Latin rights

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Latin Rights
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Not to be confused with Latin liturgical rites.
"Latinitas" redirects here. For the quality of Latin writing, see Latinity.
coloniae outside of Latium
had Latin rights.

All the Latini of Italy obtained Roman citizenship as a result of three laws which were introduced during the

Social War between the Romans and their allies among the Italic peoples (socii) which rebelled against Rome.[clarification needed] The Lex Iulia de Civitate Latinis (et sociis) Danda of 90 BC conferred Roman citizenship on all citizens of the Latin towns and the Italic towns who had not rebelled. The Lex Plautia Papiria de Civitate Sociis Danda of 89 BC granted Roman citizenship to all federated towns in Italy south of the River Po
(in northern Italy). The Lex Pompeia de Transpadanis of 89 BC granted the ius Latii to the communities of Transpadania, a region north of the Po, which had sided with Rome during the Social War. It also granted Roman citizenship to those who became officials in their respective municipia (cities).

The exact content of the ius Latii, under Roman law, varied from city to city. It could include some or all of the following rights:[citation needed]

  • Ius commercii: the right to trade, i. e., the right to have commercial relations and trade with Roman citizens on equal status and to use the same forms of contract as Roman citizens;
  • Ius connubii: the right to marry pursuant to law;
  • Ius migrationis: the right to migrate, i. e., the right to retain one's degree of citizenship upon relocation to another municipium. In other words, Latin status was not lost when moving to other locales in Italy.
  • Ius civitatis mutandae: the right to become Roman citizens.

Some also had, under certain conditions, the Ius suffragii ("right to vote"); this was exercised as part of a single tribe and only if they migrated to Rome (differently from Roman citizens, who could exercise their right to vote, if they were in Rome, as part of their various tribes).[2] Outside of Italy, the term Latinitas continued to be used for other cases. Cicero used this term in relation to Julius Caesar's grant of Latin rights to the Sicilians in 44 BC.[3] This status was later given to whole towns and regions: Vespasian granted it to the whole of Hispania[4] and the emperor Hadrian gave it to many towns.[5] The ius Latii or Latinitas persisted to the reign of Justinian I in the sixth century AD. [6]

Origin

Roman colonies
which were founded around Italy in the fourth and third centuries BC to strengthen Roman control, as Rome expanded its hegemony over the peninsula. They were colonies which were given Latin legal status, and their settlers the ius Latii, instead of the Roman legal status of other colonies whose settlers kept Roman citizenship. Colonies of Latin status were called "Latin colonies" and those of Roman status were called "Roman colonies". Roman citizens who settled in a Latin colony lost their Roman citizenship and acquired ius Latii. Latin colonies were usually larger than Roman colonies and were populated largely by Latins and other allies.

With Roman expansion beyond Italy, Latin colonies were also founded outside Italy, e. g.

San Roque), which was founded in Hispania in 171 BC and was the first Latin colony outside of Italy. In 122 BC, the plebeian tribune Gaius Gracchus introduced a law which extended the ius Latii to all other residents of Italy. This reflected the increasing ties between Rome and the Italic peoples through trade and the ties between the leading families in the Italian towns and patrician families in Rome.[7] In 44 BC, Julius Caesar granted the ius Latii to all free-born Sicilians.[8]

Under the Empire

Following the great spate of colonial settlements under

decurions of a town, as distinguished from Latium minus, which conferred it only on those who held a magistracy.[9][10]

The acquisition of ius Latii was wholly dependent on imperial gift. This beneficence could span the whole range from grants to individuals to awards made to whole towns, and could even be applied to an entire population, as when Emperor Vespasian gave the ius Latii to all of Hispania in AD 74. Although this decree could encompass whole cities, it is important to note that it did not necessarily entail the establishment of a municipium (self-governing town). Often, as in Hispania, formal municipia might have been constituted several years after the initial grant.

Notes

  1. ^ Latinitas also means "purity of language", that is, the use of "good Latin" or "correct Latin", equivalent to hellenismos; see Latinity and, for instance, Laurent Pernot, Rhetoric in Antiquity (The Catholic University of America Press, 2005), p. 103 online; Richard Leo Enos, "Rhetorica ad Herennium", in Classical Rhetorics and Rhetoricians (Greenwood, 2005), p. 332 online; John Richard Dugan, Making a New Man: Ciceronian Self-Fashioning in the Rhetorical Works (Oxford University Press, 2005), passim; Brian A. Krostenko, Cicero, Catullus, and the Language of Social Performance (University of Chicago Press, 2001), p. 123 online.
  2. ISBN 9788892104334
    .
  3. ^ Cicero, ad Atticus, 14, 12.
  4. ^ Pliny the Elder, Natural History, 3, 4.
  5. ^ Historia Augusta, The Life of Hadrian, 21.
  6. ^ Some of the material for this paragraph is from Smith's Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities.
  7. ^ Pearson, M., Perils of Empire: The Roman Republic and the American Republic (2008), p. 210
  8. ^ Wilson, R. J. A., "Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica", in Bowman, A. K., Champlin, E., Lintott, A., (eds), The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 10: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC - AD 69 (1996), p. 434.
  9. ^ Birley, "Hadrian and the Antonines", in Bowman, A.K., Garnsey. P., The Cambridge Ancient History, Volume 11: The High Empire, AD 70 (2000), P. 139
  10. ^ Studi in onore di Remo Martini, Vol. 3 (Guffre Editore), 210, p. 470

Sources

External links
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