Lavo Kingdom

Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.
Kingdom of Lavo
468–1388
Lavo Kingdom and Mainland Southeast Asia in 700 CE
Lavo Kingdom and Mainland Southeast Asia in 700 CE
Map of Mainland Southeast Asia circa 1000 - 1100 CE Cyan: Lavo Kingdom Red: Khmer Empire Green: Hariphunchai Kingdom Light green: Srivijaya Yellow: Champa Blue: Dai Viet Pink: Bagan Kingdom
Map of Mainland Southeast Asia circa 1000 - 1100 CE
Cyan: Lavo Kingdom
Red:
Ayutthaya (1350–1388)
Common languagesOld Mon (official)
Old Khmer
Old Thai
Religion
Theravada Buddhism
Mahayana Buddhism
GovernmentMonarchy
King 
• 648–700
Kalawandith
• 1052-1069
Chadachota
• 1111-1165
Sai Nam Peung
LegislatureAhabhushan Mahakosh[
Siridhammana's tributary
927
• Angkor
influence
1002
• Suphannabhumi's tributary
Early 11th century
• Foundation of Ayutthaya
1351
• Confederation with Ayutthaya
1388
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Dvaravati
Ayutthaya
Sukhothai

The Lavo Kingdom was a political entity (

mandala) on the left bank of the Chao Phraya River in the Upper Chao Phraya valley from the end of Dvaravati civilization, in the 7th century, until 1388. The original center of Lavo civilization was Lavo (modern Lopburi),[1] but the capital shifted southward to Ayodhaya, the port city on the right side of the Ayutthaya island around the 11th century,[2] whereupon the state was incorporated into the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century.[1]

Before the 9th century, Lavo, together with Si Thep and Sema [th], was the center of the mandala-style state, Dvaravati; however, due to the weather-induced migration, Si Thep and Sema lost its power, and Lavo became the only center of power in the area until it fell under Khmer hegemony during the 10th to 11th centuries.[3]

History

Dvaravati and Mon domination

Map of settlements of Dvaravati culture from the 6th to 9th centuries

The area of Dvaravati (what is now Thailand) was first inhabited by

Theravada Buddhist culture linked to the Mon people developed in central and northeastern Thailand. The Mon Buddhist kingdoms that rose in what are now parts of Laos and Central Plain of Thailand were collectively called Dvaravati.[4]
: 27 

The Mon of Lavo

A plan of Narai's new capital complex of Lopburi ("Louvo" in French sources).

According to the Northern Thai Chronicles, Lavo was founded by Phraya Kalavarnadishraj, who came from Takkasila in 468 CE.

Nakhon Chai Si)[7][8]: 29 [9] set the new era, Chula Sakarat
in 638 CE, which was the era used by the Siamese and the Burmese until the 19th century. His son, Phraya Kalavarnadishraj founded the city a decade later.

The only native language found during early Lavo times is the Mon language. However, there is debate whether Mon was the sole ethnicity of Lavo. Some historians point out that Lavo was composed of mixed Mon and Lawa people (a Palaungic-speaking people),[10][11] with the Mons forming the ruling class. It is also hypothesized that the migration of Tai peoples into Chao Phraya valley occurred during the time of the Lavo kingdom.

Hariphunchai
, was said to be a daughter of a Lavo king.

Few records are found concerning the nature of the Lavo kingdom. Most of what we know about Lavo is from archaeological evidence. Tang dynasty chronicles records that the Lavo kingdom sent tributes to Tang as Tou-ho-lo. In his diary, the monk Xuanzang referred to Dvaravati-Lavo as Tou-lo-po-ti, which seems to echo the name Dvaravati, as a state between Chenla and the Pagan Kingdom. By the Song dynasty, Lavo was known as Luówō (Chinese: 羅渦).[13]

Wars of the Three Kings

Evidence from stone inscriptions found in ancient Mon script in Northern and Central Thailand confirms that the main population of Lavo and

Austroasiatic languages. Due to the royal blood relations, these two states maintained a good relationship for the first 300 years.[14]

