Language of the birds
In Abrahamic and European
History
In
There are also examples of contemporary bird-human communication and symbiosis. In North America, ravens have been known to lead wolves (and native hunters) to prey they otherwise would be unable to consume.[2][3] In Africa, the greater honeyguide is known to guide humans to beehives in the hope that the hive will be incapacitated and opened for them.
Dating to the
Mythology
Norse mythology
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (February 2016) |
In
The legendary
In the Rígsþula, Konr was able to understand the speech of birds. When Konr was riding through the forest hunting and snaring birds, a crow spoke to him and suggested he would win more if he stopped hunting mere birds and rode to battle against foemen.
The ability could also be acquired by tasting dragon blood. According to the
The 11th century
- Sigurd is sitting naked in front of the fire preparing the heart of the dragon Fafnir's brother). Sigurd touches the heart before it has finished cooking, burns his finger and puts it in his mouth to ease the pain. No sooner has he tasted the dragon's blood than he starts to understand the language of birds.
- The birds say that Regin will not keep his promise of reconciliation and will try to kill Sigurd, whereupon Sigurd preemptively cuts off Regin's head.
- Regin lies dead beside his own head, with the blacksmith's tools with which he reforged Sigurd's sword Gram scattered about him.
- Regin's horse stands beside his dead master, laden with the dragon's treasure.
- Shows Sigurd's slaying of the dragon Fafnir by stabbing him from below, (the prelude to the heart-roasting episode).
- Shows the dwarf Ótr in otter form at the very beginning of the saga.
In an eddic poem loosely connected with the Sigurd tradition which is named Helgakviða Hjörvarðssonar, the reason why a man named Atli once had the ability is not explained. Atli's lord's son Helgi would marry what was presumably Sigurd's aunt, the valkyrie Sváfa.
Greek mythology
According to
The "birds" are also mentioned in Homer's Odyssey : "“[...] although I am no prophet really, and I do not know much about the meaning of birds. I tell you he will not long be absent from his dear native land, not if chains of iron hold him fast. He will find a way to get back, for he is never at a loss."[5]
Middle Eastern folklore and Abrahamic religions
In the Quran, Suleiman (Solomon) and David are said to have been taught the language of the birds.[6] Within Sufism, the language of birds is a mystical divine language. The Conference of the Birds is a mystical poem of 4647 verses by the 12th century Persian poet Attar of Nishapur.[7]
In the Jerusalem Talmud, Solomon's proverbial wisdom was due to his being granted understanding of the language of birds by God.[8]
Folklore
The concept is also known from many folk tales (including Welsh, Russian, German, Estonian, Greek, Romany), where usually the protagonist is granted the gift of understanding the language of the birds either by some magical transformation or as a boon by the king of birds. The birds then inform or warn the hero about some danger or hidden treasure.
According to the
- Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index tale type ATU 516, "Trusty John": a loyal friend to the king or prince, after he helps him get a princess, hears three ravens or birds commenting that the royal couple shall suffer three grim fates; if anyone helps them avoid the grim fates, they shall not reveal a thing, otherwise they shall become a stone statue.
- Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index tale type ATU 517, "The Boy Who Understood Many Things": a boy listens to the warning of a bird, or a bird predicts that the boy shall return home a king or some other grand destiny. His family expel him from home, ensuring that the predicted fate shall occur.
- Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index tale type ATU 671, "The Three Languages": a boy goes to school and learns the languages of birds, dogs and frogs. With this ability, he rescues a princess, unearths a treasure and/or becomes king. Example: The Language of the Birds, Russian fairy tale.[citation needed]
- Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index tale type ATU 707, "The Three Golden Sons" or "The Dancing Water, the Singing Apple, and the Speaking Bird: the youngest of three sisters promises she will give birth to wonder children if she marries the king. Her envious sisters cast the children in the water soon after birth, but they are saved. Years later, either they set out on their own or someone sends them on a quest, but they journey to find the Speaking Bird (or Bird of Truth), a bird that can speak many languages or knows the truth of their birth.
Alchemy
In Kabbalah, Renaissance magic, and alchemy, the language of the birds was considered a secret and perfect language and the key to perfect knowledge, sometimes also called the langue verte, or green language.[9][10]
Elizabethan English occultist John Dee likened the magical Enochian language he received from communications with angels to the traditional notion of a language of birds.[citation needed]
Literature and culture
Compare also the rather comical and satirical .
In medieval France, the language of the birds (la langue des oiseaux) was a secret language of the Troubadours, connected with the Tarot, allegedly based on puns and symbolism drawn from homophony, e. g. an inn called au lion d'or ("the Golden Lion") is allegedly "code" for au lit on dort "in the bed one sleeps".[11]
René Guénon has written an article about the symbolism of the language of the birds.[12]
See also
- Bird vocalization – Sounds birds use to communicate
- Eagle (Middle-earth)– Animal from J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium
- Musical language – Constructed language based on musical sounds
References
Citations
- ^ Marzluff & Angell 2007, pp. 284–287.
- ^ McDougall 2004, p. 296.
- ^ Tipton 2006.
- ^ Hordofa & Unseth 1986.
- ^ The Odyssey - Chapter 1 - What Went On in the House of Odysseus
- ^ 27:16 "And Solomon inherited David. He said, "O people, we have been taught the language of birds, and we have been given from all things. Indeed, this is evident bounty."
- ^ METmuseum.org
- ^ Ginzberg 1909, p. [page needed].
- de occulta philosophia
- ^ Monin 1984, p. [page needed].
- ^ "Letarot.com". Archived from the original on 2007-09-30. Retrieved 2005-07-19.
- ^ Guénon 2004, ch. 9.
Works cited
- Ginzberg, Louis (1909). Legends of the Jews. Vol. 1. Jewish Publication Society of America.
- ISBN 978-0900588778.
- Hordofa, Kebbede; Unseth, Peter (1986). "Bird Talk". Quaderni di Studi Etiopici. 6–7: 74–83.
- Marzluff, John M.; Angell, Tony (2007). In the Company of Crows and Ravens. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-12255-8.
- McDougall, Len (2004). The Encyclopedia of Tracks and Scats. Globe Pequot. ISBN 1-59228-070-6.
- Monin, Yves (1984). Hiéroglyphes français et langue des oiseaux (in French). Le Point d'eau. ISBN 978-2905070005.
- Tipton, Diane (July 6, 2006). "Raven Myths May Be Real". Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2017-10-29.
Further reading
- Besnier, Michel (1995). Le verlan des oiseaux: et autres jeux de plumes [The Verlan of the Birds: and Other Feather Games] (in French). France: Motus. ISBN 978-2907354394.
- Davidson, H. R. Ellis (1988). Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.
- Guénon, René (1998). "The Language of the Birds". The Treasure: Australia's Sufi Magazine. Vol. 2.
- Khaitzine, Richard (1996). La langue des oiseaux: Quand littérature et ésotérisme se rencontrent (in French). France: Dervy. ISBN 2-85076-719-0.
- Ormsby-Lennon, Hugh (1988). "Rosicrucian Linguistics: Twilight of a Renaissance Tradition". In Merkel, Ingrid (ed.). Hermeticism and the Renaissance: Intellectual History and the Occult in Early Modern Europe. pp. 311–341.
- Róheim, Géza (1953). "The Language of Birds". American Imago. 10 (1): 3–14. JSTOR 26301515.
External links
- Sacred Texts - Russian folk tales
- Jewish Heritage Online Magazine - Ellen Frankel
- The Society of Inner Light
- Belén Gache