Lavras

Coordinates: 21°14′42″S 45°00′00″W / 21.24500°S 45.00000°W / -21.24500; -45.00000
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.

Lavras
Municipality of Lavras
Moonlight at Dr. Augusto Silva Square
Moonlight at Dr. Augusto Silva Square
UTC−3 (BRT)
Postal Code
37200-000
Area code(+55) 35
Websitelavras.mg.gov.br

Lavras is a municipality in southern Minas Gerais state, Brazil. Located at an altitude of 919 m, it has a population of 104,761 inhabitants (2022).[1] The area of the municipality is 564.495 km2. The average annual temperature is 19.6°C and the average annual rainfall is 1,511 millimetres.

Located at the Green Valley and Waterfalls tourist circuit, it is also near Waters circuit – a series of spas in the state of

São Paulo (379 km) and Rio de Janeiro (423 km).[2]

Geography

According to IBGE (2017), the municipality is in the Immediate Geographic Region of Lavras, in the Intermediate Geographic Region of Varginha.[3]

Ecclesiastical circumscription

The municipality is part of the Roman Catholic Diocese of São João del-Rei.[4]

Climate

Lavras experiences a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with rainy summers and warm, dry winters.

Climate data for Lavras (1991–2020)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 29.0
(84.2)
29.5
(85.1)
28.8
(83.8)
27.8
(82.0)
25.3
(77.5)
24.6
(76.3)
25.0
(77.0)
26.8
(80.2)
28.1
(82.6)
28.8
(83.8)
28.0
(82.4)
28.6
(83.5)
27.5
(81.5)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.8
(73.0)
23.0
(73.4)
22.4
(72.3)
21.1
(70.0)
18.3
(64.9)
17.2
(63.0)
17.2
(63.0)
18.7
(65.7)
20.5
(68.9)
21.9
(71.4)
21.8
(71.2)
22.5
(72.5)
20.6
(69.1)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 18.6
(65.5)
18.4
(65.1)
18.0
(64.4)
16.5
(61.7)
13.6
(56.5)
12.1
(53.8)
11.5
(52.7)
12.4
(54.3)
14.6
(58.3)
16.7
(62.1)
17.4
(63.3)
18.3
(64.9)
15.7
(60.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 292.4
(11.51)
178.2
(7.02)
162.2
(6.39)
54.6
(2.15)
43.3
(1.70)
19.8
(0.78)
9.5
(0.37)
15.1
(0.59)
55.1
(2.17)
101.0
(3.98)
192.4
(7.57)
259.8
(10.23)
1,383.4
(54.46)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 16.6 11.6 11.9 5.6 3.2 2.3 1.5 1.8 5.4 8.7 13.4 17.2 99.2
Average
relative humidity
(%)
76.4 74.5 76.2 73.4 73.9 72.5 66.9 60.5 61.3 66.2 73.7 76.7 71.0
Average dew point °C (°F) 19.1
(66.4)
19.0
(66.2)
18.7
(65.7)
17.2
(63.0)
14.7
(58.5)
13.4
(56.1)
12.3
(54.1)
12.2
(54.0)
13.8
(56.8)
16.1
(61.0)
17.5
(63.5)
18.9
(66.0)
16.1
(61.0)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 181.6 192.3 197.6 222.5 211.9 214.6 237.3 252.6 219.1 206.9 177.9 174.2 2,488.5
Source: NOAA[5]

History

Population growth
YearPop.±% p.a.
1760 1,000—    
1813 10,612+4.56%
1834 11,322+0.31%
1854 14,203[6]+1.14%
1864 18,709+2.79%
1872 31,813[7]+6.86%
1890 24,756−1.38%
1900 38,685+4.56%
1920 42,859[8]+0.51%
1940 42,187[9]−0.08%
1950 27,364[10]−4.24%
1960 37,262+3.14%
1970 44,449[11]+1.78%
1980 52,710+1.72%
1991 65,893+2.05%
2000 78,772+2.00%
2010 92,171+1.58%
2022 104,761+1.07%

Early settlement

The settlements on the Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil dated from the first half of the 18th century, founded in 1729.

Grande region by 1720[14] or 1721,[15] where they were engaged in the search for gold and in the opening of new roads to the Goiás
mines. In 1737 the explorers receive from the Governor Martinho de Mendonça an allotment letter confirming their region occupation, which grew through agriculture and livestock.

On June 18, 1759,

Carrancas, as Lavras do Funil already had 1,000 inhabitants, twice more than the former.[16] In 1813 the village was elevated to freguesia
, detaching itself from Carrancas. That time, Lavras had 6 chapels and a population of 10,612 souls.

