Lap steel guitar
String instrument | |
---|---|
Other names | Hawaiian guitar, lap steel, console steel, kīkākila, Dobro |
Classification |
chordophone) |
Inventor(s) | Popularized by Joseph Kekuku |
Developed | 1885 |
Playing range | |
Variable depending on choice of tuning |
The lap steel guitar, also known as a Hawaiian guitar, is a type of
The steel guitar was the first "foreign" musical instrument to gain a foothold in American pop music. It originated in the
In the early twentieth century Hawaiian music and the steel guitar began to meld into other musical styles, including
Conceptually, a lap steel guitar may be likened to playing a guitar with one finger (the bar). This abstraction illustrates one of the instrument's major limitations: its constraint to a single chord that is not changeable during a performance without re-tuning the instrument. An early solution was to build lap steel guitars with two or more necks, each providing a separate set of differently-tuned strings on a single instrument. The performer's hands could move to a different neck at will. Although in the early 1940s, elite players recorded and performed with these multi-neck guitars, most musicians could not afford them. The problem was addressed in 1940 by adding pedals to the lap steel to change the pitch of certain strings easily, making more complex chords available on the same neck. By 1952, this invention revolutionized how the instrument was played, in many ways making it virtually a new instrument, known as a "pedal steel". An overwhelming majority of lap steel players adopted the pedal design, and, as a result, the lap steel became largely obsolete by the late 1950s, with only pockets of devotees in country and Hawaiian music remaining.
Early history
Spanish guitars were introduced into the
Hawaiian music, with the sound of the steel guitar as a marked featured of it, became a popular musical preoccupation or fad in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century.[8]: 8 In 1916, recordings of indigenous Hawaiian music outsold all other U.S. musical genres.[9] This popularity initiated the manufacture of guitars designed specifically to be played horizontally.[8]: 13 The archetypal lap steel guitar is the acoustic Hawaiian guitar.[10]: 11 Despite incorporating a resonant chamber in their body, these early acoustic versions of the instrument were not loud enough relative to other instruments. However, in the early 1930s a steel guitarist named George Beauchamp invented the electric guitar pickup.[11] Electrification not only allowed the lap steel guitar to be heard better, but it also meant that their resonance chambers were no longer essential, or even required.[12] The result was that steel guitars could be manufactured in any shape – even in the form of a rectangular block bearing little or no resemblance to the traditional guitar shape.[7] This led to table-like instruments in a metal frame on legs called "console steels".[11]
Types of lap steel guitars
There are three categories of lap steel guitars:
- Acoustic lap steel guitars: These are traditional acoustic
- Dobro-type guitars or National guitars: These are typically acoustic steel guitars with a large aluminum cone under the bridge, called a resonator, that increases volume output.[15]: 109 Wood-body resonator guitars are called "Dobros" and steel bodied ones are called "Nationals".[16]: 38 The types do not sound the same — the Nationals are brassier and are usually preferred by blues players.[16]: 38 Either type offers round necks (Spanish) or square necks (Hawaiian).[16]: 38 Square necks are sometimes necessitated both by the use of thicker strings and by the increased force the instrument is subject to as a consequence of its raised strings.[10][17]
- Electric lap steel guitars: Describes instruments that are specifically designed to be played horizontally and feature an electric pickup so that they do not require any resonance chamber. Guitars in this category may differ markedly from one another in external appearance, and include instruments made from rectangular solid blocks of wood.[8]: 13 Some may be small enough to be played on the lap; others may have more than one neck (making the instrument heavier), and may be built on a frame with legs, which is then known as a console steel.[8]
Tunings
Over centuries in Western countries, the traditional Spanish guitar developed a near-universal tuning of ascending fourths (and one major third) consisting of E–A–D–G–B–E;[3] however, no such standard existed for the Hawaiian "open tunings" (guitar tuned in a chord). The Hawaiians simply tuned to a chord that suited the singer's voice.[5] Beginning in the days of slack-key guitar in the 1850s, Hawaiian tunings came to be as closely guarded as any trade secret, handed down in families.[5] Many players de-tuned their instruments when they were not playing them to keep others from discovering their tuning.[18]: 159
The tuning chosen for these instruments is a crucial foundation on which steel guitar style is built.[19]: 131 The tuning used determines the notes that the player has available in a chord, and affects how notes can be played in sequence.[19]: 131 Experimenting with different tunings was a widespread practice of the Hawaiian music of the 1930s[19]: 41 and provided templates that became a foundation for the playing style of later musicians.[19]: 131 Scores of tunings are available for lap steel players.[20] The addition of a sixth interval into a tuning had a dramatic effect on the steel guitar because it created numerous positions and playing pockets which were not accessible in a simple major chord.[21] The C6 was a common tuning for six string lap steels in the 1920s and 1930s.[19]: 120 Tunings with a sixth interval are popular in Western swing and jazz, while tunings containing flatted sevenths are often chosen for blues and rock music.[22]
A fundamental challenge of lap steel guitar design is the inherent constraint it places on the number of chords and inversions available in any given tuning.[19]: 34 To address the meager array available to them, some early players would simply have a second lap steel at hand, with a different tuning, ready when needed.[23] Another strategy was to increase the number of strings on the instrument[19]: 36 (the more strings available, the smaller the pitch intervals between them, and therefore more notes available when the bar is placed straight across the strings).[19]: 36 A third strategy was to add additional necks to the same instrument, thus providing separate sets of strings that could each be tuned differently.[19]: 36
The Hawaiian "craze" in the United States
In the
The steel guitar was the first "foreign" musical instrument to gain a foothold in American pop music.
