Languages of the United Kingdom
Languages of the United Kingdom | |
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Signed | British Sign Language, (0.002%)[c][12] Irish Sign Language, Signed English, Northern Ireland Sign Language |
Keyboard layout | |
Statistics undertaken with assumptions and large disparities between home countries. |
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Culture of the United Kingdom |
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English, in various dialects, is the most widely spoken language of the United Kingdom,[13] but a number of regional and migrant languages are also spoken. Regional indigenous languages are Scots and Ulster Scots and the Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Welsh and, as a revived language with few speakers, Cornish. British Sign Language is also used. There are also many languages spoken by immigrants who arrived recently to the United Kingdom, mainly within inner city areas; these languages are mainly from continental Europe and South Asia.[14]
The de facto official language of the United Kingdom is English.[15] Additionally, Welsh is an official language, under the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011, in Wales.[16][17] Welsh is spoken by 538,300 people in Wales according to the 2021 census.[18] Approximately 124,000 people speak Irish in Northern Ireland, which is an official language in Northern Ireland alongside English.[19]
List of languages and dialects
Living
The table below outlines living indigenous languages of the United Kingdom (England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland). The languages of the Crown Dependencies (the Channel Islands and the Isle of Man) are not included here.
Language | Type | Spoken in | Numbers of speakers in the UK |
---|---|---|---|
English | Germanic (West Germanic) | Throughout the United Kingdom | 59,824,194; 98% (2011 census)[1] |
Ulster Scots in Northern Ireland)
|
Germanic (West Germanic) | Scotland (Scottish Lowlands, Caithness, Northern Isles) and Berwick-upon-Tweed Northern Ireland (Counties Down, Antrim, Londonderry) |
2.6% (2011 census)
|
Welsh | Brythonic )
|
Wales (especially west and north) and parts of England near the Welsh–English border Welsh communities in major English cities such as London, Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool. |
1,123,500; 1.7% (2019 Wales figures, with England, Scotland and Northern Ireland estimated figures from 2011 census)[dubious ] |
British Sign Language | BANZSL | Throughout the United Kingdom | 125,000[25] (2010 data) |
Irish | Celtic (Goidelic) | Northern Ireland, with communities in Glasgow, Liverpool, Manchester, London etc. | 95,000[26] (2004 data) |
Angloromani | Mixed | Spoken by English Romanichal Traveller communities in England, Scotland and Wales | 90,000[27] (1990 data) |
Scottish Gaelic | Celtic (Goidelic) | Scotland (Scottish Highlands and Hebrides with substantial minorities in various Scottish cities) A small community in London |
65,674 total,[4] (Scotland's 2001 Census) though those who have fluency in all three skills is 32,400[28] |
Cornish | Brythonic )
|
Cornwall (even smaller minorities of speakers in Plymouth, London, and South Wales) | 557[29] (2011 data) |
Shelta | Mixed | Spoken by Irish Traveller communities throughout the United Kingdom
|
Est. 30,000 in UK. Fewer than 86,000 worldwide.[30] |
Irish Sign Language | Francosign | Northern Ireland | Unknown |
Northern Ireland Sign Language | BANZSL | Northern Ireland | Unknown |
Anglic
- British English
- English English (as spoken in England)
- Northern English
- Cheshire dialect
- Cumbrian
- Northumbrian
- Newcastle-upon-Tyneand surrounding area)
- and surrounding area)
- Mackem (of Sunderland and surrounding area)
- Mancunian (Greater Manchester, Cheshire East and surrounding area)
- Yorkshire/Tyke
- Cheshire West, parts of North Walesand surrounding area)
- East Midlands English
- West Midlands English
- )
- Brummie (spoken in Birmingham)
- Stoke on Trent)
- Southern English English
- East Anglian
- Estuary English
- London
- West Country dialects(Bristol, Devon, Dorset, Somerset; also parts of Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Herefordshire)
- Cornish English
- Scottish English
- Welsh English
- Cardiff dialect(additional varieties of which spoken throughout South Wales)
- Hiberno English
- Ulster English
- Sign Supported English (a sign language based on English, not BSL)
- English English (as spoken in England)
- Scots[31]
- Insular Scots
- Northern Scots
- Central Scots
- Glaswegian
- Southern Scots
- Ulster Scots[31]
Insular Celtic
- Brythonic languages
- Goidelic languages
Mixed
Sign languages
Extinct
- Insular Celtic
- Brythonic
- Cumbric
- Pictish
- Goidelic
- Brythonic
- Anglic
- Old English
- Middle English
- Yola
- Fingalian
- Early Scots
- Middle English
- Old English
- Nordic
- Indic
- Romance
- Kentish Sign
Regional languages and statistics
English
In the 2011 UK census, 98% of people over the age of three were reported as speaking English.
