Shrike

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For other uses, see Shrike (disambiguation).

Shrikes
Red-backed shrike (Lanius collurio)
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Aves
Order: Passeriformes
Superfamily: Corvoidea
Family: Laniidae
Rafinesque, 1815
Genera

Shrikes (/ʃraɪk/) are passerine birds of the family Laniidae. The family is composed of 34 species in two genera.

The family name, and that of the largest genus, Lanius, is derived from the Latin word for "butcher", and some shrikes are also known as butcherbirds because of the habit, particularly of males, of impaling prey onto plant spines within their territories. These larders have multiple functions, attracting females and serving as food stores.[1]

The common English name shrike is from Old English scrīc, alluding to the shrike's shriek-like call.[2]

Taxonomy

The family Laniidae was introduced (as the subfamily Lanidia) in 1815 by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. The type genus Lanius had been introduced by Carl Linnaeus in 1758.[3][4] As currently constituted the family contains 34 species in four genera. It includes the genus Eurocephalus with the two white-crowned shrikes.[5] A molecular phylogenetic study published in 2023 found that the white-crowned shrikes were more closely related to the crows in the family Corvidae than they are to the Laniidae and authors proposed that the genus Eurocephalus should be moved to its own family Eurocephalidae. The cladogram below is based on these results:[6]

Platylophidae

Platylophus
– crested jayshrike

Laniidae

Lanius – shrikes and fiscals (32 species)

(Eurocephalidae)

Eurocephalus – white-crowned shrikes (2 species)

Corvidae

24 genera (135 species)

Distribution, migration, and habitat

Most shrike species have a

Newton's fiscal, which is restricted to the island of São Tomé.[7]

They inhabit open habitats, especially

migrate
to warmer climes for the winter.

Description

Shrike on a Winter Tree, silk painting by Li Di (李迪). China, Song dynasty, 1187 AD

Shrikes are medium-sized birds with grey, brown, or black-and-white plumage. Most species are between 16 cm (6.3 in) and 25 cm (9.8 in) in size; however, the genus Corvinella, with its extremely elongated tail-feathers, may reach up to 50 cm (20 in) in length. Their beaks are hooked, like those of a bird of prey, reflecting their carnivorous nature; their calls are strident.

Behaviour

A bee presumably caught and impaled by a shrike

Male shrikes are known for their habit of catching insects and small

lubber grasshopper, Romalea microptera. The bird waits 1–2 days for the toxins within the grasshopper to degrade before eating it.[12]

Loggerhead shrikes kill vertebrates by using their beaks to grab or pierce the neck and violently shake their prey.[13]

Shrikes are territorial, and these territories are defended from other pairs. In migratory species, a breeding territory is defended in the breeding grounds and a smaller feeding territory is established during migration and in the wintering grounds.[7] Where several species of shrikes exist together, competition for territories can be intense.

Shrikes make regular use of exposed perch sites, where they adopt a conspicuous upright stance. These sites are used to watch for prey and to advertise their presence to rivals.

Shrikes vocally imitate their prey to lure them for capture.[14] In 1575, this was noted by the English poet George Turberville.

She will stand at perch upon some tree or poste, and there make an exceedingly lamentable crye. . . . All to make other fowles to thinke that she is very much distressed. . . whereupon the credulous sellie birds do flocke together at her call. If any happen to approach near her, she. . . ceazeth on them, and devoureth them (ungrateful subtill fowle).[15]

Breeding

Shrikes are generally monogamous breeders, although polygyny has been recorded in some species.[7] Co-operative breeding, where younger birds help their parents raise the next generation of young, has been recorded in both species in the genera Eurocephalus and Corvinella, as well as one species of Lanius. Males attract females to their territory with well-stocked caches, which may include inedible but brightly coloured items. During courtship, the male performs a ritualised dance which includes actions that mimic the skewering of prey on thorns, and feeds the female. Shrikes make simple, cup-shaped nests from twigs and grasses, in bushes and the lower branches of trees.[8]

Species in taxonomic order

FAMILY: LANIIDAE[5]

Image Genus Living Species
Eurocephalus A. Smith, 1836
Lanius Linnaeus, 1758

Birds with similar names

Other species with names including the word shrike, due to perceived similarities in morphology, are in the following families:

The helmetshrikes and bushshrikes were formerly included in Laniidae, but they are now known to be not particularly closely related to true shrikes.

The Australasian butcherbirds are not shrikes, although they occupy a similar ecological niche.

References

  1. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4
    .
  2. ^ "Shrike". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. ^ Rafinesque, Constantine Samuel (1815). Analyse de la nature ou, Tableau de l'univers et des corps organisés (in French). Palermo: Self-published. p. 67.
  4. hdl:2246/830
    .
  5. ^
    Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (July 2023). "Shrikes, vireos, shrike-babblers"
    . IOC World Bird List Version 13.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
  6. doi:10.1093/ornithology/ukad025
    .
  7. ^
    ISBN 978-84-96553-45-3
    .
  8. ^
    ISBN 1-85391-186-0
    .
  9. ISSN 2475-0263
    .
  10. JSTOR 4087861
    .
  11. ^ Ash, J.S. (1970). "Observations on a decreasing population of Red-backed Shrikes" (PDF). British Birds. 63 (5): 185=2–5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-06-29. Retrieved 2023-06-10.
  12. S2CID 23312866
    .
  13. PMID 30185607
    .
  14. ISSN 0010-5422
    .
  15. ^ "The booke of falconrie or hawking : for the onely delight and pleasure of all noblemen and gentlemen : collected out of the best authors, aswell Italians as Frenchmen, and some English practises withall concerning falconrie : Turberville, George, 1540?-1610?". Internet Archive. 2023-03-25. p. 73.

Further reading

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Laniidae.
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