that date.[35] It is variable in size and shape with more than 40 distinct forms according to one authority.[36] Candy roasters consistently feature fine-textured orange flesh, while varying in size (from 10 lbs to more than 250 lbs); shape (including round, cylindrical, teardrop, and blocky); and color (pink, tan, green, blue, gray, and orange).[37]
Nanticoke squash[28]	Cucurbita maxima	Maryland and Delaware	Cultivated by the Nanticoke (or Kuskarawaok) people, one of the southernmost groups in the Algonquin language family, who lived in the area now known as Maryland and Delaware during the American colonial period when Cucurbita maxima arrived in North America. The wide diversity of the fruit reflects the genetic diversity of the landrace.[31]
Seminole Pumpkin[28]	Cucurbita moschata	Florida	A landrace originally cultivated by the Seminole people of what is now Florida. Naturalists recorded Seminole pumpkins hanging from trees in the 18th century.[38][39]

Peppers

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Cacho de cabra	Capsicum anuum	Maule region of Chile	Considered to be the most popular in the region of Maule[40]
Chileno negro	Capsicum baccatum	Maule region of Chile[40]
Chimayó pepper		Chimayó, New Mexico	Considered the most well known of the New Mexico chile landraces[41]
Santo Domingo Pueblo chili		Santo Domingo Pueblo	An early-maturing landrace from the pueblo that served as a headquarters for Spanish colonial missions as well as a key location of resistance against the Spanish settlers in the 1600s.[41]

Tomatoes

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Coeur de bue tomato[42]
Corborino tomato[42]
Lucariello tomato[42]
San Marzano tomato[42]

Wheat

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Arndeto[28]
Aybo[28]
Enat gebs[28]
Kurkure[28]
Loko[28]
Meher gebs[28]
Mengesha[28]
Nechita[28]
Sene gebs[28]
Set-Akuri[28]
Temej[28]
Tikur gebs[28]

Animals

Animal landrace development

Some standardized animal breeds originate from attempts to make landraces more consistent through

crossbreeding.^[2]

While many landrace animals are associated with farming, other domestic animals have been put to use as modes of transportation, as

companion animals, for sporting purposes, and for other non-farming uses, so their geographic distribution may differ. For example, horse landraces are less common because human use of them for transport has meant that they have moved with people more commonly and constantly than most other domestic animals, reducing the incidence of populations locally genetically isolated for extensive periods of time.^[2]

Examples of animal landraces

Cats

Many standardized breeds have rather recently (within a century or less) been derived from landraces. Examples, often called natural breeds, include

Norwegian Forest Cat, Siberian, and Siamese

.

In some cases, such as the Turkish Angora and Turkish Van breeds and their possible derivation from the Van cat landrace, the relationships are not entirely clear.

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Cyprus
Aegean
Domestic long-haired
Domestic short-haired
Kellas
Sokoke
Thai		Thailand	The ancestor of the Siamese cat breed, among many others.
Van cat		Turkey	The Van cat of modern-day Turkey is a landrace of symbolic and (disputed) cultural value to Turks, Armenians and Kurds.

Cattle

This section needs expansion with: more examples. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Icelandic cattle		Iceland	As a population dating from the era of Icelandic settlement they are likely the oldest cattle landrace in Europe, owing to their genetic isolation for most of that time.[43]
Yakutian cattle		Russian Federation	Noted as the northernmost cattle landrace, and the most genetically dissimilar to other cattle. DNA markers on autosomes show a high genetic distinctiveness and point to a long-term genetic isolation from other breeds; geographic isolation beyond the normal northern limit of the species range can be assumed to be the cause.[47][48]

Dogs

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See also: Category:Dog landraces

breed standards vary widely depending on their origins and purpose.^[49]

Landraces are distinguished from dog breeds which have breed standards, breed clubs and registries.[50]

Landrace dogs have more variety in their appearance than do standardized dog breeds.

Scotch Collie is a landrace, while the Rough Collie and the Border Collie are standardized breeds. They can be very different in appearance, though the Rough Collie in particular was developed from the Scotch Collie by inbreeding to fix certain highly desired traits. In contrast to the landrace, in the various standardized Collie breeds, purebred individuals closely match a breed-standard appearance but might have lost other useful characteristics and have developed undesirable traits linked to inbreeding.^[51]

The ancient landrace dogs of the

game across open tracts of hot desert, but conformation-bred individuals of the breed are not necessarily able to chase and catch desert hares.^{[citation needed}

]

This section needs expansion with: more examples. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Carolina Dog or Yellow Dog			Developed from dogs originally from Asia[52] this landrace has been the basis of the Carolina Dog standardized breed.
Scotch Collie		Scotland	The Rough Collie was bred from the Scotch Collie landrace.[51]
St. John's water dog		Newfoundland, Canada	Served as the foundational stock for a number of purpose-bred dogs, such as the Newfoundland .
Saluki		Fertile Crescent

Goats

Some standardized breeds that are derived from landraces include the Dutch Landrace, Swedish Landrace and Finnish Landrace goats. The Danish Landrace is a modern mix of three different breeds, one of which was a "Landrace"-named breed.

