Latgale
Latgale
Latgola | |
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6th |
Latgale (
The region has a large population of
Average incomes in the region are lower than in other parts of the country.
History
Name
Historically, several different forms of the name Latgalia have been used.
- Other names for the region include Lettigallia, Latgallia, and Latgola.
- The people are called latgalieši in Latvian (as distinct from latgaļi, which refers to the ancient tribe, though some modern Latgalians prefer latgaļi) – latgalīši in Latgalian, sometimes latgali – Latgalians, Latgallians, or Lettigalls in English, and are sometimes referred to as čangaļi (sometimes derogatory – the reference is to a novel, and Latgalians often call other Latvians "čiuļi"). The term latgalieši dates only to the early 20th century, and before that Inflantians(Latgalian: latvīši, inflantīši).
Since 2004, use of the Latgalian language has been the subject of a major sociolinguistic/ethnolinguistic poll and study, conducted by the Rēzekne Augstskola and the Centre d'Étude Linguistiques Pour l'Europe.
As of 2011 97,600 people in the region spoke Latgalian language,[4] which is a standardised form of local varieties of High Latvian dialect.
Early history
Originally the territory of what is now Latgale was populated by the
In the first decade of the 13th century the Principality of Jersika, also known as Lettia, was allied with the Principality of Polotsk and Lithuanian dukes against the Bishopric of Livonia, but was defeated in 1209. Part of it was divided between the Bishopric and the Livonian Brothers of the Sword, the remainder became a vassal country. In 1239, after the death of King Visvaldis, the latter was incorporated into the territory of the Livonian Order.
In 1242, after defeat in the
In 1277, Grand duke Traidenis of Lithuania unsuccessfully besieged the newly built castle of Daugavpils.
Latgale as part of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
Latgalian territories remained a part of
In 1621 most of the Duchy of Livonia was ceded to the Swedish Empire, but part of the Duchy including Latgale remained under Polish-Lithuanian control. This became known as the Inflanty Voivodeship.[7] The creation of Polish Inflanty is the birth of the region we now know of as Latgale. During this period the Latgalian language was influenced by Polish and developed separately from the Latvian spoken in other parts of Latvia.
Latgale as part of Russian Empire
In 1772, Latgale was annexed by the Russian Empire after the First Partition of Poland. Latgale was incorporated into the Vitebsk Governorate. In 1860, Daugavpils and Rēzekne became a part of the Saint Petersburg–Warsaw railway route.[8] In 1865, as part of Russia's anti-Polish policies, a period of Russification was begun, during which the Latgalian language (written in Latin script) was forbidden.
This ban was lifted in 1904, and a period of Latgalian reawakening began. Two years later, Latgalian politician Francis Trasuns was elected as a member of the State Duma of the Russian Empire.[9]
Latgale as part of independent Latvia
After the First Latgale Latvians Congress in 1917, it was decided that
In January 1920, a joint force of Latvian and Polish armies defeated the Soviet 15th Army in the battle of Daugavpils[11]: 76–77 which lead to the resignation of the government of Soviet Latvia on 13 January and Latvian-Russian cease-fire on 1 February 1920.
After signing of the
Latgale during and after World War II
During the World War II, Latgale was first occupied by the Soviet Union in 1940 and by the Nazi Germany in 1941. In 1944, at the beginning of the second occupation of Latvia by the Soviet Union, the eastern municipalities of the Abrene district including Abrene were incorporated into the Russian SFSR.
Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the restoration of Latvian independence in 1991, Latgale regained its status of one of the cultural regions of the Republic of Latvia.
Geography
The land size of Latgale is 14,547 km2 and it is bigger than some of the
Latgale is known as The land of lakes due to large number of lakes in the region. The biggest lake in Latgale and second biggest in Latvia is Lake Rāzna in Rēzekne Municipality.[12] Its area is 57.81 km2. Lake Drīdzis, located in the Krāslava Municipality is the deepest lake in Latvia with a maximum depth of 65.1 meters. Dubna is the longest river in Latgale and 8th longest river in Latvia with a length of 120 kilometres. Other major rivers of the region are Rēzekne (116 km) and Malta (105 km).
The highest point of Latgale is Lielais Liepukalns, 289.8 meters high.
Culture
Latgale region historically had its cultural differences in comparison to the rest of Latvia, such as religion, traditions, and language.
