Latino literature

Celebrated Puerto Rican novels include Piri Thomas's Down These Mean Streets^[6] and Giannina Braschi's Yo-Yo Boing! and her geopolitical comic tragedy in English about the liberation of Puerto Rico, United States of Banana.^[7][8] Other novels of note are Rosario Ferré's Eccentric Neighborhoods, Luis Rafael Sanchez's Macho Camacho's Beat, and Richie Narvaez's Hipster Death Rattle.^[9] Puerto Rico and its diaspora have also produced important playwrights such as René Marqués, Luis Rafael Sánchez, José Rivera, and Lin-Manuel Miranda, and poets such as Julia de Burgos, Miguel Algarin, Giannina Braschi, and Pedro Pietri, as well as various members of the Nuyorican Poets Café.^[10]

Latino writer

The definition of “Latino writer” used here is the same as that developed by William Luis in his study of Latino Caribbean Literature, Dance Between Two Cultures (1997). Luis’s definition is predicated on distinguishing Hispanic writers—“who were raised and educated in their native countries and later emigrated or were forced to flee to the United States,” and who write, “mostly about themes pertaining to their island of provenance”—from Latino writers—“who were born and raised in the United States and who for the most part write in English” (xi). Debate exists amongst the scholarly community as to whether or not to adopt the term “Latino as a more inclusive, non-gendered way of making reference to what has been previously referred to as “Latino” cultural production. As no term has yet been standardized in academic publications, and given that this article does not explicitly refer to queer Latino authors, I will maintain Luis’ terminology throughout the essay, while reminding the reader that the term “Latino literature” is intended here to be absolutely inclusive, referring the work of male, female, and queer authors who do not identify within a binary gender classification system."^[2]

Dominican-American

Prominent Cuban-American works include Roberto G. Fernandez’ Raining Backwards (1988), Cristina Garcia’s Dreaming in Cuban (1992), and Oscar Hijuelos’ The Mambo Kings Play Songs of Love (1989); and their colleagues in poetry Ana Menéndez, Richard Blanco, and Rafael Campo.^[11] Latino philosophers from Cuba who write about the intersection of literature and philosophy include Jorge J. E. Gracia, Ofelia Schutte, Rolando Perez, and Gustavo Perez Firmat.^[12]

Poetry

Framing: jíbaro poetry and the prologue The poem Santiago chooses to frame her narrative is “Claroscuro,” by Luis Lloréns Torres, an appropriate choice since he is considered Puerto Rico’s national poet. 9 El bohío de la loma, Bajo sus alas de paja, Siente el frescor mañanero Y abre sus ojos al alba. (xiii)^[13]

Borderland cultures

"As a zone of interpenetration between two previously distinct peoples.” However, partly because of a “stigma” attached to the term frontier (the backlash against the Turner Thesis), historians have suggested alternatives such as the “contact zone,” or Richard White’s “Middle Space.”1 Borderlands has come to be favored by many anthropologists over frontiers because it suggests a series of “contested boundaries” which “define a geopolitical space,” as Bradley Parker puts it (2006: 80). Literary critics have also found the concept useful to analyze a body of literature that transgresses binary divisions between nations, languages, and cultures.The concept of borderland cultures, in a North American context, has most often been applied to the “contact zone” between the U.S. and Mexico. But this concept is being applied to similar processes going on in other borderlands around the world. Although borderlands are not new historically (Bradley 2006), they are one pronounced type of the contemporary transnational flows which have created the multi-centered identities so typical of the era of globalization."^[13]

21st-century trends

Coming-of-age stories

In recent years, a new wave of writers has emerged in the genre of Latino coming-of-age novels, exploring the experiences of young female protagonists as they navigate the challenges of school and biculturalism. Some notable works in this category include "I Am Not Your Perfect Mexican Daughter" by Erika L. Sánchez (2017) and "The Poet X" by Elizabeth Acevedo (2018), both of which have garnered critical acclaim and captured the attention of readers from diverse backgrounds.^[14]