19th century

On the

municipal chamber that the town consisted of 245 buildings and there was no pavement on its streets. The only public buildings where the parish church, and the Rosário and Mercês chapels. Lavras had three private primary schools, with a total of 62 students.[12] According to the 1834 census, Lavras had 11,322 inhabitants.[18]

One of the most significant events of this period was the

Liberal Revolution of 1842. For just over a month, between June 14 and July 22, liberals and conservatives kept their barracks in Sant'Ana main square, current Praça Dr. Augusto Silva. The defeated liberals fled or were arrested, subsequently amnestied by the imperial government.[18]

Golden Age

The late nineteenth century and early twentieth century was a time of rapid development in Lavras. On December 18, 1880, it was inaugurated the 208 km river navigation between the Ribeirão Vermelho port (Lavras) and Capetinga port (municipality of Piumhi), made by steamboat "Dr. Jorge". On April 14, 1888, the Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas inaugurated the first station in Ribeirão Vermelho, and, on April 1, 1895, Lavras' city station is inaugurated. Later, in 1911, a tramway was opened, and so Lavras was one of the few cities in Brazilian interior to have this transportation system.[19]

After the

ipês and schools", a slogan created by journalist Jorge Duarte.[20]

Social and political changes

Local demographics has been modified with the arrival of many immigrants, representing 1.9% of the population according to Census 1920: the municipality had a total of 806 foreigners, of which 380 were

Uruguayan and three of undetermined nationality.[21]

The 1920s represented a slowdown in Lavras progress, partly caused by the intense political dispute promoted by two distinct groups: the

Presidency of Minas Gerais; and dissidents, led by Colonel Pedro Sales, supported the respective opposition candidacies of Nilo Peçanha and Francisco Sales. This dispute became known as between "Doves and Hawks": Doves because of effeminate psychasthenics tics attributed to Bernardes, and Hawks for associating the cleverness, the cunning spirit, and, of course, as one of the little dove predators.[18] Such local clash lasted until the following decade, when it was eclipsed by the new national political order – the Estado Novo
.

It was in the mid-twentieth century that Lavras constituted its current geographic boundaries. In its administrative division for the year 1933, the municipality was formed by eight districts: Lavras,

Carrancas, Ijaci (formerly Conceição do Rio Grande), Ingaí, Itumirim (formerly Rosário), Itutinga (formerly Santo Antônio da Ponte Nova), Luminárias (Nossa Senhora do Carmo das Luminárias) and Ribeirão Vermelho. The municipality has experienced political and administrative separation in 1938, 1943, 1948 and 1962, when their old districts became newly created neighboring municipalities and is currently composed of single district, the urban agglomeration's city.[22]

Progress and stagnation

hydroelectric
power plant in 1955, which increased electricity production and stimulated industrial growth in the city, through the expansion of existing plants and setting up new ventures.

Lavras, in the 1950s, passed by one of its moments of greatest cultural, artistic and sporting wealth thanks to civic associations such as the Lavras Friends Society (Sal) and Lavrense Society of Artistic Culture (Solca). Chroniclers of the time remember several initiatives such as balls, competitions, exhibitions, educational events, theatrical performances, music recitals and poetry, friendly football tournaments and also the formation of a public library and a city museum.[18]

In the early 1960s, while the country experienced a period of

pyromaniac, in which several historical houses were consumed by the flames. In this context, in 1962 the local authorities decided the Municipal Theatre demolition, sealing the end of civic organizations and city's cultural decay. This decline was exacerbated in 1963 by the newspaper A Gazeta disappearance – the only printed weekly at the time – and almost closing of the Agricultural School of Lavras, which was federalized.[25] Other signs of visible social degradation were the collapse of the Rosary church walls in 1965, rebuilt only in 1970,[16]
and the end of the tramway in 1967.

The 1960s and 1970s represented profound changes in Lavras social composition. On one hand, there was the growth of urban areas due to

rural exodus; on the other, it was noted that the city's population growth was below the national average, caused by the phenomenon of internal migration: as Lavras being economically stagnant, many of its children have moved to other centers looking for better opportunities. Another sign of the municipality weakening was the lack of political representation, which would be broken fourteen years later with the election of Maurício Souza Pádua to the Legislative Assembly of Minas Gerais
in 1983.

