Latin American literature
Latin American literature consists of the
History
Pre-Columbian literature
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Pre-Columbian cultures are documented as primarily oral, though the Aztecs and Mayans, for instance, produced elaborate
Colonial literature
From the very moment when Europeans encountered the New World, early explorers and
Mestizos and natives also contributed to the body of colonial literature. Authors such as
During the colonial period, written culture was often in the hands of the church, the context within which
The 19th Century of Latin American Literature
The 19th century was a period of "foundational fictions" (in critic Doris Sommer's words),[3] novels in the Romantic or Naturalist traditions that attempted to establish a sense of national identity, and which often focused on the role and rights of the indigenous or the dichotomy of "civilization or barbarism", pioneered in Latin America by Esteban Echeverría[4] who was influenced by the Parisian romantics while he lived there from 1825 to 1830. Romanticism was then taken up by other prominent literary figures, for which see, the Argentine Domingo Sarmiento's Facundo (1845). Likewise, Alberto Blest Gana's Martin Rivas (1862), widely acknowledged as the first Chilean novel, was at once a passionate love story and a national epic about revolution.[5][6] Other foundation fictions include the Colombian Jorge Isaacs's María (1867), Ecuadorian Juan León Mera's Cumandá (1879), or the Brazilian Euclides da Cunha's Os Sertões (1902). Such works are still the bedrocks of national canons, and usually mandatory elements of high school curricula.
Other important works of 19th century Latin American literature include regional classics, such as José Hernández's epic poem Martín Fierro (1872). The story of a poor gaucho drafted to fight a frontier war against Indians, Martín Fierro is an example of the "gauchesque", an Argentine genre of poetry centered around the lives of gauchos.[7]
The literary movements of the nineteenth century in Latin America range from Neoclassicism at the beginning of the century to Romanticism in the middle of the century, to Realism and Naturalism in the final third of the century, and finally to the invention of Modernismo, a distinctly Latin American literary movement, at the end of the nineteenth century. The next sections discuss prominent trends in these movements more thoroughly.
Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, and Emerging Literary Trends
The
Male authors mainly dominated colonial literature, with the exception of literary greats such as
Modernismo, the Vanguards, and Boom precursors
In the late 19th century, modernismo emerged, a poetic movement whose founding text was the Nicaraguan Rubén Darío's Azul (1888). This was the first Latin American poetry movement to influence literary culture outside of the region, and was also the first truly Latin American literature, in that national differences were no longer as much of an issue and authors sought to establish Latin American connections. José Martí, for instance, though a Cuban patriot, also lived in Mexico and the United States and wrote for journals in Argentina and elsewhere. In 1900 the Uruguayan José Enrique Rodó wrote what became read as a manifesto for the region's cultural awakening, Ariel. Delmira Agustini, one of the female figures of modernismo, wrote poetry that both utilized typical modernist images (such as swans) and adapted them with feminist messages and erotic themes, as critic Sylvia Molloy describes.[12]
Though modernismo itself is often seen as aestheticist and anti-political, some poets and essayists, Martí among them but also the Peruvians Manuel González Prada and José Carlos Mariátegui, introduced compelling critiques of the contemporary social order and particularly the plight of Latin America's indigenous peoples. In this way, the early twentieth century also saw the rise of indigenismo, a trend previously popularized by Clorinda Matto de Turner, that was dedicated to representing indigenous culture and the injustices that such communities were undergoing, as for instance with the Peruvian José María Arguedas and the Mexican Rosario Castellanos.
Resistance against colonialism, a trend that emerged earlier in the nineteenth century, was also extremely important in modernismo. This resistance literature was promoted by prominent modernists including the aforementioned José Martí (1853–1895) and Rubén Darío (1867–1916). Martí warned readers about the imperialistic tendencies of the United States and described how Latin America should avoid allowing the United States to intervene in their affairs. A prime example of this sort of message is found in Martí's Our America, published in 1892. Darío also worked to highlight the threat of American imperialism, which can be seen in his poem To Roosevelt, as well as his other works Cake-Walk: El Baile de Moda. Many of his works were published in La Revista Moderna de Mexico, a modernist magazine of the time.[11]
The Argentine Jorge Luis Borges invented what was almost a new genre, the philosophical short story, and would go on to become one of the most influential of all Latin American writers. At the same time, Roberto Arlt offered a very different style, closer to mass culture and popular literature, reflecting the urbanization and European immigration that was shaping the Southern Cone. Both writers were the most important emergents in an important controversy in Argentinian literature between the so-called Florida Group of Borges and other writers and artists that used to meet at the Richmond Cafe in the centrical Florida street of Buenos Aires city vs. the Boedo Group of Roberto Arlt that used to meet at the Japanese Cafe in the most periferical Boedo borough of the same city.
