Laurea
This article needs additional citations for verification. (June 2013) |
In
The Laurea degree before the Bologna process
Early history
In the early Middle Ages Italian universities awarded both bachelor's and doctor's degrees. However very few bachelor's degrees from Italian universities are recorded in the later Middle Ages and none after 1500.[1] Students could take the doctoral examination without studying at the university. This was criticised by northern Europeans as taking a degree per saltum because they had leapt over the regulations requiring years of study at the university.[2]
Twentieth century
To earn a laurea (degree) undergraduate students had to complete four to six years of university courses,[3] and finally complete a thesis.
Laureati are customarily addressed as dottore (for a man) or dottoressa (for a woman), as are holders of at least a laurea (Legge n. 240/2010 art. 17 comma 2 Riforma Gelmini). This is in contrast with the convention in countries where the title of doctor is restricted to holders of a
Until the introduction of the dottorato di ricerca (PhD-level education) in the mid-1980s, the laurea constituted the highest academic degree obtainable in Italy and gave the holders access to the highest academic positions. Nobel prize winners such as Enrico Fermi, Emilio Segrè, Giulio Natta, Carlo Rubbia and Giorgio Parisi held it as their highest degree.
The pre-Bologna laurea degree (formally named Diploma di laurea or Laurea vecchio ordinamento or Laurea), is now equivalent under Italian law[4] to the new Italian master's degree named Laurea magistrale.
Reforms due to the Bologna process
Spurred by the
First cycle: Laurea
The Laurea (180
Second cycle: Laurea magistrale
The Laurea magistrale (formerly known as Laurea Specialistica, 2002–2006) is a
In some fields (particularly Medicine, Law, Engineering and Architecture) the Laurea magistrale a ciclo unico is awarded. This is a five or six year
The Laurea magistrale should not be confused with the Italian Master, which is not a master's degree, but a one-year diploma (60 ECTS) which guarantees a more practical education but does not give access to further levels of studies (it can be considered similar to a Postgraduate diploma). A I level Master (Master di I livello) is a diploma which can be obtained after a Laurea; a II level Master (Master di II livello) can be gained after a Laurea magistrale and is useful for pursuing further studies (like a PhD) or for professional achievements.
Third cycle: Dottorato di ricerca
The
Other than the PhD, another third-cycle title is the Diploma di Specializzazione, gained after a two-year (Law, Diploma di Specializzazione in Professioni legali) or a three-to-six year (Medicine, depending on the particular field) course of study and research.[8] To enrol for a Diploma di Specializzazione, a Laurea magistrale (in Law or Medicine, respectively) is required. The Diploma di Specializzazione in Professioni legali is one of the ways to access the competition for appointment as a judge,[9] whereas the Specializzazione in a specific medical field is required to be recognized as a Specialist Medical Doctor.[10]
References
- ISBN 9780860789895.
- ISBN 9780801880551.
- ISBN 9783319927794.
- ^ "Decreto Interministeriale del 9 luglio 2009 - Atti Ministeriali MIUR". attiministeriali.miur.it.
- ^ "Qti". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Decreto Ministeriale del 16 marzo 2007 - Atti Ministeriali MIUR". attiministeriali.miur.it.
- ^ "Decreto Presidente Repubblica 11 luglio 1980, n. 382". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "ECTS - Il Sistema Universitario Italiano". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "Ministero della Giustizia. Magistrato ordinario: come si diventa?". Retrieved 5 February 2015.
- ^ "SSM - Scuole di Specializzazione in Medicina". scuole-specializzazione.miur.it.