New millennium

On the eve of the 21st century, Lavras resumed its development path, being currently one of the most prosperous cities in the region, claiming in 2010 the second highest

COFAP, inaugurated in February 1988, generating many jobs;[27] the transformation of ESAL into the Federal University of Lavras, in December 1994,[28] whose recent expansion brought thousands of students from other regions of Brazil;[29][30]
and the construction of the Funil Hydroelectric Plant in 2002, which changed the countryside by the dam's formed lake.

Nevertheless, this development has also generated new problems in Lavras, such as drug trafficking and increased violence: from 2000–2002 to 2010–2012, the number of homicides caused by firearms increased from 4 to 18.[31][32] Another problem seen today is a major dispute between rival political groups,[33] dividing the city with intensity not seen since the 1920s.

Economy

As 2013, Lavras gross domestic product is R$2,058,203,000, or R$20,965 per capita. Of the GDP, agriculture corresponds to 2.7%, industry to 20.4%, services to 65.3%, while taxes are 11.6%.[34]

Agriculture and livestock

Lavras agricultural sector stands out especially for the production of coffee and milk, despite the presence of other crops and beef cattle breeding. The production data in 2014 according to the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics:[35]

Permanent farming
Value (R$ 103) Area (ha) Production (t) Yield (t/ha)
Banana 120 10 120 12
Coffee 36,098 4,610 4,979 1.08
Grape 25 1 7 7
Guava 160 7 84 12
Orange 347 43 559 13
Passion fruit
47 3 36 12
Peach 25 1 13 13
Temporary farming
Value (R$ 103) Area (ha) Production (t) Yield (t/ha)
Bean 1,230 1,000 820 0.82
Cassava 54 5 90 18
Corn 9,720 4,000 21,600 5,400
Soybean 1,181 450 1,125 2.5
Sugarcane 275 43 3,440 80
Tomato 190 4 200 50
Animal products
Value (R$ 103) Production
Fish 54 9,000
kg
Honey 196 28,000
kg
Chicken egg
29,958 7,490,000
doz
Quail egg
6,019 7,524,000
doz
Livestock (Animals amount)
Bovinae Cows Galliformes Chicken Quail Equinae Goat Sheep
Swine
27,440 6,890 912,540 389,687 387,851 1,500 100 550 8,500

Education

Universidade Federal de Lavras

In 2012, Lavras had 31 preschool, 37 primary schools, 16 secondary schools and 3 special education centers. There were 18,671 students and 1,127 teachers. Lavras has also 9 higher education universities and faculties.[36]

Preschool Primary schools Secondary schools
Schools Teachers Student Schools Teachers Student Schools Teachers Student
Municipal School 21 89 1721 18 305 6234 0 0 0
State School 0 0 0 8 193 3671 7 160 3008
Private School 10 44 456 11 207 2394 9 129 1187
Total 31 133 2177 37 705 12299 16 289 4195
Ministério da Educação, Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais – INEP – Censo Educacional 2012.

Federal University of Lavras

Lavras has one of Brazil's top universities, the

veterinary science. There are 6,090 undergraduate students and 2,059 on postgraduate programs.[37]

Transport

Lavras was a station on the Estrada de Ferro Oeste de Minas, a narrow gauge railway.

Sports

Lavras is home of Fabril Esporte Clube, a football club that achieved minor success during the 1980s in Minas Gerais state championship. Some famous athletes were born in Lavras, as the Brazil national football team defenders Alemão and Caçapa and the Bronze medal Olympic winner volleyball player Ana Paula Connelly.