The Venezuelan
Notable figures in Brazil at this time include the exceptional novelist and short story writer
In the 1920s Mexico, the
Poetry after Modernismo
There is a vibrant tradition of
Leaders of the vanguard whose poetry express love, romance, and a commitment to left leaning regional politics are
After
The Boom
After World War II, Latin America enjoyed increasing economic prosperity, and a new-found confidence also gave rise to a literary boom. From 1960 to 1967, some of the major seminal works of the boom were published and before long became widely noticed, admired, and commented on beyond Latin America itself. Many of these novels and collections of short stories were somewhat rebellious from the general point of view of Latin America culture. Authors crossed traditional boundaries, experimented with language, and often mixed different styles of writing in their works.
Structures of literary works were also changing. Boom writers ventured outside traditional narrative structures, embracing non-linearity and experimental narration. The figure of Jorge Luis Borges, though not a Boom author per se, was extremely influential for the Boom generation. Latin American authors were inspired by North American and European authors such as William Faulkner, James Joyce, and Virginia Woolf, by the legendary Spanish poet and dramatist Federico García Lorca as well as by each other's works; many of the authors knew one another, which led to a mutual crossbreeding of styles.
The Boom launched Latin American literature onto the world stage. It was distinguished by daring and experimental novels such as
Though the literary boom occurred while Latin America was having commercial success, the works of this period tended to move away from the positives of the modernization that was underway. Boom works often tended not to focus on social and local issues, but rather on universal and at times metaphysical themes.
Political turmoil in Latin American countries such as Cuba at this time influenced the literary boom as well. Some works anticipated an end to the prosperity that was occurring, and even predicted old problems would resurface in the near future. Their works foreshadowed the events to come in the future of Latin America, with the 1970s and 1980s dictatorships, economic turmoil, and Dirty Wars.
Post-Boom and Macondo
Post-Boom literature is sometimes characterized by a tendency towards irony and humor, as the narrative of
The Spanish language author who has had most impact in United States has been Roberto Bolaño.[18] Overall, contemporary literature in the region is vibrant and varied, ranging from the best-selling Paulo Coelho and Isabel Allende to the more avant-garde and critically acclaimed work of writers such as Diamela Eltit, Giannina Braschi, Luisa Valenzuela, Marcos Aguinis, Ricardo Piglia, Roberto Ampuero, Jorge Marchant Lazcano, Alicia Yánez, Jaime Bayly, Alonso Cueto, Edmundo Paz Soldán, Gioconda Belli, Jorge Franco, Daniel Alarcon, Víctor Montoya or Mario Mendoza Zambrano. Other important figures include the Argentine César Aira, the Peruvian-Mexican Mario Bellatin or the Colombian Fernando Vallejo, whose La virgen de los sicarios depicted the violence in Medellín under the influence of the drug trade. Emerging voices include Fernando Ampuero, Miguel Gutierrez, Edgardo Rivera Martinez, Jaime Marchán and Manfredo Kempff.
There has also been considerable attention paid to the genre of testimonio, texts produced in collaboration with subaltern subjects such as Rigoberta Menchú.
Finally, a new breed of chroniclers is represented by the more journalistic Carlos Monsiváis and Pedro Lemebel, who draw also on the long-standing tradition of essayistic production as well as the precedents of engaged and creative non-fiction represented by the Uruguayan Eduardo Galeano and the Mexican Elena Poniatowska, among others.
