Languages of Cyprus
Languages of Cyprus | |
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Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia in English, Greek, and Turkish | |
Official | |
Vernacular | |
Minority |
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Foreign | |
Signed |
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Keyboard layout |
The
According to the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages of the Council of Europe, Armenian was recognised as a minority language of Cyprus as of 1 December 2002.
Three "religious groups" are recognised by the constitution; two have their own language:
The 2011 census of the Republic recorded 679,883 native speakers of Greek, 34,814 of English, 24,270 of Romanian, 20,984 of Russian and 18,388 of Bulgarian of a total of 840,407. Following the 1974 Turkish invasion, Cyprus was effectively divided into two linguistically near-homogeneous areas: the Turkish-speaking north and the Greek-speaking south;[4]: 2.2 only 1,405 speakers of Turkish reside in territory controlled by the Republic.[5]
The languages of Cyprus have historically exerted influence on one another; Cypriot Greek and Cypriot Turkish borrowed heavily from each other, and Cypriot Greek has helped shape Cypriot Arabic's phonology.[6]: 84 [7]: 223
Cypriot Greek
Greek was originally brought to Cyprus by Greek settlers in the 12th–11th century BCE.
SMG has been the language of instruction in Greek Cypriot education since the late 19th century (then
Many Turkish Cypriots have traditionally (prior to 1974) been fluent in CG, meaning CG served as the "vernacular lingua franca" of the island.[11]: 1886 Some Turkish Cypriots were uni-lingual in Greek.[16][17][18]
Cypriot Turkish
Emanating from Anatolia and evolved for four centuries, Cypriot Turkish is the vernacular spoken by Cypriots with Ottoman ancestry, as well as by Cypriots who converted to Islam during Ottoman rule.[19]
Cypriot Turkish consists of a blend of
Minority languages
Two minority languages are covered by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in Cyprus, Armenian and Cypriot Arabic.[20]
Armenian
Cypriot Arabic
It is not entirely clear when Arabic first made its way to Cyprus, but Arabic speakers are known to have emigrated from the Levant in the late 12th century AD.
Kurbetcha
There is an unknown number of
Foreign languages
Proficiency in English is high (higher than in many other European countries), and Cypriots that receive education in English might code-switch between their native language and English. English features on road signs, public notices, and in advertisements, etc.[11]: 1888 English was the sole official language during British colonial rule and lingua franca (until 1960) and continued to be used (de facto) in courts of law until 1989 and in legislature until 1963.[4]: 4.4 A reported 80.4% of residents of Cyprus perceive to have command of the English language as L2, a 10.8% of French, a 4.6% of German, a 2.8% of Russian, and a 2.0% of Spanish. On average, Cypriots speak 1.2 foreign languages.[23]: 6 According to the Eurobarometer, 76% of people of Cyprus can speak English, 12% can speak French and 5% can speak German.[24]
Foreign language lessons become compulsory at the age of 9 (2008).[23]: 11
Extinct languages
The Cypro-Minoan syllabary and earlier languages
It is reckoned written language first made its appearance in Cyprus in the 16th century BCE with the yet-to-be-deciphered Cypro-Minoan syllabary, an offshoot of Linear A "with some additional elements of hieroglyphic affiliation" that was the basis for the later Cypriot syllabary.[25]: 109–110 The Cypro-Minoan syllabary may have been used to write more than one language.[26]: 60ff.
Arcadocypriot and transitional Greek
The
Eteocypriot
References
- ^ "SPECIAL EUROBAROMETER 386 Europeans and their Languages" (PDF). ec.europa.eu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-01-06.
- ^ The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus (PDF). 1960. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-06-26.
- ^ S2CID 143966308.
- ^ a b c "Cyprus" (PDF). Euromosaic III. Retrieved 3 July 2013.
- ^ "Population enumerated by age, sex, language spoken and district (1.10.2011) (sheet D1A)". Population – Country of Birth, Citizenship Category, Country of Citizenship, Language, 2011. CYstat. June 2013.[permanent dead link]
- ISBN 9783447052856.
- ^ ISBN 1-57506-017-5.
- ^ "Middle East :: CYPRUS". CIA The World Factbook. 19 July 2022.
- ^ Steele Philippa, "The mystery of ancient Cypriot clay balls", British Academy Review, 24, 2014
- ^ a b Joseph, Brian D.; Tserdanelis, Georgios (2003). "Modern Greek". In Roelcke, Thorsten (ed.). Variationstypologie. Ein sprachtypologisches Handbuch zu den europäischen Sprachen in Geschichte und Gegenwart / Variation Typology. A Typological Handbook of European Languages. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 823–836.
- ^ ISBN 9783110184181.
- ^ a b Arvaniti, Amalia (2006). "Erasure as a means of maintaining diglossia in Cyprus". San Diego Linguistic Papers (2). Department of Linguistics, UC San Diego.
- .
- ISBN 9781444318920.
- ^ Arvaniti, Amalia (2010). "Linguistic practices in Cyprus and the emergence of Cypriot Standard Greek" (PDF). Mediterranean Language Review. 17: 15–45.
- JSTOR 2844102.
In Cyprus religious and linguistic divisions do not quite coincide. While many Turks habitually speak Turkish there are 'Turkish', that is, Muslim villages in which the normal language is Greek; among them are Lapithiou (P i), Platanisso (F i), Ayios Simeon (F i) and Galinoporni (F i). This fact has not yet been adequately investigated. With the growth of national feeling and the spread of education the phenomenon is becoming not only rarer but harder to detect. In a Muslim village the school teacher will be a Turk and will teach the children Turkish. They already think of themselves as Turks, and having once learnt the language, will sometimes use it in talking to a visitor in preference to Greek, merely as a matter of national pride. On the other hand many Turks, whose mother tongue is Turkish, learn Greek because they find it useful to understand the language of the majority, though it is much less common for them to write it correctly
- ^ Stavroula Varella, Language Contact and the Lexicon in the History of Cypriot Greek, Peter Lang, 2006, p. 64
- ^ Ozan Gülle (2014), "Structural Convergence in Cyprus", Inauguraldussertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, p. 149: "it is historically well documented that Turkish Cypriots showed large differences in their frequency of communication in Cypriot Greek [...]: On one end of the spectrum are Turkish Cypriots who were probably monolingual Cypriot Greek speakers or had only little competency in Turkish, ..."
- ISBN 0-814-74181-9.
- ^ "Implementation of the Charter in Cyprus". Database for the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Public Foundation for European Comparative Minority Research. Archived from the original on 7 February 2014. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
- ^ a b Council of Europe (2014-01-16). European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Fourth periodical presented to the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in accordance with Article 15 of the Charter. CYPRUS (PDF) (Report).
- ^ Office of the Law Commissioner (2011). European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Third periodical report by the Republic of Cyprus (PDF) (Report). Council of Europe.
- ^ a b Mejer, Lene; Boateng, Sadiq Kwesi; Turchetti, Paolo (2010). "Population and social conditions" (PDF). eurostat. Statistics in Focus (49/2010). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-14.
- ^ Europeans and their Languages - Eurobarometer, 2006
- ^ ISBN 9783110146516.
- ISBN 9781107042865.