Nahavand
Nahavand
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Nahavand (Persian: نهاوند, romanized: Nahāvand or Nehāvend)[3] is a city in the Central District of Nahavand County, Hamadan province, Iran, serving as capital of both the county and the district.[4] It is south of the city of Hamadan, west of Malayer and northwest of Borujerd.
At the 2006 National Census, its population was 72,218 in 19,419 households.[5] The following census in 2011 counted 75,445 people in 22,672 households.[6] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 76,162 people in 23,947 households.[2]
Inhabited continuously since prehistoric times, Nahavand was bestowed upon the House of Karen in the Sasanian period. During the Muslim conquest of Persia, it was the site of the famous Battle of Nahavand.
Etymology
The name Nahāvand is probably ultimately derived from
It has been spelled differently in different books and sources: Nahavand, Nahavend, Nahawand, Nahaavand, Nihavand, Nehavand, Nihavend, or Nehavend, formerly called Mah-Nahavand, and in antiquity Laodicea (
Prehistory
Excavations conducted in 1931/2 at Tepe Giyan by Georges Contenau and Roman Ghirshman led to the conclusion that Nahavand and its environs have been inhabited since prehistoric times.[8] It showed that the site of Tepe Giyan, which lies c. 10 kilometers southeast of Nahavand, was occupied from at least 5,000 BC to c. 1,000 BC.[8][9]
History
During the
In 642, during the
In the course of the subsequent centuries, only few events in Nahavand were recorded. The Persian
In 1589, during the
Geography
Nahavand is situated in the west of Iran, in the northern part of the Zagros region.[8] It lies c. 90 kilometers south of Hamadan, from which it is separated by the massif of the Alvand subrange.[8] This massif grants Nahavand and its hinterlands an abundant water supply.[8] Historically, Nahavand was located on a route that led from central Iraq through Kermanshah to northern Iran, and was therefore often crossed by armies.[8] Another historic road, coming from Kermanshah, leads towards Isfahan in central Iran and avoids the Alvand massif.[17] Nahavand also lies on the branch of the Gamasab river which comes from the southeast from the vicinity of Borujerd; from Nahavand the Gamasab river flows westwards to Mount Behistun.[17] Given Nahavand's location, it was the site of several battles, and was considered important in Iranian history during Iran's wars with its western neighbors.[8][17]
Climate
Nahavand has a dry summer humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dsa).
Climate data for Nahavand | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 3.2 (37.8) |
5.1 (41.2) |
11.5 (52.7) |
16.8 (62.2) |
22.9 (73.2) |
30.1 (86.2) |
34.2 (93.6) |
33.7 (92.7) |
29.2 (84.6) |
21.7 (71.1) |
12.1 (53.8) |
6.4 (43.5) |
18.9 (66.1) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.7 (28.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
5.9 (42.6) |
11.3 (52.3) |
17.3 (63.1) |
24.0 (75.2) |
27.7 (81.9) |
27.3 (81.1) |
22.7 (72.9) |
15.7 (60.3) |
6.8 (44.2) |
1.2 (34.2) |
13.2 (55.7) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) |
−5.0 (23.0) |
0.2 (32.4) |
5.3 (41.5) |
11.2 (52.2) |
17.2 (63.0) |
20.6 (69.1) |
20.2 (68.4) |
16.0 (60.8) |
9.8 (49.6) |
2.0 (35.6) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
7.3 (45.2) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 70 (2.8) |
69 (2.7) |
94 (3.7) |
74 (2.9) |
33 (1.3) |
2 (0.1) |
0 (0) |
0 (0) |
1 (0.0) |
27 (1.1) |
59 (2.3) |
64 (2.5) |
493 (19.4) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 8 | 7 | 8 | 8 | 5 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 6 | 6 | 52 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
68 | 66 | 56 | 52 | 37 | 21 | 18 | 16 | 19 | 34 | 56 | 63 | 42 |
Source: https://en.climate-data.org/asia/iran/hamadan/nahavand-5611/ |
Languages
The local language of the city is the Nahavandi sub-dialect of the northern dialect of the Luri language. This dialect is one of the closest dialects to the Middle Persian language, and is occasionally considered a distinct language.[18]
Southern Kurdish is also spoken in Nahavand.[19]
Music
Nahavand also gives its name to the musical mode (maqam) Nahawand in Arabic, Persian and Turkish music.[20] This mode is known for its wide variety of Western sounding melodies.
Notable people
- Abu Lu'lu'a Firuz (d. 644, Nahavandi origin uncertain), craftsman and slave who killed the second caliph Umar
- Benjamin Nahawandi, a key figure in the development of Karaite Judaism in the early Middle Ages
- Ahmad Nahavandi, 8th-century astronomer who worked at the Academy of Gundishapur
- Ali Younesi, Shia Cleric
- Ali Qoddusi, Shia Cleric
References
- ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (19 October 2023). "Nahavand, Nahavand County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
- ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Nahavand can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3076227" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database".
- ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the country's divisions of Hamadan province, centered in Hamadan city". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political Defense Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 11 February 2024. Retrieved 11 February 2024.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
- ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 13. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Ahadian, M. Mahdi (2010). "Morphological Survey of Hamedan's Toponyms". Linguistics Society of Iran. 6 (12): 129–148. Retrieved 5 May 2020.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac Bosworth 2000.
- ^ Negahban 2001, pp. 6–7.
- ^ Herzfeld 1928, pp. 21–22.
- ^ a b c d e Sherwin-White & Wiesehöfer 2012.
- ^ a b Wiesehöfer 2006.
- ^ a b Webb 2018.
- ^ Blow 2009, p. 73.
- ^ Blow 2009, p. 73, 74, 76.
- ^ Floor 2008, p. 198.
- ^ a b c Minorsky 1995, p. 23.
- ^ "خرید آنلاین کتاب گویش نهاوندی |Iranfarhang Bookstore". www.iranfarhang.com. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
- ^ Bezli, Muslim; Azadi, Sakineh (1995). "جستاری در قواعد صرفی و نحوی زویش کردی جنوبی (با بررسی موردی سه زیرزویش بزلی، لکی و کلهری)" (PDF). Islamic Azad University Scientific Journals Database (in Persian): 4–5.
- ^ Randel 2003, p. 552.
Sources
- Blow, David (2009). Shah Abbas: The Ruthless King Who became an Iranian Legend. London, UK: I.B.Tauris. LCCN 2009464064.
- Bosworth, C. Edmund (2000). "NEHĀVAND". Encyclopaedia Iranica.
- Floor, Willem (2008). Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri. Washington, D.C.: Mage Publishers. ISBN 978-1933823232.
- JSTOR 863510.
- ISBN 978-90-04-09834-3.
- Negahban, Ezat O. (2001). "GIYAN TEPE". Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 6-7.
- ISBN 978-0674011632.
- Sherwin-White, Susan Mary; ISBN 978-0-19-954556-8.
- Webb, Peter (2018). "Nihawand, Battle of". In Nicholson, Oliver (ed.). ISBN 978-0-19-866277-8.
- Wiesehöfer, Josef (2006). "Nihāwand". In Salazar, Christine F.; Landfester, Manfred; Gentry, Francis G. (eds.). Brill's New Pauly. Brill Online.
External links
- Hamedan Province Cultural Heritage Website
- Persian History Website
- Smith, William (editor); Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, "Laodiceia", London, (1854)
- ISBN 0-691-03169-X), Map 92.
- This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Smith, William, ed. (1854–1857). "Laodiceia". Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography. London: John Murray.