Prominent 20th century writers
According to literary critic
Among the novelists, perhaps the most prominent author to emerge from Latin America in the 20th century is
Among the greatest poets of the 20th century is Pablo Neruda; according to Gabriel García Márquez, Neruda "is the greatest poet of the 20th century, in any language."[21]
Mexican writer and poet Octavio Paz is unique among Latin American writers in having won the Nobel Prize, the Neustadt Prize, and the Cervantes Prize. Paz has also been a recipient of the Jerusalem Prize, as well as an honorary doctorate from Harvard.
The most important literary prize of the Spanish language is widely considered to be the
The Latin American authors who have won the most prestigious literary award in the world, the
The Neustadt International Prize for Literature, perhaps the most important international literary award after the Nobel Prize, counts several Latin American authors among its recipients; they include: Claribel Alegría (Nicaragua), Álvaro Mutis (Colombia), João Cabral de Melo Neto (Brazil), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia). Candidates for the prize include: Arturo Uslar Pietri (Venezuela), Ricardo Piglia (Argentina), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Marjorie Agosin (Chile), Eduardo Galeano (Uruguay), Homero Aridjis (Mexico), Luis Fernando Verissimo (Brazil), Augusto Monterroso (Guatemala), Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua), Carlos Fuentes (Mexico), Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina), Jorge Amado (Brazil), Ernesto Sábato (Argentina), Carlos Drummond de Andrade (Brazil), and Pablo Neruda (Chile).
Another important international literary award is the Jerusalem Prize; its recipients include: Marcos Aguinis (Argentina), Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru), Ernesto Sabato (Argentina), Octavio Paz (Mexico), and Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina).
Latin American authors who figured in prominent literary critic Harold Bloom's The Western Canon list of the most enduring works of world literature include: Rubén Dário, Jorge Luis Borges, Alejo Carpentier, Guillermo Cabrera Infante, Severo Sarduy, Reinaldo Arenas, Pablo Neruda, Octavio Paz, César Vallejo, Miguel Ángel Asturias, José Lezama Lima, José Donoso, Julio Cortázar, Gabriel García Márquez, Mario Vargas Llosa, Carlos Fuentes, and Carlos Drummond de Andrade.
Brazilian authors who have won the Camões Prize, the most prestigious literary award in the Portuguese language, include: João Cabral de Melo Neto, Rachel de Queiroz, Jorge Amado, Antonio Candido, Autran Dourado, Rubem Fonseca, Lygia Fagundes Telles, João Ubaldo Ribeiro, and Ferreira Gullar. Some notable authors who have won Brazil's Prêmio Machado de Assis include: Rachel de Queiroz, Cecília Meireles, João Guimarães Rosa, Érico Veríssimo, Lúcio Cardoso, and Ferreira Gullar.
Prominent 21st-century writers
Latin American literature produced since 2000 spans a wide realm of schools and styles. In the 20th Century, Latin American literary studies was primarily centered around what came before, during, and after The Boom.
Latin American Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature
- Gabriela Mistral, Chile (1945)
- Miguel Ángel Asturias, Guatemala (1967)
- Pablo Neruda, Chile (1971)
- Gabriel García Márquez, Colombia (1982)
- Octavio Paz, Mexico (1990)
- Mario Vargas Llosa, Peru (2010)
Chronology: Late 19th century-present day
- 1888 Azul Rubén Darío (Nicaragua)
- 1889 Aves sin nido Clorinda Matto de Turner (Peru)
- 1899 Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis(Brazil)
- 1900 Ariel José Enrique Rodó (Uruguay)
- 1900 El Moto Joaquin Garcia Monge(Costa Rica)
- 1902 Los maitines de la noche Julio Herrera y Reissig (Uruguay)