For young readers in middle school, The Other Half of Happy by Rebecca Balcárcel tells a coming of age story, one of a young girl's longing to return to her father's homeland of Guatemala.^[15] Daniel Alarcón’s At Night We Walk in Circles offer up political satire, such as the plot of an aspiring young actor living in a war-torn, unnamed South American, who lands a role in a farcical play “The Idiot President” and takes the role too seriously.^[16] In stark contrast are the autobiographically inspired adult fiction titles such as Lina Meruane's Seeing Red, about the fear of going blind and having to depend on a lover. This is How You Loose Her by Junot Diaz (2012)^[17] a young student is inappropriately involved in a sexual relationship with an older women. "Bless Me, Ultima" is a renowned Chicano novel written by Rudolfo Anaya, which is commonly included in the curriculum of middle and high schools across America. The novel takes place in rural New Mexico during the 1940s, and it portrays the curandera (spiritual healing) practices of the area, including the collection of healing herbs.^[18] The story revolves around a young boy who finds himself grappling with cultural, religious, and ethical conflicts within his community of farmers, priests, cowboys, and soldiers.These conflicting elements of his society shape his personal growth and development as he comes of age.^[18]

Emergence of Authors from Central America

As the population of Central Americans in the United States grew in the 21st century, there was also a noticeable increase in literary contributions from authors of that region. One of the key examples of this was the publication of "Latino Boom: An Anthology of U.S. Latino Literature", which was the first anthology of its kind to provide both scholarly and pedagogical resources. This influential work was co-edited by John S. Christie and Jose B. Gonzalez, a Salvadoran-American author.

The genres of Latino speculative fiction, science fiction, and fantasy are rapidly expanding, with an increasing number of works being produced in these areas. This growth has led to a surge in the production of Latino comic books and graphic novels, as highlighted in "Latinx Rising," the first anthology of science fiction and fantasy by Latinos living in the United States. This development is significant for both the literary and cultural worlds, as it expands the representation of Latino voices in popular genres and provides new avenues for creative expression.[24] Edited by Matthew David Goodwin and with an introduction by Frederick Luis Aldama, the anthology features a range of speculative and fantasy fiction (i.e., ghosts, aliens, superheroes, robots, talking sardines) written by Junot Diaz, Giannina Braschi, Kathleen Alcalá, Richie Narvaez, Carmen Maria Machado, Ana Castillo, Edmundo Paz Soldan, and emerging Latino short story authors such as Ernest Hogan and Sabrina Vourvoulias.^[25][26]

Latino speculative, fantasy, and weird fiction bring humor to fantastical, futuristic, comedic, and stark political subjects, offering readers strange new concepts such as: Los cosmos azteca, shape shifting robots, pre-Columbian holobooks, talking sardines, and patron saints that are cybernetically wired.^[24] Cultural theorist Christopher Gonzalez argues that Latino fantasy writing provides necessary excursions into the realm of impossible in order for writers and readers to cope with 21st-century realities.^[27] Latino authors write about interconnected social justice, familial, and psychological issues (i.e., colonialism, migration, racism, mass incarceration, and misogyny).

• Kanellos, Nicolás, (ed.) The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Latino Literature (3 vol. 2008)
• Aranda, José, Jr. When We Arrive: A New Literary History of Mexican America. U. of Arizona Press, 2003.
• Thananopavarn, Susan (Mar 19, 2018). LatinAsian Cartographies: History, Writing, and the National Imaginary. Latinidad: Transnational Cultures in the United States. Rutgers University Press.
  ISBN 9780813589848
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• Latino studies
• Latino poetry
• American Literature in Spanish
• List of Mexican-American writers
• List of Puerto Rican writers
• List of Cuban-American writers
• Nuyorican Movement
• Speculative fiction by writers of color
• Decolonization in Latino culture
• Latino theatre in the United States
• Latin American Canadians § Writers

References