Name	Species	Origin	Description
British primitive goat		British Isles	Dates to the Neolithic era and possibly has existed as feral herds continuously since that time.
Icelandic goat		Iceland	Can be dated to the Icelandic Age of Settlement and the population is presumed to have been genetically isolated for nearly the entirety of that time period
Spanish goat		Spain	This landrace survives in larger numbers in the American South as the "brush goat" or "scrub goat", among other names than in Spain.

Sheep

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Barbados Blackbelly		Barbados
Icelandic sheep		Iceland
Shetland sheep		Shetland Isles, Scotland
Spælsau sheep		Norway	Dates to the Iron Age
Welsh mountain sheep		Wales

Horses

This section needs expansion with: donkeys. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

The wild progenitor of the domestic horse is extinct.^[2] It is rare for landraces among domestic horses to remain isolated, due to human use of horses for transportation, thus causing horses to move from one local population to another.

The heavy 'draft' type of domestic horse, developed in Europe, has differentiated into many separate landraces or breeds.^{[citation needed]} Examples of horse landraces also include insular poulations in Greece and Indonesia, and, on a broader scale, New World populations derived from the founder stock of Colonial Spanish horse.^[2]

The

Mongolian Horses of Asia have "unimproved" characteristics.^[53]

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Icelandic horse[2]		Iceland
Newfoundland pony		Newfoundland
Shetland pony		Shetland

Sheep

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Barbados Blackbelly		Barbados
Icelandic sheep		Iceland
Shetland sheep		Shetland Isles, Scotland
Spælsau sheep		Norway	Dates to the Iron Age
Welsh mountain sheep		Wales

Pigs

This section needs expansion with: More examples. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

The standardized swine breeds named "Landrace" are often not actually landraces or derived from landraces. The

American Landrace (1930s). In this way, the Swedish Landrace is derived from the Danish and from other Scandinavian breeds, as is the British Landrace

breed.

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Baudin pig		Kangaroo Island, South Australia	Once a feral landrace, it is now extinct in the wild.
Mulefoot pig[2]			The Mulefoot pig originated as a landrace, but has been standardized since the early 1900s.

Chicken

This section needs expansion with: more examples. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Danish hen		Denmark
Icelandic chicken		Iceland
Jærhøns		Norway
Swedish flower hen		Sweden

Ducks

This section needs expansion with: more examples. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Danish landrace duck		Denmark	The modern Danish landrace duck is noted to be somewhat inbred.[54]
Swedish Blue duck		Sweden	A modern breed of the same name is derived from the landrace.

Geese

This section needs expansion with: more examples. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

Many standardized goose breeds named "Landrace", e.g. the

Twente Landrace goose

, are not actually true landraces, but may be derived from them.

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Danish landrace goose		Denmark
Pilgrim goose		New England	This landrace is associated with the Mayflower Pilgrims of Plymouth Colony, and has also been standardised as a formal breed since 1939. It is thought to descend from western European stock dating of the 17th century.[55]

Rabbits

This section needs expansion with: more examples. You can help by adding to it . (August 2014)

Name	Species	Origin	Description
Gotland rabbit		Gotland	This landrace is subject to conservation efforts.
Mellerud rabbit		Sweden	This landrace is subject to conservation efforts.

Notes

References

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27. ^ Coyne, Dermot; Reiser, J. M.; Sutton, Lisa; Graham, Alice (1995-01-01). "'Lakota' Winter Squash, A Cultivar Derived from Native American Sources in Nebraska". Agronomy & Horticulture.
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39. ^ "Seminole Pumpkin". ECHOcommunity. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
40. ^
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41. ^ ^{a b} "The Landrace Chiles of Northern New Mexico". New Mexico State University. Retrieved 2022-12-26.
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47. ^ Juha Kantanen (30 December 2009): ″Article of the month – The Yakutian cattle: A cow of the permafrost.″ Archived 2020-03-10 at the Wayback Machine GlobalDiv Newsletter, 2009, issue no. 12, pp. 3–6. 1 picture. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
48. ^ genomic-resources ENAC (14 August 2012): ″Success case study – Yakutian Cattle in the land of permafrost.″ 1 picture. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
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External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Landrace breeds.

• Short DIVERSEEDS video on crop wild relatives and landraces in the fertile crescent in Israel