Lap steel pioneers
In the development of lap steel guitar in the early twentieth century, many innovators contributed; among the most prominent were:
Bob Dunn was the first steel guitarist of renown playing Western swing.[19]: 54 Born in 1908 in Fort Gibson, Oklahoma, he quit school in the eighth grade to join traveling musical troupes.[2]: 89 Considered a musical revolutionary,[2]: 89 according to music writer Michael Ross, Bob Dunn played the first electrified instrument of any type on a commercial recording.[7][34] It was a Western swing tune released in 1935, performed by Dunn in collaboration with "Milton Brown and his Musical Brownies".[35] The guitar he played was a Rickenbacker A22, nicknamed the "Frying Pan".[36]: 837 Formerly a trombone player, Dunn's guitar playing introduced horn-like solos, with the staccato phrasing of jazz players, and, according to historian Andy Volk, was of indelible influence on subsequent generations of steel players.[2]: 90
Jerry Byrd was born in Lima, Ohio, in 1920.[2]: 27 As a youth, he attended a traveling tent show that came to town; it was a troupe of Hawaiians playing Hawaiian music and featured a polished National steel guitar. Byrd was smitten by the sound as well as the physical appearance of the instrument and said, "That was the day that changed my life".[2]: 28 In a musical career divided between Hawaiian music and country music, Byrd helped lay the foundation for the Nashville steel guitar sound.[2]: 28 He is credited with developing the C6 tuning that became the standard of C6 pedal steels.[2]: 33 With Hank Williams, Byrd recorded songs like "I'm So Lonesome I Could Cry", "Lovesick Blues" and "A Mansion on the Hill".[37] Byrd also recorded with Marty Robbins, Hank Snow, Ernest Tubb and others.[2]: 28 After his Nashville career, Byrd made Hawaii his permanent home.[2]: 29
Western Swing
In the early 1930s, the newly electrified lap steel guitar took a prominent position in a type of dance music known as "Western swing",[7] a form of jazz swing that combined elements of country music and Hawaiian music.[2]: 88 [19] Pioneers of the genre include bandleaders Milton Brown[35] and Bob Wills.[23] Wills in turn hired and nurtured innovative players, who subsequently influenced the genre, including Leon McAuliffe, Noel Boggs, and Herb Remington.[23]
In October, 1936,
Honky-tonk
By the late 1940s, the steel guitar featured prominently in the emerging "
Dobro
The
Beecher "Pete" Kirby (1911–1992), known as
Buck "Josh" Graves (aka "
Dobro fell out of favor in mainstream country music until a bluegrass revival in the 1970s brought it back with younger virtuoso players like Jerry Douglas, whose Dobro skills became widely known and emulated.[15][47]
Sacred steel
This gospel music tradition, now called "
Lap slide guitar
Lap slide guitar is not a specific instrument, but a style of playing lap steel that is typically heard in blues or rock music.[51]: 36 Players of these genres typically use the term "slide" instead of "steel";[1] they sometimes play the style with a flat pick or with fingers instead of finger picks.[2]: 8 Pioneers in lap slide include Buddy Woods, "Black Ace" Turner (who used a small medicine bottle as a slide),[52] and Freddie Roulette.[51]: 326 Turner played a National Style 2 square neck Tricone guitar on his lap.[52]
Another blues guitar playing style is called "slide guitar", a hybrid between steel guitar and conventional guitar. It is played with a conventional guitar held flat against the body, fretting the bass strings in the usual way (for rhythm accompaniment), while using a tubular slide (or the neck of a bottle) placed on a finger of the same hand to slide against the treble strings.[53] In 1923, Sylvester Weaver was the first to record this style.[54]: 106 In the 1940s, blues players like Robert Nighthawk and Earl Hooker popularized electric slide guitar this way, using a traditional guitar in standard tuning.[55]: 3 The term "bottleneck" was historically used to describe this type of playing.[51] Early blues players used open tunings, but most modern slide players use both standard and open.[55]: 3
Lap steel obsolescence
The expense of building multiple necks on each guitar made lap steels unaffordable for most players and a more sophisticated solution was needed.
