Laurentian Mixed Forest Province

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A dirt road in the North Woods forest.
Laurentian Mixed Forest (green) in the north-central U.S.
Sunset on a northern Minnesota lake.

The Laurentian Mixed Forest Province, also known as the North Woods, is a

Eastern forest-boreal transition
.

Geography

In the United States, it consists of a broad region of northern

Saint Lawrence River through Quebec to Quebec City
.

Nearly all of the region was covered by glaciers during the last ice age, which created many lakes and wetlands throughout the region. The poor soils and cool climate in this region were not conducive to farming for early settlers, which resulted in the regrowth of most of the forest after being cleared during the 19th and early 20th centuries. With the abundant lakes and streams and regrowth of the forests, the region became a major tourist and recreation area for the larger population centers just to the south.

Ecology

1990 USDA Hardiness zone map detail for the northeast US. Zone 3a is light orange, zone 4b is light lavender.

The area is a

paper birches, mountain ash and maples.[3][4] It is often said to have a distinct smell, which is attributed partially to the presence of sweet fern and balsam poplar
.

The climate for the region roughly corresponds with USDA Plant Hardiness Zones 3a through 4b, although in New England the region extends into zone 5a. The forest region is adapted to the Humid continental climate with warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. The Köppen climate classification is Dfb.

During the lumbering era, unrestricted logging and the resulting fires destroyed much of the forest. With the advent of fire suppression and forest management, the resulting second-growth forest differed substantially from the original forest cover. Conifer tree species became less common in the resulting forest. Early successional tree species such as aspen and birch became much more prevalent and replaced much of the mixed conifer and deciduous forests that originally existed prior to the logging era.

Major animal species inhabiting the forest include white-tailed deer, moose, porcupine, beaver, American red squirrel, eastern gray squirrel, chipmunk, opossum, raccoon, bobcat, Canada lynx, fisher, American marten, long-tailed weasel, ruffed grouse, spruce grouse, bald eagle, red-tailed hawk, osprey, common loon, mallard, Canada goose, wild turkey, sandhill crane, snowshoe hare, American black bear, coyote, and red fox.

After being nearly

conterminous United States, gray wolves survived in the remote northeastern corner of Minnesota and Ontario. The repopulation of wolves in this region has occurred naturally as they have expanded their territory. Lone cougar have been documented moving through the region, but these appear to consist of solitary young males dispersing from the Great Plains, and little evidence of breeding populations is currently known to exist in the region. Elk have been reintroduced in northern Wisconsin, Michigan, and Ontario after having been extirpated prior to the 20th century by overhunting and habitat loss. The boreal woodland caribou used to inhabit the American portions of the region, but with the destruction of the original forest during the late 19th and early 20th centuries and the resulting expansion of the white-tailed deer population (which carry the deadly Parelaphostrongylus tenuis
brain worm parasite), the species is now confined to Canada.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Laurentian Mixed Forest Province". Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2020-11-09.
  2. ^ "Laurentian Mixed Forest Province". Ecological Classification System. Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. 2007. Retrieved 2007-09-21.
  3. ^ Gibbon, Guy E.; Johnson, Craig M.; Hobbes, Elizabeth (2002). "Minnesota's Environment and Native American Culture History". A Predictive Model of Precontact Archaeological Site Location for the State of Minnesota. Minnesota Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 18, 2017.
  4. ISBN 0-8166-2804-1
    .
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