In the early 10th century, several battles between these two mandalas that happened from 925 to 927 were recorded.[14] According to the O Smach Inscription, after two years of the enthronement, King Rathasatkara or Trapaka (Thai: อัตราสตกะราช/ตราพกะ) of Haripuñjaya moved south aiming to seize the Lavo Kingdom. Lavo king, King Uchitthaka Chakkawat or Ucchitta Emperor (อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ/อุจฉิตตจักรพรรดิ), then moved northward to defend. However, the war between these two sister states spread to the southern kingdom of Siridhammana (Nakhon Si Thammarat of Srivijaya), the king of Siridhammana, Jivaka or Suchitra (พระเจ้าชีวก/พระเจ้าสุชิตราช), took the advantage to occupy Lavo.[15] Due to losing Lavo, both Mon's kings rallied up north to occupy Haripuñjaya, but King Rathasatkara eventually lost the city to Lavo's king. After failing to retake Haripuñjaya, King Rathasatkara moved south to settle in Phraek Si Racha (present-day in Sankhaburi district).[14] The battle was also mentioned in several chronicles such as the Jinakalamali and Cāmadevivaṃsa.[15]

After Jivaka took Lavo's capital, Lavapür (ลวปุระ), he appointed his son, Kampoch (กัมโพช), as a new ruler and enthroned the ex-Lavo queen as his consort. No evidence mentions that he either resided in Lavo or went back to rule Siridhammana. Three years later, King Kampoch attacked Haripuñjaya but lost.[16] He then attempted to seize another northern city, Nakaburi (นาคบุรี), but also failed. Several battles between Haripuñjaya and Lavo happened since then. Kampoch was married to a Khmer princess who had fled an Angkorian dynastic bloodbath.[16]

Later in 960, Lavapür was annexed by

Siamese from Ayodhya,[17] who also shared a political relation with Tambralinga kingdom in the south under the Srivijaya Empire.[13] The Kampoch's lineage, Suryavarman I, who was born to Khmer princess, possibly fled to the Ankor. He then went back to sack Lavapür in 1002 and eventually merged Lavo into the Ankorian Empire in 1022 after claiming the Khmer throne.[15]

Khmer cultural vassalization

Prang Sam Yot, showing considerable Khmer influences on the architecture in late 11th century

Chenla Kingdom expanded Khmer influence to the Chao Phraya valley during the Mon dominance through his campaigns around the 7th century but did not exercise political control over the region.[18] Later in 1002, Suryavarman I who was born to a Khmer princess and Tambralinga prince, Kampoch, claimed the Khmer Empire throne and usurped Khmer's King, Udayadityavarman I, defeating his armies that year. After a protracted war with Udayadityavarman's would-be successor, Jayavirahvarman, Suryavarman I failed in the first attempt. He then marched back to Lavo and attacked the Ankor again four years later. He won and claimed the Khmer throne in 1010.[19]

Due to long nine-year wars to claim the Khmer throne, the Lavapura lost its prosperity and was almost abandoned.[20] The Khmer general Sri Lakshmi Pativarman was assigned the new Lavo ruler to revive the city in 1006 and Lavo was eventually merged into Khmer Empire in around 1022,[15] which caused former Dvaravati cities on the east Chao Phraya plain fell under Khmer hegemony, while the western cities were spared from Khmer hegemony and formed Suvarnabhumi.[21] Lavo was the center from which Khmer authority ruled over the Dvaravati.

Due to the diplomatic relations between the

Siamese's Suvarnabhumi kingdom and the independence declaration of Tambralinga.[22]: 134–136 [23][24][25]

Around the 10th century, the city-states in central Thailand merged into two mandalas – the Lavo (modern Lopburi) and Suvarnabhumi (modern Suphan Buri).[21] Khmer lost power over Lavo around the 12th century after the former Lavo capital, Lopburi, was seized by Singhanavati's king, Phrom in 1106,[26] as well as the independence declaration of the Sukhothai Kingdom in 1238.[27]

Arrival of Tai

Modern Thai historians think the

Burma.[4]
: 26  The Tai people had emigrated in the area what is now Thailand around 11th century, the land was already inhabited by Mon and Khmer speaking peoples, who had arrived earlier.