- 1902 Os Sertões Euclides da Cunha (Brazil)
- 1903 Horas lejanas Darío Herrera (Panama)
- 1915 El hombre de oro Rufino Blanco-Fombona(Venezuela)
- 1915 Los de abajo Mariano Azuela (Mexico)
- 1917 Los sueños son vida Ricardo Jaimes Freyre (Bolivia)
- 1919 Irremediablemente Alfonsina Storni (Argentina)
- 1919 Los frutos ácidos Alfonso Hernández Catá (Cuba)
- 1919 Raza de bronce Alcides Arguedas (Bolivia)
- 1922 La amada inmóvil Amado Nervo (Mexico)
- 1922 Trilce César Vallejo (Peru)
- 1922 Paulicéia desvairada Mário de Andrade (Brazil)
- 1922 Desolación Gabriela Mistral (Chile)
- 1922 La señorita Etcétera Arqueles Vela (Mexico)
- 1924 La vorágine José Eustasio Rivera (Colombia)
- 1926 Don Segundo Sombra Ricardo Güiraldes (Argentina)
- 1926 La canción de una vida Fabio Fiallo (Dominican Republic)
- 1928 Macunaíma Mário de Andrade (Brazil)
- 1928 Poemas en menguante Mariano Brull (Cuba)
- 1929 Doña Bárbara Rómulo Gallegos (Venezuela)
- 1929 Los siete locos Roberto Arlt (Argentina)
- 1929 Onda Rogelio Sinán (Panama)
- 1930 O Quinze Rachel de Queiroz (Brazil)
- 1931 Altazor Vicente Huidobro (Chile)
- 1931 Las lanzas coloradas Arturo Uslar Pietri (Venezuela)
- 1931 Sóngoro Cosongo Nicolás Guillén (Cuba)
- 1934 Huasipungo Jorge Icaza(Ecuador)
- 1936 Angústia Graciliano Ramos (Brazil)
- 1937 Doble acento Eugenio Florit (Cuba)
- 1938 Olhai os Lírios do Campo Érico Veríssimo(Brazil)
- 1939 El pozo Juan Carlos Onetti (Uruguay)
- 1940 La invención de Morel Adolfo Bioy Casares (Argentina)
- 1940 Mamita Yunai Carlos Luis Fallas (Costa Rica)
- 1941 El mundo es ancho y ajeno Ciro Alegría (Peru)
- 1943 Todo verdor perecerá Eduardo Mallea (Argentina)
- 1943 Vestido de Noiva Nelson Rodrigues (Brazil)
- 1944 Ficciones Jorge Luis Borges (Argentina)
- 1945 A rosa do povo Carlos Drummond de Andrade (Brazil)
- 1946 El señor presidente Miguel Ángel Asturias(Guatemala)
- 1947 Al filo del agua Agustín Yáñez (Mexico)
- 1948 El túnel Ernesto Sabato(Argentina)
- 1948 Adán Buenosayres Leopoldo Marechal (Argentina)
- 1949 Hombres de maíz Miguel Ángel Asturias (Guatemala)
- 1949 Érico Veríssimo(Brazil)
- 1949 El Aleph Jorge Luis Borges(Argentina)
- 1949 El reino de este mundo Alejo Carpentier (Cuba)
- 1950 Canto general Pablo Neruda (Chile)
- 1950 El laberinto de la soledad Octavio Paz (Mexico)
- 1950 La vida breve Juan Carlos Onetti (Uruguay)
- 1950 Prisión verde Ramón Amaya Amador (Honduras)
- 1951 La mano junto al muro Guillermo Meneses (Venezuela)
- 1952 Confabulario Juan José Arreola (Mexico)
- 1952 La carne de René Virgilio Piñera (Cuba)
- 1953 Los pasos perdidos Alejo Carpentier (Cuba)
- 1955 El negrero Lino Novás Calvo (Cuba)
- 1955 Morte e Vida Severina João Cabral de Melo Neto (Brazil)
- 1955 Pedro Páramo Juan Rulfo (Mexico)
- 1956 Grande Sertão: Veredas João Guimarães Rosa (Brazil)
- 1956 La hora 0 Ernesto Cardenal (Nicaragua)
- 1958 Gabriela, cravo e canela Jorge Amado (Brazil)
- 1958 Los ríos profundos José María Arguedas (Peru)
- 1959 A Morte e a Morte de Quincas Berro d'Água Jorge Amado (Brazil)
- 1960 Hijo de hombre Augusto Roa Bastos (Paraguay)
- 1960 La tregua Mario Benedetti (Uruguay)
- 1962 Sobre héroes y tumbas Ernesto Sabato (Argentina)
- 1962 El siglo de las luces Alejo Carpentier (Cuba)
- 1962 La amortajada María Luisa Bombal (Chile)
- 1962 La muerte de Artemio Cruz Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
- 1963 Rayuela Julio Cortázar (Argentina)
- 1963 La ciudad y los perros Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
- 1964 A Paixão segundo G.H. Clarice Lispector (Brazil)
- 1965 O Vampiro de Curitiba Dalton Trevisan (Brazil)
- 1965 Marzo anterior José Balza (Venezuela)
- 1966 Cenizas de Izalco Claribel Alegría (El Salvador)