Religion
Due to the influence of
One of the most important
Latgalian pottery
The region of Latgale historically has been the most prolific producer of
In 20th century, Latgalian ceramicists started to create decorative wares, such as candlesticks and decorative plates. Latgalian ceramics rose to the international prominence, when Andrejs Paulāns and Polikarps Vilcāns works were awarded with a Gold Medal at the 1937 Paris Exhibition.[18] In early Soviet period, Latgalian ceramicists struggled because of high taxes and being forced to join the kolkhoz's. Since 50's, ceramicists became more respected thanks to the enthusiasm of Gaigalava-born art historian Jānis Pujāts, who organized exhibitions in Latvia and outside its borders that showcased the works of several Latgalian ceramicists. In 1958, Andrejs Paulāns and Polikarps Vilcāns became first Latgalian ceramicists to be recognized as the People's Artists of the Latvian SSR.[18]
Ceramics remains one of the trademarks of Latgale and has a great legacy in the region. Established in 1976, Latgale Ceramics Studio in
In 2020, the Bank of Latvia issued a commemorative Latgalian Ceramics 2 euro coin that features a candelabra on it.[22]
Notable people
Famous people who have been born or lived in present-day Latgale:
- Ceramicists: Andrejs Paulāns, Polikarps Vilcāns, Ādams Kāpostiņš
- Painters: Staņislavs Kreics, Jāzeps Pīgoznis, Mark Rothko
- Film directors: Jānis Streičs
- Classical musicians: Jānis Ivanovs, Iveta Apkalna, Nikolai Zaremba
- Writers: Yury Tynyanov, Jānis Pujāts, Władysław Studnicki
- Opera singers: Kristine Opolais
- Bishops: Jānis Bulis, Jānis Pujats, Julijans Vaivods, Antonijs Springovičs
- Politicians: Francis Trasuns, Yakov Pliner, Ilze Viņķele, Jānis Tutins
- Football players: Artjoms Rudņevs, Edgars Gauračs, Aleksandrs Isakovs, Vladislavs Kozlovs, Aleksandrs Cauņa, Vadims Logins, Ivans Lukjanovs, Māris Smirnovs, Mihails Ziziļevs, Antonijs Černomordijs, Jurģis Pučinskis
See also
References
- ^ a b "ISG020. Population number and its change by statistical region, city, town, 21 development centres and county". Central Statistical Bureau of Latvia. 1 January 2020. Retrieved 12 February 2021.
- ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.
- ^ a b c Iannaccaro, Gabriele (2011). "Sociolinguistica: language and Religion": 102.
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(help) - ^ Tautas skaitīšana: Latgalē trešā daļa iedzīvotāju ikdienā lieto latgaliešu valodu
- ^ "Mākoņkalns. Order castle Wolkenburg". medievalheritage.eu. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ Dariusz Kupisz, Psków 1581–1582, Warszawa, 2006
- ISBN 9780313331251.
- ^ "Dzelzceļa tīkla vēsture - Krievijas Impērija". ldzb.lv. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ "Francis Trasuns – Priest and Publicist". lu.lv. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "How Latgale chose to join Latvia". eng.lsm.lv. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ISBN 9780712606943
- ^ "Rāzna National Park". latvia.travel. Retrieved 21 February 2021.
- ^ "Agreement Between the Holy See and the Republic of Latvia". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
- ^ "Pāvests septembrī apmeklēs Latgolu". lakuga.lv. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
- ^ Pujāts, Jānis. Latgales keramika. Rēzekne:Latgales kultūras centra izdevniecība, 2002, pages 20-26
- ^ Pujāts, Jānis (1 April 1980). "Latgales keramikas dienas" (7 ed.). Zvaigzne. p. 15-16.
- ^ "Ceramics of Latgale". futureofmuseums.eu. Retrieved 26 July 2013.
- ^ a b Pujāts, Jānis (15 January 1959). "Latgales keramikas plaukumam" (2 ed.). Druva. p. 24-25.
- ^ "Andrejs Paulāns folk applied art studio". rezekne.lv. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ Romanovskis, V. (6 December 1986). "Svētki mūsu ielā" (145 ed.). Ļeņina karogs. p. 3.
- ^ "The Rainis Museum "Jasmuiža"". memorialiemuzeji.lv. Retrieved 16 February 2021.
- ^ "On 2 euro commemorative coin "Latgalian Ceramics"". bank.lv. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
External links
- lt:Latgala overview in Lithuanian
- Online Latgalian–Latvian dictionary.
- Online Lithuanian-Latvian-Latgalian dictionary.
- Latgalian folk song "Nadūd Dīvs veitūlam"
- Latgalian folk song "Seika, moza mæityneite"
- Latgalian folk song "Īšu, īšu, tæ nabyušu"
- (in Latgalian) News from Latgale
- (in Latgalian) Radio station "Latgales radio"- 64_aac- 64_mp3