Latakia
Latakia
ٱللَّاذْقِيَّة / ٱللَّاذِقِيَّة Laodicea | |
---|---|
City | |
Csa | |
International airport | Bassel Al-Assad International Airport |
Website | eLatakia |
Latakia (
Although the site of the city has been inhabited since the 2nd millennium BC, the city was founded in the 4th century BC under the rule of the
Etymology
Like many
History
Ancient settlement and founding
The location of Latakia, the Ras Ziyarah
The city was described in Strabo's Geographica:[16]
It is a city most beautifully built, has a good harbour, and has territory which, besides its other good crops, abounds in wine. Now this city furnishes the most of the wine to the Alexandreians, since the whole of the mountain that lies above the city and is possessed by it is covered with vines almost as far as the summits. And while the summits are at a considerable distance from Lāŏdĭcḗa, sloping up gently and gradually from it, they tower above Apameia, extending up to a perpendicular height.
Roman rule
and Damascus, that greatly improved the commerce through the port of Laodicea.The heretic Apollinarius was bishop of Lāŏdĭcḗa in the 4th century. The city minted coins from an early date, but decreasing in importance after the cities of Alexandria and Antioch flourished in coin minting and overshadowed other cities.[17]
The city was also famed for its wine produced around the port's hills which were exported to all the empire.
During the split of the
Early Islamic era
All of Syria, including the Roman province of Theodorias and its capital,
Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamlouk rule
The
After failed efforts by
This situation remained the same with the city serving as the primary port for the Principality until it was captured following a
on 20 April 1287.In circa 1300, Arab geographer al-Dimashqi noted that Latakia had no running water and that trees were scarce, but the city's port was "a wonderful harbor... full of large ships".[25] In 1332, the Moroccan traveller Ibn Battuta visited Latakia in his journeys.[26]
During the late 14th and 15th century, Venetians had a consul in Latakia, due to the trade of cotton and silk from Persia.[27] The city which was in despair was rebuilt after a visit by Qaitbay in 1477.
An
Ottoman rule
Latakia came under the Ottoman control after the
In 1824, the Ottomans named Muhammad Paşa ibn Alman, a native of the area who was suspected of being an
In 1888, when
In the Ottoman period[
French Mandate period
In 1920, Latakia fell under the French mandate, under which the Alawite State was established. The state was named after the locally-dominant Alawites and became a French
This division by the French administration in Syria did not stop Alawites such as
The state became part of the Syrian Federation in 1922, but it left the federation again in 1924. In 1930, the Alawite State was renamed as the Government of Latakia, the only concession by the French to Arab nationalists until 1936.[39] On 3 December 1936, it was decided that the Alawite state would be re-incorporated into Syria as a concession by the French to the Nationalist Bloc, which was the ruling party of the semi-autonomous Syrian government; the decision went into effect in 1937.[40]
There was a great deal of Alawite separatist sentiment in the region, but their political views could not be coordinated into a unified voice.[41] There was also a great deal of factionalism amongst the Alawite tribes, and the Alawite State was incorporated into Syria with little organised resistance.[39]
In 1942, the Latakia and Druze regions were returned to Syrian control, and by 1946, the French completely left Syria and a new independent government was created.
Modern era
All but a few classical buildings had been destroyed by the modern era, often by earthquakes; those remaining include a Roman triumphal arch and
An extensive port project was proposed in 1948, and construction work began on the Port of Latakia in 1950, aided by a US$6 million loan from Saudi Arabia. By 1951, the first stage of its construction was completed, and the port handled an increasing amount of Syria's overseas trade.[44]
In August 1957, 4,000 Egyptian troops landed in Latakia under orders from
A major highway linked Latakia with Aleppo and the Euphrates valley starting in 1968, supplemented by the completion of a railway line to Homs. The port became even more important after 1975 due to the troubled situation in Lebanon and the loss of Beirut and Tripoli as functioning ports.[46]
In 1973, during the
On 2 September 1979 clashes broke out following the assassination of an
In 1987, the city hosted the tenth round of the Mediterranean Games, with the opening ceremony hosted by Hafez al-Assad in the Latakia Sports City, a sports complex designed specifically to host the games. The Latakia Sports City Stadium served as the main venue for the games.[49]
In 1994, the city's population reached 303,000, with that number significantly rising to 383,786 by 2004.[50] Although population assessment in recent years has become difficult due to the ongoing civil war, the city's population is estimated to have risen drastically in the 2010s due to the influx of refugees from the cities of Aleppo, Idlib and other cities which have been affected by the ongoing war.