- 1966 La casa verde Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
- 1966 Paradiso José Lezama Lima (Cuba)
- 1967 Tres tristes tigres Guillermo Cabrera Infante (Cuba)
- 1967 Cien años de soledad Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
- 1967 Quarup Antônio Callado (Brazil)
- 1968 Fuera del juego Heberto Padilla(Cuba)
- 1969 El mundo alucinante Reinaldo Arenas (Cuba)
- 1970 El obsceno pájaro de la noche José Donoso (Chile)
- 1970 La cruz invertida Marcos Aguinis (Argentina)
- 1971 Sargento Getúlio João Ubaldo Ribeiro (Brazil)
- 1973 As Meninas Lygia Fagundes Telles (Brazil)
- 1974 Yo, el supremo Augusto Roa Bastos (Paraguay)
- 1974 El limonero real Juan José Saer (Argentina)
- 1975 El otoño del patriarca Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
- 1975 Lavoura Arcaica Raduan Nassar (Brazil)
- 1975 Pobrecito poeta que era yo Roque Dalton (El Salvador)
- 1975 Poema Sujo Ferreira Gullar (Brazil)
- 1975 Terra nostra Carlos Fuentes (Mexico)
- 1976 El beso de la mujer araña Manuel Puig (Argentina)
- 1976 La guaracha del Macho Camacho Luis Rafael Sánchez (Puerto Rico)
- 1978 Maitreya Severo Sarduy (Cuba)
- 1978 Casa de campo José Donoso (Chile)
- 1979 O Que É Isso, Companheiro? Fernando Gabeira (Brazil)
- 1980 Respiración artificial Ricardo Piglia (Argentina)
- 1981 La guerra del fin del mundo Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
- 1982 La casa de los espíritus Isabel Allende (Chile)
- 1985 El amor en los tiempos del cólera Gabriel García Márquez (Colombia)
- 1985 El desfile del amor Sergio Pitol (Mexico)
- 1988 El imperio de los sueños Giannina Braschi (Puerto Rico)
- 1988 O Alquimista Paulo Coelho (Brazil)
- 1989 Como agua para chocolate Laura Esquivel (Mexico)
- 1990 Agosto Rubem Fonseca (Brazil)
- 1991 La Gesta del Marrano Marcos Aguinis (Argentina)
- 1992 Antes que anochezca Reinaldo Arenas (Cuba)
- 1995 Maqroll el gaviero Álvaro Mutis (Colombia)
- 1998 Yo-Yo Boing! Giannina Braschi (Puerto Rico)
- 1998 Los detectives salvajes Roberto Bolaño (Chile)
- 1999 La pasion segun Carmela Marcos Aguinis (Argentina)
- 2000 La fiesta del chivo Mario Vargas Llosa (Peru)
- 2000 Dois irmãos Milton Hatoum (Brazil)
- 2001 La reina de América Jorge Majfud (Uruguay)
- 2002 Ojos, de otro mirar: poemas Homero Aridjis (Mexico)
- 2002 Poesía Dulce María Loynaz (Cuba)
- 2004 2666 Roberto Bolaño (Chile)
- 2007 The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao Junot Díaz (Dominican Republic)
- 2011 United States of Banana Giannina Braschi (Puerto Rico)
- 2019 Torto Arado Itamar Vieira Junior (Brazil)
Literature by nationality
Latin American literature written in Spanish and Portuguese by nationality:
- Argentine literature
- Bolivian literature
- Brazilian literature
- Chilean literature
- Colombian literature
- Costa Rican literature
- Cuban literature
- Dominican literature
- Ecuadorian literature
- Guatemalan literature
- Honduran literature
- Mexican literature
- Nicaraguan literature
- Panamanian literature
- Paraguayan literature
- Peruvian literature
- Puerto Rican literature
- Salvadoran literature
- Uruguayan literature
- Venezuelan literature
Latin American literature in other languages by nationality:
See also
- Afro-Latin Americans
- Asian Latin Americans
- Caribbean literature
- Chicano literature
- Chicano poetry
- Culture of Latin America
- Dictator Novel
- Guyanese literature
- Indigenous peoples of South America
- Latin American Gothic
- Latino American literature
- Latino American poetry
- Nuyorican
- Portuguese-language literature
- Spanish-language literature
- Surinamese literature
- White Latin Americans
- Indigenous peoples of the Americas § Central America
- Latin American Canadians § Writers
References
- ^ "First Printing Press in the Americas was Established in Mexico".