References

  1. ^ a b "Consulte a população da sua cidade". 2022. Retrieved June 28, 2023. 2022 Estimates of Population
  2. ^ "Calculadora". Distância entre Cidades. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  3. ^ "Divisões Regionais do Brasil | IBGE". www.ibge.gov.br. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  4. ^ Silveira, Lucas. "Diocese ganha novo mapa territorial após criação de novas foranias". Diocese de São João del Rei. Retrieved February 19, 2023.
  5. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991-2020 — Lavras". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved January 31, 2024.
  6. ^ In 1841, the districts of Três Pontas, Varginha and Campos Gerais were separated from Lavras, to create the municipality of Três Pontas. In 1842, the district of São Thomé das Letras was transferred to the municipality of Baependi.
  7. ^ In 1866, the district of Boa Esperança was emancipated.
  8. ^ In 1911, the districts of Nepomuceno and Perdões were emancipated.
  9. Carrancas was transferred to the municipality of Francisco Sales, nowadays, São Vicente de Minas
    .
  10. ^ In 1943, the districts of Itumirim, Ingaí, Itutinga and Luminárias were separated from Lavras, to create the municipality of Itumirim. In 1948, the district of Ribeirão Vermelho was emancipated.
  11. ^ In 1962, the district of Ijaci was emancipated.
  12. ^ a b Costa, Firmino (1911). "História de Lavras". Revista do Arquivo Público Mineiro (in Portuguese). 16. Belo Horizonte: Imprensa Oficial de Minas Gerais: 130–131. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  13. . Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  14. ^ Saint-Adolphe, J. C. Milliet de (1845). Diccionario Geographico, Historico e Descriptivo, do Imperio do Brazil (in Portuguese). Vol. 1. Paris: J. P. Aillaud. pp. 556–557. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  15. ^ São Paulo, Arquivo do Estado de (1896). "Descendência de Amador Bueno de Ribeira". Publicação Oficial de Documentos Interessantes para a História e Costumes de São Paulo (in Portuguese). 4. São Paulo: Companhia Industrial de São Paulo: 27–33. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  16. ^ . Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  17. ^ Provincial Law No. 1510, July 20, 1868.
  18. ^ a b c d Vilela, Marcio Salviano (2007). A Formação Histórica dos Campos de Sant'Ana das Lavras do Funil (in Portuguese). Lavras: Indi.
  19. ^ Morrison, Allen (April 8, 2012). "The Tramways of Lavras, Minas Gerais state, Brazil". Urban Transport in Latin America. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  20. ^ Duarte, Jorge (August 24, 1941). "Lavras, Terra dos Ipês e das Escolas" (in Portuguese). Lavras: A Gazeta.
  21. ^ Brasil (1926). Recenseamento do Brazil: realizado em 1 de setembro de 1920, população (PDF) (in Portuguese). Vol. 4–1. Rio de Janeiro: Typographia da Estatística. p. 685. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  22. ^ IBGE (1959). "Lavras". Enciclopédia dos Municípios Brasileiros (PDF) (in Portuguese). Vol. 25. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE. pp. 443–450. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  23. . Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  24. ^ Aeroclube de Lavras. "História" (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  25. ^ Federal Law No. 4,307, December 23, 1963. Federaliza a Escola Superior de Agricultura de Lavras (ESAL) e dá outras providências (in Portuguese)
  26. ^ Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) (2010). "Ranking do IDH-M dos municípios do Brasil" (PDF). Atlas do Desenvolvimento Humano (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  27. ^ Rodrigues, Alberto da Silva (2002). Gerenciamento eletrônico de documentos: estudo de caso na Magneti Marelli Cofap – Lavras/MG (Monograph) (in Portuguese). Lavras: UFLA. p. 32. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  28. ^ Federal Law No. 8,956, December 15, 1994. Dispõe sobre a transformação da Escola Superior de Lavras em Universidade Federal de Lavras e dá outras providências. (in Portuguese)
  29. ^ Between 1991 and 2010, enrollment in undergraduate higher education in Lavras jumped from 3,066 to 8,366. INEP (2010). "Série Histórica por Município: Número de Cursos, Matrículas, Concluintes, Vagas Oferecidas, Candidatos Inscritos e Ingressos – 1991 a 2010" (Excel). Sinopses Estatísticas da Educação Superior – Graduação (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  30. ^ In the first semester of 2015, only 20% of students who entered the UFLA were from Lavras. Alvim, Ana Eliza (March 12, 2015). "PAS e SiSU: UFLA já recebeu, neste semestre, estudantes de 19 estados e do Distrito Federal". UFLA (in Portuguese). Lavras. ASCOM. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  31. ^ Monteiro, Maria Gabriela; Santa Rosa, Idael Christiano A.; Lopes, Maria Cristina Godinho; Faria, Valdeir Martins de (September 17, 2004). "Estudo da mortalidade por causas externas em Lavras, MG" (PDF). XIII Congresso dos Pós-Graduandos da UFLA (in Portuguese). Lavras: UFLA. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  32. ^ Brasil (2015). "Tabelas com a totalidade dos municípios". Mapa da Violência (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  33. ^ Tribunal Regional Eleitoral de Minas Gerais (January 30, 2014). "Corte confirma cassação do prefeito de Lavras" (in Portuguese). Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  34. ^ IBGE (2013). Minas Gerais » Lavras » produto interno bruto dos municípios. (in Portuguese)
  35. ^ IBGE (2014). Minas Gerais » Lavras » informações completas. (in Portuguese)
  36. ^ IBGE (2012). Minas Gerais » Lavras » ensino – matrículas, docentes e rede escolar.(in Portuguese)
  37. ^ Universidade Federal de Lavras. Homepage.

External links

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