Syrian Civil War
During the Syrian Civil War, Latakia had been a site of
Latakia is the home of Russia's largest foreign
Russian president
On 7 December 2021, Israeli warplanes launched an airstrike attack on Latakia's port, damaging the port's facilities and setting several containers on fire.[58] On December 28, the port was attacked again after Israeli forces launched several precision missiles targeting the port. The attack killed 2 Syrian Army soldiers, destroyed several containers and set the port on fire for several hours.[59][60]
Geography
Latakia is located 348 kilometres (216 mi) north-west of Damascus, 186 kilometres (116 mi) south-west from Aleppo, 186 kilometres (116 mi) north-west of Homs, and 90 kilometres (56 mi) north of Tartus.
Latakia is the capital of the Latakia Governorate, in western Syria, bordering Turkey to the north. The governorate has a reported area of either 2,297 square kilometres (887 sq mi)[63] or 2,437 square kilometres (941 sq mi).[64] Latakia is the administrative centre of the Latakia District that occupies the northern portion of the Latakia Governorate.
Nahr al-Kabir al-Shamali flows into the Mediterranean Sea south of Latakia.
Climate
Under
Climate data for Latakia (1961–1990, extremes 1928–present) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Record high °C (°F) | 24.4 (75.9) |
26.3 (79.3) |
32.6 (90.7) |
35.6 (96.1) |
38.8 (101.8) |
38.4 (101.1) |
36.2 (97.2) |
38.4 (101.1) |
38.2 (100.8) |
39.0 (102.2) |
32.6 (90.7) |
28.0 (82.4) |
39.0 (102.2) |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.4 (59.7) |
16.4 (61.5) |
18.3 (64.9) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.1 (75.4) |
25.8 (78.4) |
28.8 (83.8) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
26.3 (79.3) |
21.9 (71.4) |
17.6 (63.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
Daily mean °C (°F) | 11.6 (52.9) |
12.6 (54.7) |
14.8 (58.6) |
17.8 (64.0) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.3 (79.3) |
27.0 (80.6) |
25.6 (78.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
17.5 (63.5) |
13.3 (55.9) |
19.4 (66.9) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) |
9.1 (48.4) |
11.0 (51.8) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.0 (62.6) |
20.7 (69.3) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.3 (75.7) |
21.9 (71.4) |
18.2 (64.8) |
13.8 (56.8) |
10.1 (50.2) |
16.0 (60.8) |
Record low °C (°F) | −1.6 (29.1) |
−0.5 (31.1) |
−0.6 (30.9) |
3.9 (39.0) |
10.6 (51.1) |
11.7 (53.1) |
17.8 (64.0) |
17.2 (63.0) |
12.4 (54.3) |
8.9 (48.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
0.0 (32.0) |
−1.6 (29.1) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 185.2 (7.29) |
97.0 (3.82) |
91.5 (3.60) |
48.5 (1.91) |
22.4 (0.88) |
5.2 (0.20) |
1.3 (0.05) |
2.3 (0.09) |
8.0 (0.31) |
69.3 (2.73) |
95.5 (3.76) |
185.2 (7.29) |
811.4 (31.94) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 11.3 | 9.3 | 8.4 | 4.6 | 2.7 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.0 | 5.2 | 6.6 | 11.0 | 61.7 |
Average relative humidity (%)
|
63 | 62 | 65 | 68 | 72 | 74 | 74 | 73 | 68 | 62 | 57 | 65 | 67 |
Mean monthly sunshine hours | 136.4 | 148.4 | 198.4 | 225.0 | 297.6 | 321.0 | 325.5 | 316.2 | 288.0 | 248.0 | 192.0 | 151.9 | 2,848.4 |
Mean daily sunshine hours | 4.4 | 5.3 | 6.4 | 7.5 | 9.6 | 10.7 | 10.5 | 10.2 | 9.6 | 8.0 | 6.4 | 4.9 | 7.8 |
Source 1: NOAA[66] | |||||||||||||
Source 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (humidity, 1966–1978),[67] Meteo Climat (record highs and lows)[68] |
Climate data for Latakia (1966–2004) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 15.6 (60.1) |
16.3 (61.3) |
18.4 (65.1) |
21.5 (70.7) |
24.2 (75.6) |
26.8 (80.2) |
28.9 (84.0) |
29.7 (85.5) |
29.0 (84.2) |
26.8 (80.2) |
22.1 (71.8) |
17.3 (63.1) |
23.05 (73.49) |
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 8.4 (47.1) |
9.0 (48.2) |
10.9 (51.6) |
14.0 (57.2) |
17.1 (62.8) |