Tai Villages and Mueang

Image of Siamese mercenaries in Angkor Wat. Later the Siamese would form their own kingdom and become a major rival of Angkor.

Tai peoples lived in the lowland and river valleys of mainland Southeast Asia. Assorted ethnic and linguistic group lived in the hills. The Tai village consisted of nuclear families working as subsistence rice farmers, living in small houses elevated above the ground. Households bonded together for protection from external attacks and to share the burden of communal repairs and maintenance. Within the village, a council of elders was created to help settle problems, organise festivals and rites and manage the village. Village would combine to form a

Khom-Thai alphabet, for the Siamese Tai in the lower region. The Siamese also called themselves as Tai or Thai and called Lavo as "Lopburi" in Tai dialect language.[citation needed
]

Settled in the rural fringes of the Khmer Empire and in upper Laos, the Tai peoples, united by their lords, were becoming a formidable threat to the Khmer Empire. Despite intermarriage between the Tai and the Khmer ruling families, the Tai people kept their distinct cultural and ethnic identity, retaining their own languages and units of social organisation.

Emergence of Tai city states

Siamese Lavo (11th century)

The formidable political control exercised by the Angkor Empire extended not only over the centre of the Khmer province, where the majority of the population was Khmer, but also to outer border provinces likely populated by non-Khmer peoples—including areas to the north and northeast of modern Bangkok, the lower central plain and the upper Ping River in the Lamphun-Chiang Mai region.[4]: 28 

The Tai people were the predominant non-Khmer groups in the areas of central Thailand that formed the geographical periphery of the Khmer Empire. Tai groups were probably assimilated into Khmer population. Historical records show that they maintained their cultural distinctiveness, although their animist religion partially gave way to Buddhism. Tai historical documents note that the period of the Angkor Empire was one of great internal strife. During the 11th and 12th centuries, territories with a strong Tai presence, such as Lavo or Lopburi (in what is now north-central Thailand), resisted Khmer control.[4]: 28 

In the 11th century, Lavo was governed by a Cambodian prince, as a part of

Khmer writings Lopburi was considered a province of Angkor that had a Syamese (Siamese) identity.[4]
: 29 

The Khmer influences on Lavo began to wane as a result of the growing influence of the emerging Burmese kingdom of Pagan. In 1087, Kyansittha of Pagan invaded Lavo, but King Narai of Lavo was able to repel the Burmese invasion and Lavo, emerging relatively stronger from the encounter, was thus spared from either Khmer or Burmese hegemony. King Narai moved the capital to Ayodhaya[30] and Lavo was then able to exert pressure on Suvarnabhumi to the west and slowly to take its cities.[31]

Yet another wave of Khmer invasions arrived under Jayavarman VII. This time, Lavo was assimilated into the religious cosmos of the Khmer Empire – Hinduism and Mahayana Buddhism. Khmer influence was great on Lavo arts and architecture as seen in the Prang Sam Yot.[32]: 170 [33]

In 1239, the Tai governor of Sukhothai rebelled and declared independence from Lavo – giving birth to the

Ram Khamhaeng the Great, retreating to its heartland around Lavo and Ayodhaya.[citation needed
]

The Kingdom of Lavo, Lo-hu, sent embassies to China between 1289 and 1299.

Merger with Ayutthaya kingdom

In 1350,

Thonglan. Borommarachathirat I's nephew Intharacha
took Ayutthaya back for Suphannaphum dynasty in 1408. Uthong dynasty was then purged and became a mere noble family of Ayutthaya until the 16th century.

There are many theories about Uthong's origin, according to HRH Prince

Lanna
literature, stated that King Uthong was from Lavo Kingdom.

After the foundation of the Ayutthaya Kingdom in the 14th century, Lavo was incorporated into a major stronghold of Ayutthaya Kingdom. It became the capital of the kingdom during the reign of King Narai in the mid-17th century and the king resided there about eight months a year.