Isaacs tried it in a 1953 recording session on a Webb Pierce song called "Slowly".[60] The song became one of the most-played country songs of 1954 and was No. 1 on the Billboard's country charts for seventeen weeks.[60] Isaacs' guitar became the first pedal steel guitar on a hit record.[61] More importantly, the sound was immediately recognized by lap steel (non-pedal) guitarists as something both unique and impossible[b]: 190 to produce on a non-pedal lap steel.[8][59]: 190 Dozens of instrumentalists rushed to get pedals on their steel guitars to imitate the unique bending notes they heard in Isaacs' play.[60] In the months and years after this recording, instrument makers and musicians worked to duplicate the innovations of Bigsby and Isaacs.[59]: 191 Even though the instrument had been available for over a decade before this recording, the pedal steel guitar emerged as a crucial element in country music after the success of this song.[8] The pedals allowed playing more complex and versatile music than it was possible on lap steel.[59]: 192
The pedal steel design was adopted by an overwhelming majority of lap steel players in the early 1950s. The resulting new and distinctive style of playing became a defining characteristic of the country music coming out of Nashville for decades thereafter.[19]: 2 In accordance, the non-pedal lap steel became largely obsolete, with only pockets of devotees remaining in country and Hawaiian music.[19]: 2
See also
- Steel guitar
- Pedal steel guitar–(Contains a sample of the song "Slowly")
- Slack-key guitar
- Slide guitar
Notes
- ^ According to music historian Lorene Ruymar, Hawaiians do not use this terminology. To them, a "Hawaiian guitar" refers to slack-key, an indigenous folk guitar style.[1]
- ^ Theoretically, it was "possible" on a lap steel, but not to play it rapidly and with perfect intonation; the pedal version was immediately recognizable.[59]
References
- ^ a b Ruymar, Lorene. "History of Hawaiian Steel Guitar". webarchive.com. Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association. Archived from the original on 2018-03-16. Retrieved April 8, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 1-57424-134-6.
- ^ fender.com. Retrieved October 18, 2017.
- ISBN 9780415974417. Retrieved February 26, 2021.
- ^ a b c d Fox, Margalit (March 5, 2008). "Ray Kane, Master of Slack-Key Guitar, Dies at 82". The New York Times. Retrieved January 1, 2021.
- ISBN 978-1-4696-2793-9. Retrieved January 19, 2021.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link - ^ a b c d e f g h i j Ross, Michael (February 17, 2015). "Pedal to the Metal: A Short History of the Pedal Steel Guitar". Premier Guitar Magazine. Retrieved September 1, 2017.
- ^ ISBN 978-1-4234-5702-2.
- ^ Shah, Haleema (April 25, 2019). "How the Hawaiian Steel Guitar Changed American Music". smithsonianmag.com. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved October 22, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 9781610654753. Retrieved December 8, 2017.
- ^ a b "The Earliest Days of the Electric Guitar". rickenbacker.com. Rickenbacker International. Retrieved September 7, 2017.
- ^ "Early History of the Steel Guitar". steelguitaracademy.com. Steel Guitar Academy. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
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- ^ a b French, Paul, Ed. (29 November 2017). "Sound Advice: Setting up your guitar for slide". mixdownmag.com.au. Mixdown Magazine/Furst Media. Retrieved January 9, 2021.
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- ^ a b c Sallis, James (May 1, 1980). "The Lap Steel Guitar". Steel Guitarist. 5 (May, 1980).
- ^ "Square Neck versus Round Neck Resonator Guitars". theguitarjournal.com. The Guitar Journal. April 29, 2014. Retrieved July 18, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 9781574240214.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Cundell, R. Guy S. (July 1, 2019). "Across the South: The origins and development of the steel guitar in western swing" (PDF). b0b.com. Adelaide, Australia: University of Adelaide. Retrieved November 29, 2020.