20.9 (69.6) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.5 (76.1) |
22.1 (71.8) |
18.4 (65.1) |
13.7 (56.7) |
10.0 (50.0) |
16.08 (60.94) |
Average precipitation mm (inches) | 162.6 (6.40) |
99.8 (3.93) |
90.6 (3.57) |
44.2 (1.74) |
21.0 (0.83) |
4.5 (0.18) |
0.9 (0.04) |
4.5 (0.18) |
7.8 (0.31) |
67.1 (2.64) |
95.2 (3.75) |
160.7 (6.33) |
758.9 (29.88) |
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 13 | 17 | 11 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 2 | 6 | 8 | 13 | 83 |
Source: WMO[69] |
Demographics
Year | Pop. | ±% |
---|---|---|
1905 | 25,000[70] | — |
1932 | 24,000[71] | −4.0% |
1943 | 36,000[71] | +50.0% |
1957 | 56,000[71] | +55.6% |
1970 | 126,000[71] | +125.0% |
1987 | 241,000[71] | +91.3% |
1992 | 284,000[72] | +17.8% |
1994 | 303,000[71] | +6.7% |
2004 | 383,786[2] | +26.7% |
One of the first censuses was in 1825, which recorded that there were 6,000–8,000 Muslims, 1,000
In 2010, Latakia City was 50% Alawite, 40% Sunni and 10% Christian;
Within the city boundaries is the "unofficial"
Economy
Port
The Port of Latakia is the main seaport in Syria. It was established on 12 February 1950, and has boosted the city's importance ever since. The port's imported cargo includes clothing, construction materials, vehicles, furniture, minerals, tobacco, cotton, and food supplies such as lintels, onions, wheat, barley, dates, grains and figs, and in 2008, the port handled about 8 million tons of cargo.
The largest area of the port, with 43 hectares, occupies the container terminal. The storage capacity is up to 17,000 containers.[85] Latakia was connected to six ferry lines to Alexandria (Egypt), İzmir (Turkey) and Beirut (Lebanon). It is not known whether the lines still exist in the Syrian civil war, which has been going on since 2011.
The marina Latakia has 150 berths for ships up to a maximum length of 25 meters and 4 meters draught.[86] The Syrian Navy has one of four bases in Latakia.
Agriculture
Latakia has an extensive agricultural hinterland. Exports include bitumen (asphalt), cereals, cotton, fruits, eggs, vegetable oil, pottery, and tobacco. Cotton ginning, vegetable-oil processing, tanning, and sponge fishing serve as local industries for the city.[42]
Tourism
The Cote d'Azur Beach of Latakia is Syria's premier coastal resort, and offers water skiing, jet skiing, and windsurfing. The city contains eight hotels, two of which have five-star ratings; both the Cote d'Azur de Cham Hotel and Lé Meridien Lattiquie Hotel are located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) north of the city, at Cote d'Azur. The latter hotel has 274 rooms and is the only international hotel in the city.[87]
Compared to other Syrian cities, window shopping and evening strolls in the markets is considered a favorite pastime in Latakia. Numerous designer-label stores line 8 Azar Street, and the heart of the city's shopping area is the series of blocks enclosed by 8 Azar Street, Yarmouk Street, and Saad Zaghloul Street in the city center. Cinemas in Latakia include Ugarit Cinema, al-Kindi, and a smaller theater off al-Moutanabbi Street.[88]
Culture
Festivals
The Al-Mahabba Festival, which includes various entertainment programs such as competitions, art parties and archeological and tourist tours to the most important places in the city and is organized by the economic and commercial authorities in cooperation with the Al-Bustan charity organization, is held annually in the city.[89]
Museums
The
However, since the outbreak of the Syrian Civil War in 2011, the museum had been temporarily closed, to protect the museum's exhibits from the trafficking and looting, which became common during recent years, that the Museums of Palmyra, Deir ez-Zor and Raqqa suffered from. However, the museum's gardens are still open to the public, and contain many column capitals, ornaments, funerary tombs and statues which still can be viewed by the public.