English is a
Wales
Welsh (Cymraeg) emerged in the 6th century from Brittonic, the common ancestor of Welsh, Breton, Cornish, and the extinct language known as Cumbric. Welsh is thus a member of the Brythonic branch of the Celtic languages, and is spoken natively in Wales. There are also Welsh speakers in Y Wladfa (The Colony),[34] a Welsh settlement in Argentina, which began in 1865 and is situated mainly along the coast of Chubut Province in the south of Patagonia. Chubut estimates the number of Patagonian Welsh speakers to be about 1,500.[35]
Both the English and Welsh languages have official, but not always equal, status in Wales. English has de facto official status everywhere, whereas Welsh has limited, but still considerable, official, de jure, status in only the public service, the judiciary, and elsewhere as prescribed in legislation. The
The Welsh Language Board[39] indicated in 2004 that 553,000 people (19.7% of the population of Wales in households or communal establishments) were able to speak Welsh. Based on an alternative definition, there has been a 0.9 percentage point increase when compared with the 2001 census, and an increase of approximately 35,000 in absolute numbers within Wales. Welsh is therefore a growing language within Wales.[39] Of those 553,000 Welsh speakers, 57% (315,000) were considered by others to be fluent, and 477,000 people consider themselves fluent or "fair" speakers. 62% of speakers (340,000) claimed to speak the language daily, including 88% of fluent speakers.[39]
However, there is some controversy over the actual number who speak Welsh: some statistics include people who have studied Welsh to
Nevertheless, the 2011 census recorded an overall reduction in Welsh speakers, from 582,000 in 2001 to 562,000 in 2011, despite an increase in the size of the population—a 2% drop (from 21% to 19%) in the proportion of Welsh speakers.[41]
Scotland
Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)
The
The Gaelic language was given official recognition for the first time in Scotland in 2005, by the Scottish Parliament's Gaelic Language (Scotland) Act 2005, which aims to promote the Gaelic language to a status "commanding equal respect" with English. However, this wording has no clear meaning in law, and was chosen to prevent the assumption that the Gaelic language is in any way considered to have "equal validity or parity of esteem with English".[45] A major limitation of the act, though, is that it does not constitute any form of recognition for the Gaelic language by the UK government, and UK public bodies operating in Scotland, as reserved bodies, are explicitly exempted from its provisions.[46]
Scots
The Scots language originated from
The 2011 UK census was the first to ask residents of Scotland about Scots. A campaign called Aye Can was set up to help individuals answer the question.
Northern Ireland
Ulster Scots
2% speak
Irish (Gaeilge)
Irish was the predominant language of the Irish people for most of their recorded history, and they brought their Gaelic speech with them to other countries, notably Scotland and the Isle of Man where it gave rise to Scottish Gaelic and Manx.