List of rulers

Before 11th century: Lavapura as seat

Name Reign Note
English Thai
Kalawandith กาฬวรรดิษฐ์ 468-500
Unknown 500-9th century Isanavarman I, the 3rd king of the Chenla Kingdom, expanded influence to the Chao Phraya valley in the 7th century but Mon people took Lavo back in the early 10 century.
King Uchitthaka Chakkawat อุฉิฎฐกะจักรวรรดิ ?-927
Due to the wars with
Ligor (暹罗/六坤).[15]
King Kampoch กัมโพช 927-? Also older brother of
Sri Mongkhon Arthit[17] ศรีมงคลอาทิตย์ 960-961 In Song Huiyao Jigao called 积利胡大霡果境; as King of Siam-Lavo (暹羅國; under controlled of a mandala-style state of Sian [暹 in Song Huiyao Jigao])[13]
Sri Chula[17] ศรีจุฬา 961-975 Also King of Sian-Lo
Sri Saw/Xià chí[17] ศรีซอ/แฮเตรีย/เซี่ยฉือ 975-991 In Song Huiyao Jigao called 夏池, also King of Sian-Lo[13]
After the
Sri Vijaya declined and lost control over the Chao Phraya River
basin.
Unknown 991-1002 In 1002, Lavo was sacked by the Ankorian king, Suryavarman I, the Lavapura was abandoned.[20]
Isanavarman I สุริยวรมันที่ 1 1002-1006 Before claiming the throne of the Ankor
Sri Lakshmi Pativarman[15] ศรีลักษมีปติวรมัน 1006–? Appointed by Suryavarman I[15]
Unknown ?-1052 Lavo was seized by Rampong Bandhit (r.1006–1046) of Mueang Uthong and became the Siamese's tributary state.[37]
King Chadachota จันทรโชติ 1052-1069 Lavo began to resist the Ankorian control.[4]: 28 
Regent 1069-1082
Around the 11th century, the capital was shifted southward and named Ayodhya by King Narai, the old capital was then renamed Lopburi[30]

After 11th century: Ayodhya as seat

Ayodhya rulers Reign Lopburi rulers Reign
English Thai English Thai
King Phra Narai พระนารายณ์ 1082-1087 King Phra Narai พระนารายณ์ 1082-1087
Vacant 1087-1089 Vacant 1087-1106
King Phra Chao Luang พระเจ้าหลวง 1089-1111 King Prom of Yonok seized Lopburi in 1106 and appointed his son from
Si Satchanalai, Kraisornrat, as a new ruler[26]
King Sai Nam Peung สายน้ำผึ้ง 1111-1165 Kraisornrat[26] ไกรศรราช 1106-?[
disputed
]
King Dhammikaraja พระเจ้าธรรมิกราชา 1165-1205 Sri Thammasokkarat[32]: 170  ศรีธรรมโศกราช ?-1191
King U Thong พระเจ้าอู่ทอง 1205-1253 Indravarman II[α][33] นฤปตีนทรวรมัน 1191?-1218[
disputed
]
King Chaisen พระเจ้าชัยเสน 1253-1289 Kraisornrat[38] ไกรศรราช ?-1283[
disputed
]
Lavo sent tribute to China in 1289.[33]
King Suwanracha พระเจ้าสุวรรณราชา 1289-1301 King of Phraek Si Racha (Name unidentified)
(As a tributary state of Sukhothai)
1283-1319
King Thammaracha พระเจ้าธรรมราชา 1301-1310
King Boromracha พระบรมราชา 1310-1344 After King of Phraek Si Racha died in 1319, both Lopburi and the city of
Ayodhya was considered royal inheritances for his daughter, Son Sai (สนไส้/
จันทรเทวีศรีรัตนฉายา), who later passed it to her son, Uthong (Ramathibodi I).[38][β]
King Uthong (Ramathibodi I)
(Also the first king of Ayutthaya Kingdom)
สมเด็จพระรามาธิบดีที่ 1 1344-1369
After Ayutthaya Kingdom was established in 1350, Lavo was eventually annexed into Ayutthaya in 1388.
Note:
  • [α] Appointed by Jayavarman VII (r.1181–1218)[33]
  • Lavo's princess, Sunantha Devi (สุนันทาเทวี), who married to prince of Si Satchanalai, Boromaraja (พระบรมราชา), not the descendent of King of Phraek Si Racha.[39]

See also

References

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