Sport
Latakia is the home city of three football clubs:
Latakia tobacco
Latakia tobacco is a specially prepared tobacco originally produced in Syria and named after the port city of Latakia.[95] Now the tobacco is mainly produced in Cyprus. It is cured over a stone pine or oak wood fire, which gives it an intense smokey-peppery taste and smell. Rarely smoked straight, it is used as a "condiment" or "blender" (a basic tobacco mixed with other tobaccos to create a blend), especially in English, Balkan, and some American Classic blends.[95]
Education
The University of Latakia was founded in May 1971, and later renamed
One of the oldest schools in Latakia, a previous military barracks built during the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon is named after Jules Jammal, an Arab Christian military officer who blew himself up in a suicide attack on a French ship.[97]
On 26 November 2016, Manara University, a private university, was founded under the patronage of Imad Khamis, the Prime Minister of Syria.[98] Its faculties as of 2017 include Pharmacy and Health, Engineering and Business.[99]
Main sights
The modern city still exhibits faint traces of its former importance, notwithstanding the frequent earthquakes with which it has been visited. The marina is built upon foundations of ancient columns, and there are in the town an old gateway and other antiquities, as also sarcophagi and sepulchral caves in the neighbourhood. This gateway is a remarkable triumphal arch at the southeast corner of the town, almost entire: it is built with four entrances, like the Forum Jani at Rome. It is conjectured that this arch was built in honour of Lucius Verus, or of Septimius Severus.[100] Fragments of Greek and Latin inscriptions are dispersed all over the ruins, but entirely defaced.[101]
Notable points of interest in the nearby area include the massive
Latakia has consulates general of Finland and France, and honorary consulates of Greece[102] and Romania.[103]
Local infrastructure
Healthcare
The Syrian government operates three major public hospitals in Latakia, Al-Assad Hospital, the National Hospital and the Tishreen University Hospital, with other private hospitals working for private gain. One of the famous hospitals is Bahrou Hospital.
Transportation
Roads link Latakia to Aleppo, Beirut, Homs, and Tripoli.[42] The main commercial coastal road of the city is Jamal Abdel Nasser Street, named after former Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser. Lined with hotels, restaurants and the city museum, the street begins in central Latakia along the Mediterranean coast and ends at Hitteen Square. From the square, it branches southwest into al-Maghreb al-Arabi Street,[104] south into 8 Azar Street, which continues south to form Baghdad Avenue—the main north–south road[105]—branching into Beirut Street and Nadim Hassan Street along the southern coastline. From the southern portion of Jamal Abdel Nasser Street branch off al-Yarmouk Street and al-Quds Street, the latter which ends at al-Yaman Square in western Latakia, it continues west into Abdel Qader al-Husseini Street. North from al-Yaman Square Souria Avenue and south of the square is al-Ourouba Street. Souria Avenue ends in al-Jumhouriah Square, then continues north as al-Jumhouriah Street.[104]
Much of the city is accessible by taxi and other forms of public transportation. Buses transport people to various Syrian, Lebanese, and Turkish cities, including
Latakia's railway station is located on al-Yaman Square.
The
Notable people
- Themison of Laodicea, founder of the Methodic school of medicine
- Epicurean philosopher and mathematician
- Theodas of Laodicea, Pyrrhonist philosopher and physician of the Empiric school
- Apollinaris of Laodicea, bishop of laodicea
- Yusuf Yasin, journalist and politician who performed several roles in the Saudi government.
- A.R. Frank Wazzan, Dean, UCLA School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 1986-2001.
- Bassem Yakhour, actor
- Hanna Mina, novelist
- Ziad Abdullah, film critic and author
- Yasmina Azhari, businesswoman
- Raoul Gregory Vitale، Syrian musicologist
- Ali Abdullah Ayyoub, Syrian Deputy Prime Minister
- Mustafa Hamsho, professional boxer
- Nadim Nassar, priest and founder of Awareness Foundation
Twin towns – sister cities
Latakia is
See also
- List of cities in Syria
- Philonides (physician), epicurean philosopher and mathematician.
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External links
- elatakia The First Complete website for Latakia news and services
- Latakia news and services (in Arabic)
- Tishreen University (in English and Arabic)
- Audio interview with Latakia resident about life in Latakia
- Pictures from 2009
- Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. .