It has been estimated that the active Irish-language scene probably comprises 5 to 10 per cent of Ireland's population.[52] In the 2011 census, 11% of the population of Northern Ireland claimed "some knowledge of Irish"[53] and 3.7% reported being able to "speak, read, write and understand" Irish.[53] In another survey, from 1999, 1% of respondents said they spoke it as their main language at home.[54]
Cornwall
Cornish, a Brythonic Celtic language related to Welsh, was spoken in Cornwall throughout the Middle Ages. Its use began to decline from the 14th century, especially after the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549. The language continued to function as a first language in Penwith in the far west of Cornwall until the late 18th century, with the last native speaker thought to have died in 1777.[55]
A revival initiated by Henry Jenner began in 1903. In 2002, the Cornish language was named as a historical regional language under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages.[32][56] The UN classes it as a critically endangered language.[57]
Principal minority language areas
- Welsh: North-West Wales: Percentage of speakers 69% (76% understand Welsh). Population: Gwynedd - 118,400 (2001 census)
- Scottish Gaelic: Na h-Eileanan Siar - 27,400[58] In the 2001 census, each island overall was over 50% Gaelic speaking – South Uist (71%), Harris (69%), Barra (68%), North Uist (67%), Lewis (56%) and Benbecula (56%). With 59.3% of Gaelic speakers or a total of 15,723 speakers, this made the Outer Hebrides the most strongly coherent Gaelic speaking area in Scotland.[59][60]
British Sign Language
British Sign Language, often abbreviated to BSL, is the language of 125,000 Deaf adults, about 0.3%[25] of the total population of the United Kingdom. It is not exclusively the language of Deaf people; many relatives of Deaf people and others can communicate in it fluently. Recognised to be a language by the UK Government on 18 March 2003,[61] BSL has the highest number of monolingual users of any indigenous minority language in the UK.[citation needed]
UK census
Abilities in the regional languages of the UK (other than Cornish) for those aged three and above were recorded in the UK census 2011 as follows.[62][63][64]
Ability | Wales | Scotland | Northern Ireland | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Welsh | Scottish Gaelic | Scots | Irish | Ulster-Scots | ||||||
Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | Number | % | |
Understands but does not speak, read or write | 157,792 | 5.15% | 23,357 | 0.46% | 267,412 | 5.22% | 70,501 | 4.06% | 92,040 | 5.30% |
Speaks, reads and writes | 430,717 | 14.06% | 32,191 | 0.63% | 1,225,622 | 23.95% | 71,996 | 4.15% | 17,228 | 0.99% |
Speaks but does not read or write | 80,429 | 2.63% | 18,966 | 0.37% | 179,295 | 3.50% | 24,677 | 1.42% | 10,265 | 0.59% |
Speaks and reads but does not write | 45,524 | 1.49% | 6,218 | 0.12% | 132,709 | 2.59% | 7,414 | 0.43% | 7,801 | 0.45% |
Reads but does not speak or write | 44,327 | 1.45% | 4,646 | 0.09% | 107,025 | 2.09% | 5,659 | 0.33% | 11,911 | 0.69% |
Other combination of skills | 40,692 | 1.33% | 1,678 | 0.03% | 17,381 | 0.34% | 4,651 | 0.27% | 959 | 0.06% |
No skills | 2,263,975 | 73.90% | 5,031,167 | 98.30% | 3,188,779 | 62.30% | 1,550,813 | 89.35% | 1,595,507 | 91.92% |
Total | 3,063,456 | 100.00% | 5,118,223 | 100.00% | 5,118,223 | 100.00% | 1,735,711 | 100.00% | 1,735,711 | 100.00% |
Can speak | 562,016 | 18.35% | 57,602 | 1.13% | 1,541,693 | 30.12% | 104,943 | 6.05% | 35,404 | 2.04% |
Has some ability | 799,481 | 26.10% | 87,056 | 1.70% | 1,929,444 | 37.70% | 184,898 | 10.65% | 140,204 | 8.08% |
- Distribution of those who stated they could speak a regional language in the 2011 census.
Note: Scale used varies for each map.
Status
Certain nations and regions of the UK have frameworks for the promotion of their
- In Wales, the Welsh Language Act 1993 requires English and Welsh to be treated equally throughout the public sector. This was further enforced through the passing of the Welsh Language (Wales) Measure 2011.[65][66]
- In Scottish Gaelic language its first statutory basis; and the Western Islesregion of Scotland has a policy to promote the language.
- In Ulster Scotsas an officially recognised minority language.