- ^ "Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz". December 7, 2020.
- )
- ^ The Slaughteryard (2010), by Esteban Echeverría, Norman Thomas di Giovanni and Susan Ashe, trans by Juan María Gutiérrez, (HarperCollins Publishers: London)
- ISSN 0027-8378. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
- JSTOR 333596.
- ^ "The Gaucho Martin Fierro | work by Hernández". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved August 26, 2020.
- ^ Lagasse, Paul. "Spanish American Literature".
- ^ Arango-Ramos, Fanny D. "Resistance Literature in Spanish America".
- ^ Denegri, Francesca. "Women's Writing in the 19th Century".
- ^ a b Arrango-Ramos, Fanny D. "Resistance Literature in Spanish America".
- ^ Molloy, Sylvia (September 1983). "Dos lecturas del cisne: Rubén Darío y Delmira Agustini". Revista de la Universidad de México (10464).
- ^ )
- OCLC 1143649021.
- ^ "Vicente Huidobro | Chilean writer". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 3, 2020.
- ^ Quispe, Esteban. "Translations of Two Poems by César Moro".
- )
- ^ Roberto Bolaño: diez años sin el autor que conquistó a los jóvenes escritores
- ^ The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages. New York: Harcourt Brace, 1994.
- ^ Jorge Luis Borges: Conversations. Ed. Richard Burgin. Univ of Miss. 1998.
- ^ Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza (1 March 1983). The fragrance of guava: Conversations with Gabriel García Márquez. Verso. p. 49. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
- ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
- ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
- ^ OCLC 1121419672.)
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (link - ^ "Horror in Literature and Film in Latin America". obo. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
- ^ "Postmodern Literature in Latin America". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved September 7, 2020.
Further reading
- The FSG Book of Twentieth-Century Latin American Poetry: An Anthology / ed. Ilan Stavans, 2011.
- The Norton Anthology of Latino Literature / eds. Ilan Stavans, Edna Acosta-Belén, Harold Augenbraum, Gustavo Pérez Firmat, 2010.
- Latin American women writers: an encyclopedia / ed. María André; Eva Bueno., 2008
- A companion to Latin American literature and culture / ed. Sara Castro-Klarén, 2008
- The Cambridge companion to the Latin American novel / ed. Efraín Kristal, 2005
- Encyclopedia of Latin American and Caribbean literature, 1900–2003 / ed. Daniel Balderston, 2004
- Literary cultures of Latin America : a comparative history / ed. Mario J. Valdés, 2004
- Latin American writers at work (Interviews) / ed. George Plimpton, 2003
- Literatures of Latin America: from Antiquity to the Present / Willis Barnstone, 2003
- Cuerpos errantes: literatura latina y latinoamericana en Estados Unidos/ Laura Rosa Loustau, 2002.
- Latin American writers. Supplement I / ed. Carlos A Solé; Klaus Müller-Bergh., 2002
- Concise encyclopedia of Latin American literature / ed. Verity Smith, 2000
- Latin American literature and its times (12 volumes) / Joyce Moss, 1999
- Mutual impressions : writers from the Americas reading one another / ed. Ilan Stavans, 1999
External links
- Literature from Latin America, from LANIC
- Palabra virtual Latin American Poetry.
- miniTEXTOS.org Contemporary short-stories, poetry, essays and theatre.
- Latineos Latin America, Caribbean, arts and culture