- ^ Bechtel, Brad. "Common Tunings For Lap Steel Guitar". people.well.com. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ Anderson, Maurice (2000). "Pedal Steel Guitar, Back and To the Future!". The Pedal Steel Pages. Retrieved September 16, 2017.
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- ^ a b c d e f Kienzle, Rich (March 1, 2006). "Bob's Playboy Pickers". Vintage Guitar Magazine. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
- ^ Shamel, Wynell; Shamel, Charles E. (November 1999). "The 1897 Petition Against the Annexation of Hawaii". archives.gov. Social Education. pp. 402–408. Retrieved February 14, 2021.
- ^ "Bird of Paradise Brought Hawaiian Music Fad East". The Washington Herald. No. 4188. April 14, 1918. p. 1. Retrieved December 9, 2017.
- ^ Soboleski, Hank (October 13, 2013). "'Hawaii Calls' radio program broadcasts from Kauai". thegardenisland.com. The Garden Island. Retrieved November 26, 2020.
- ^ Wright, Michael (November 28, 2018). "Island Style: How Hawaiian Music Helped Make the Guitar America's Instrument". Acoustic Guitar. Retrieved July 11, 2020.
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- ^ Foley, Hugh W. Jr. "Dunn, Robert Lee (1908–1971)". Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History & Culture. Oklahoma Historical Society. Archived from the original on September 5, 2008. Retrieved May 8, 2020.
- ^ ISBN 0-252-02041-3.
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- ^ a b c Meeker, Ward (November 1, 2014). "Boggs' Quad". Vintage Guitar Magazine. Retrieved November 22, 2020.
- ^ Marx, Wallace Jr. (December 17, 2009). "Two Necks Are Better Than One: A Brief History of Multi-Neck Guitars". premierguitar.com. Gearhead Communications. Retrieved February 7, 2021.
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- ^ ISBN 9780840029768. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
- ^ a b Grimes, William (August 16, 2008). "Don Helms, 81, Who Put the Twang in the Hank Williams Songbook, Is Dead". The New York Times. Retrieved January 8, 2021.
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- ^ a b Owens, Richie (July 5, 2018). "Resonator Guitars 101". premierguitar.com. Retrieved March 16, 2021.
- ^ a b "Dobro Model 27– Brother Oswald's Dobro – Country Music History Maker". vintageguitar.com. Vintage Guitar Magazine. October 1, 2004. Retrieved February 10, 2021.
- ^ a b c Bechtel, Brad. "Brad's Page of Steel". people.well.com. Retrieved January 3, 2021.
- ^ Bryson, Alan (May 4, 2020). "Top Ten Horizontal Guitar Players". allaboutjazz.com. Retrieved January 11, 2021.
- ^ a b c d McArdle, Terence (June 16, 2020). "Darick Campbell, gospel musician who upheld sacred steel tradition, dies at 53". The Washington Post. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ a b Spevak, Jeff (May 11, 2020). "Darick Campbell of Rochester's The Campbell Brothers dies". wxxinews.org. WXXI News. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
- ^ Spevak, Jeff (September 14, 2014). "20 Shows to put on your list". Vol. 182, no. 257. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. p. 8–C. Retrieved January 10, 2021.
- ^ ISBN 1-55728-252-8. Retrieved January 7, 2021.
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- ^ ISBN 978-1-61065-563-7. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
- ^ Seymour, Bobbe (April 30, 2012). "Early History of the Pedal Steel Guitar". pedalsteelmusic.com. Steel Guitar Nashville. Retrieved February 17, 2021.
- ^ Ross, Michael (November 17, 2011). "Forgotten Heroes: Paul Bigsby". premierguitar.com. Premier Guitar Magazine. Retrieved January 18, 2021.
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{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link - ^ a b c Rauhouse, Jon (September 1, 2012). "Wire and Hinges: How Pedal Steel Guitar Legend Bud Isaacs Changed the Course of Country Music". fretboardjournal.com. The Fretboard Journal. Retrieved December 3, 2020.
- ^ Oermann, Robert K. (September 9, 2016). "LifeNotes: Pedal Steel Pioneer Bud Isaacs Passes". musicrow.com. Music Row Magazine. Retrieved December 2, 2020.
- ISBN 9780199920839. Retrieved March 1, 2021.
- ^ a b Bradshaw, Tom (March 1, 1972). "Jerry Byrd". Guitar Player Magazine. 6, No.2 (Annual Artist Issue).
External links
- Hawaiian Steel Guitar Association – An organization which promotes the development of lap steel guitar with worldwide membership.