The UK government has ratified the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages in respect of:
- Cornish (in Cornwall)
- Irish and Ulster Scots (in Northern Ireland)
- Manx (in the Isle of Man)
- Scots and Scottish Gaelic (in Scotland)
- Welsh (in Wales)
Under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (which is not legally enforceable, but which requires states to adopt appropriate legal provision for the use of regional and minority languages) the UK government has committed itself to the recognition of certain regional languages and the promotion of certain linguistic traditions. The UK has ratified
A number of bodies have been established to oversee the promotion of the regional languages: in Scotland,
Controversies
Language versus dialect
There are no universally accepted criteria for distinguishing languages from dialects, although a number of paradigms exist, which give sometimes contradictory results. The distinction is therefore a subjective one, dependent on the user's frame of reference.
Since there is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between contemporary speakers of Scots in Scotland and in Ulster (
While in continental Europe closely related languages and dialects may get official recognition and support, in the UK there is a tendency to view closely related vernaculars as a single language. Even British Sign Language is mistakenly thought of as a form of 'English' by some, rather than as a language in its own right, with a distinct grammar and vocabulary. The boundaries are not always clear cut, which makes it hard to estimate numbers of speakers.
Hostility
In Northern Ireland, the use of Irish and Ulster Scots is sometimes viewed as politically loaded, despite both having been used by all communities in the past. According to the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey 1999, the ratio of Unionist to Nationalist users of Ulster Scots is 2:1. About 1% of Catholics claim to speak it, while 2% of Protestants claim to speak it. The disparity in the ratios as determined by political and faith community, despite the very large overlap between the two, reflects the very low numbers of respondents.[70] Across the two communities 0% speak it as their main language at home.[71] A 2:1 ratio would not differ markedly from that among the general population in those areas of Northern Ireland where Scots is spoken.
Often the use of the
Some resent Scottish Gaelic being promoted in the Lowlands. Gaelic place names are relatively rare in the extreme south-east (that part of Scotland which had previously been under Northumbrian rule)[74] and the extreme north-east (part of Caithness, where Norse was previously spoken).[75]
Two areas with mostly Norse-derived placenames (and some Pictish), the Northern Isles (Shetland and Orkney) were ceded to Scotland in lieu of an unpaid dowry in 1472, and never spoke Gaelic; its traditional vernacular Norn, a derivative of Old Norse mutually intelligible with Icelandic and Faroese, died out in the 18th century after large-scale immigration by Lowland Scots speakers. To this day, many Shetlanders and Orcadians maintain a separate identity, albeit through the Shetland and Orcadian dialects of Lowland Scots, rather than their former tongue. Norn was also spoken at one point in Caithness, apparently dying out much earlier than Shetland and Orkney. However, the Norse speaking population were entirely assimilated by the Gaelic speaking population in the Western Isles; to what degree this happened in Caithness is a matter of controversy, although Gaelic was spoken in parts of the county until the 20th century.
Non-recognition
Scots within Scotland and the regional varieties of English within England receive little or no official recognition. The dialects of northern England share some features with Scots that those of southern England do not. The regional dialects of England were once extremely varied, as is recorded in
Public funding of minority languages continues to produce mixed reactions, and there is sometimes resistance to their teaching in schools. Partly as a result, proficiency in languages other than "Standard" English can vary widely.
Immigrant languages
Communities migrating to the UK in recent decades have brought many more languages to the country. Surveys started in 1979 by the Inner London Education Authority discovered over 100 languages being spoken domestically by the families of the inner city's school children. Current school censuses collect information on over 300 language categories.[76] Data on the total number of languages entered onto national census forms in 2021 (England and Wales and Northern Ireland), and 2022 (Scotland) is not yet published but write in data in 2011 covered over 600 languages and categories.[77]
Many
Among British Pakistanis, Pahari-Pothwari (and particularly Mirpuri) is the most spoken language. Since it is a spoken language lacking a standardised form, Standard Punjabi (Majhi) and Urdu is also used by the community in the media and literature.[80] The Punjabi language movement considers it to be a dialect of Punjabi.[81] There have been efforts by numerous initiatives to document and gain recognition for the language, particularly in wake of the 2021 United Kingdom census.[82] Institutions such as the National Health Service (NHS) have started to provide Pothwari translation services throughout the country.[83][84]
Most common immigrant languages
According to the 2021 census, English or Welsh was the main language of 91.1% of the residents of England and Wales. Among other languages, the most common were as follows.
- Polish 611,845 or 1.1% of the population
- Romanian 471,954 or 0.8%
- Punjabi 290,745 or 0.5%
- Urdu269,849 or 0.5%
- Portuguese 224,719 or 0.4%
- Spanish 215,062 or 0.4%
- Arabic (with Varieties of Arabic) 203,998 or 0.4%
- Bengali 199,495 or 0.3%
- Gujarati 188,956 or 0.3%
- Italian 160,010 or 0.3%
- Tamil 125,363 or 0.2%
- French 120,259 or 0.2%
- Lithuanian 119,656 or 0.2%
- Chinese 118,271 or 0.2%
- Turkish 112,978 or 0.2%
- Bulgarian 111,431 or 0.2%
- Russian 91,255 or 0.2%
- Persian 87,713 or 0.2%
- Hungarian 87,356 or 0.2%
- Greek 76,675 or 0.1%
Second or additional languages
Throughout the UK, many citizens can speak a second or even a third language from secondary school education, primary school education or from private classes. A 2006 survey found that 23% of the UK population self-reported that they could hold a "basic conversation" in French, 9% in German and 8% in Spanish.[89][90] In the same survey, 38% of UK citizens reported that they could speak (well enough to have a conversation) at least one language other than their mother tongue, 18% at least two languages and 6% at least three languages. 62% of UK citizens cannot speak any second language.[89] These figures include those who describe their level of ability in the second language as "basic".[89]
Language teaching is compulsory in all English schools from the ages of 5 or 7. Modern and ancient languages, such as French, German, Spanish, Latin, Greek, Urdu, Mandarin, Russian, Bengali, Hebrew, and Arabic, are studied.[91] Language teaching is compulsory from the ages of 11 or 12 in Scotland and Wales.
Law French and Latin
Latin is also used to a limited degree in certain official mottoes, for example
At one time, Latin and Greek were commonly taught in British schools (and were required for entrance to the
Extinct languages
Cornish
Cornish became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century, ceasing to have any fully competent speakers by 1800.[55] Its cultural legacy has continued within Cornwall.[94]
There are small numbers of second-language speakers of revived varieties of Cornish, and these appear in the table of living languages in this article. Many people therefore regard the Cornish language not as "extinct" but as "critically endangered" or by other similar terms.
Norn
A
Kentish Sign
Unrelated to both Banzsl British Sign Language, Northern Irish SL and Francosign Irish SL, the sign language spoken in Kent was a unique village sign language that fell into disuse and was superseded by BSL in the 17th century. There are weak rumours that Martha's Vineyard Sign Language, (one of ASL's substrate languages) descended through Kentish signers, though proper evidence has not yet been substantiated.
Pictish
Cumbric
Cumbric was a variety of the Common Brittonic language spoken during the Early Middle Ages in the Hen Ogledd or "Old North" in what is now Northern England and southern Lowland Scotland.[97] It was closely related to Old Welsh and the other Brittonic languages. Place name evidence suggests Cumbric speakers may have carried it into other parts of northern England as migrants from its core area further north.[98] It may also have been spoken as far south as Pendle and the Yorkshire Dales. Most linguists think that it became extinct in the 12th century, after the incorporation of the semi-independent Kingdom of Strathclyde into the Kingdom of Scotland.
Scripts
Official[clarification needed] script | Scheduled languages |
---|---|
English | English, Scots, Ulster Scots, Manx, Cornish |
Gaelic | Irish, Scottish Gaelic |
See also
- British Overseas Territories#Languages
- Literature in the other languages of Britain
- Regional accents of English speakers
- British English
- British literature
- Languages of the European Union
- European languages
- Celtic languages
- History of the Scots language
- Gaelic road signs in Scotland
- Beurla Reagaird
- Polari
- Pidgin English
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External links
- Sounds Familiar? — Listen to examples of regional accents and dialects across the UK on the British Library's 'Sounds Familiar' website (uses Windows Media Player for content)
Further reading
- Trudgill, Peter (ed.), Language in the British Isles, Cambridge University Press, 1984, ISBN 0-521-28409-0